Egypt Under Mubarak

Egypt under Mubarak
Egypt plays an extremely significant role as one of the major powers in the Middle East. Egyptian
force in the Arab world stems from the strength of its cultural life which makes it extremely difficult
to be ignored. The book, "Egypt under Mubarak" features essays from seven different authors,
which examine the causes and consequences of the many crises Egypt has faced. Mubarak comes
into power taking upon himself the previous Egyptian political, sociological, and economic
problems left by Sadat and Nasser. The present administration attempts to fix these problems by
employing Egypt's significant resources in the forming of a distinct and effective international role.
Vice President Hosni Mubarak succeeded Sadat as president. After Sadat ... Show more content on
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The book touches on topics with a broad range from politics to economy to geography. The book is
solely based on research of the Egyptian government from the time when Mubarak took power,
1981, up until the writing of the book which was in 1989.
Throughout the book, 16 books are cited. Even though the book is based on the government under
Mubarak, the writers refer to events that were held before Mubarak was put into power which helps
the reader understand the important history behind the present. After each chapter, there are
bibliographies as well as endnotes in some chapters listing the sources used in the passage. Except
for the Chapter on the National Debt where his previous statements based on The Central Bank of
Egypt, Cairo contradicts his final assessment of the sum.
The writers of each section always tend to agree with the sources that they have cited. With this
known, I was able to see that the writers in each chapter took into account the other writings of
scholars that wrote on similar topics. Because of the writers many sources, they are able to give an
unbiased look into the history of the Egyptian Government. They examine both the positive and
negative aspects of Mubarak as President specifically laws he passes and actions he takes towards
not only Egyptians, but also the Arab–Israeli relationship, as well as foreign relations with Arab
countries and the western world. Charles Tripp goes into detail about the
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Colonization of Egypt
What is a good country? Is a good country a country with a cheerful population? Is a good country a
country which controls more land than the next? Is a good country a country whose government and
economic system has absolutely no problems? Or is a good country a country that has a delicate
balance of benefits and problems. Well, we are here today to discuss the corruption of Egypt, a good
country, by Britain, a huge and powerful country. Although Britain was not the first, Britain has
retained control of Egypt for nearly 40 years and I am here today to ask for the freedom and
decolonization of Egypt from Britain. This problem all started in 1882 when the British
forced Napoleon Bonaparte, the leader of the French Army, out of ... Show more content on
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Unfortunately, this pristine army was used entirely as a British commodity, without any Egyptian
permission. The new army was composed of mostly high to upper class citizens. These citizens were
chosen either because they had enough money to leave Egypt, or they were rebellious. The citizens
were shipped to a British camp in Cairo where they were stripped of their money and clothes. They
were given one uniform, a rifle, and a pair of shoes. The following day they would begin learning
deadly techniques for battle. Throughout this process, the Egyptian citizens thought that they would
be used for defensive purposes. Little did they know that the British were planning to use them to do
their "dirty work" in battles that were totally non–Egypt related The Egyptians could do nothing to
avoid this unfair ruling by the British. If decolonized, Egyptians could be rid of this problem and
live in love, not fear. Oddly enough, the only things that the British improved in Egypt
were the health care, education, and improved farming methods. This improvement was not for the
Egyptians however, but for the traders and merchants which stayed in Egypt while crossing the Suez
Canal. Although the Egyptians did not benefit from these improved resources, they were still
expected to pay for it in the form of taxes. The economy of Egypt, according to the
constitution of 1971, is one based on socialism, with the people controlling all means of production.
The progress of

The Arab Republic Of Egypt
The Arab Republic of Egypt has recently experienced a political revolution. In order to understand
Egypts current state we must understand it's social structure. Most parts of Egypt are experiencing
significant socioeconomic change on top of political reform; however, while mass media gives
extensive coverage to the violence and turmoil occurring on Egyptian soil, little is known to the
outside world about the nation's people and culture. As such, this paper not only provides
background on the political events transpiring in the desert nation, but also various aspects of its
culture and of its socioeconomic state.
Egypt is a developing country in northern Africa with a culture that is very different from that of the
United States.. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt began to rely heavily on Europe "between 1848 and 1860 [when] Egypt rose from twenty–
sixth to twelfth place as a market for British exports...[later] it moved from being the tenth...to the
sixth" Furthermore, Muhammad Ali encouraged students, businessmen, and scholars to go to
France. Colonial rule and European modernization eclipsed the institutions of an Islamic state and
society–the sultan, Islamic law, and ulama. Egypt's relationship to the west was further exacerbated
with the Suez Canal project in 1869, as Egypt obtained loans from Europe reaching 100 million
pounds. Through these means, Egypt became incorporated within the European economic system.
While France and England ultimately accepted Egyptian independence in 1922, Egypt was still
completely rooted in and relied on Europe through the political, economic, and historic ties. Even
after achieving independence, the King and Prime Minister installed were loyal to British powers.
This brief history illustrates the difficulties Egypt faces in trying to embrace the Islamic union of
religion and society amongst colonial and western intrusion.
The once hailed western lifestyle was now criticized as responsible for the westernization and
secularization of Muslim societies from its institutions, to values, to dress, music, and cinema. This
led to a moral decline and spiritual malaise. The initial reaction of revivalists was aimed at
colonialism because it

Egypt And Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a Northeastern African civilization. It was located along the lower part of the
Nile River. The ancient civilization was surrounded by desert that protected Egypt from invasion,
but it also limited where the people could settle. Many farming villages were located along the edge
of the land and were watered by the Nile. In Egypt, there were also two areas of land: the Black
Land and the The Red Land. The Black Land had rich soil, was ten miles wide, and was well
irrigated. On the other hand, the Red Land stretched across North Africa and was a sun–baked
desert. Because the Egyptians were located next to the Nile, they experienced the flooding that
happened every year. Every spring they waited expectantly for the flood that would save their crops.
The people used their location to their advantage and built dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches to
channel the river and to store for the dry season. Ancient Egypt was separated into two regions:
Upper Egypt, found in the south; and Lower Egypt, found in the north. Upper Egypt stretched from
Egypt´s first waterfall to 100 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. Lower Egypt was near the delta
region where the Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile was the most important part
of the Egyptian´s location because it served as a highway between the north and south, helped make
Egypt one of the world's first unified states, was used as a trade route, and was used for easier
communication.

Nineteenth Century Egypt
Nineteenth century Egypt held a pivotal stance in European politics and sparked high interest in the
Great European Powers. A dynasty of slave soldiers referred to as the Mamluks were of the earliest
rulers of Egypt. The French, Ottomans, and British all affirmed their intent on seizing the country's
bustling city capital of Cairo, with some conquests being more successful than others. France and
Britain stood as worthy leaders, but it was the basic political, social, and economical foundations
created by the Ottomans that most influenced nineteenth–century Egypt. Nevertheless, each of these
world powers played a significant role in modernizing Egypt and shaping the course of its history.
The Mamluks held control of large parts of Egypt in the early eighteenth century. However, they
were not a unified force. Several Mamluk families fought for control for over a decade, and the final
years of Mamluk rule were absolutely catastrophic for Egypt. The endless fighting alongside the
extremely high taxes destroyed Egypt's trade, which was one of the first triggers of the French
invasion. Napoleon Bonaparte intended on protecting French trade interests and also using Egypt to
weaken Britain's access to India. With pride and arrogance he believed that Egypt was to benefit
from the new developments and institutions made possible by the French, just as had happened in
their own revolution. He expected the Egyptian population, who was suffering under Mamluk rule,
to welcome them as

Is Egypt Afrocentric?
Ancient Egypt's Afrocentricity
Thesis: Due to geographic, cultural, and historic evidence, Egypt is an Afrocentric so studying it
should be considered Afrocentric. However, due to social constructs and the colonization of Africa,
many wrongly do not consider studying Egypt as Afrocentric.
Abstract: Egypt, like all other African countries has an extensive history rich with a unique culture
and belief system. Unfortunately, Ancient Egyptian culture and history is buried under a synthesized
backdrop for what is European history. Though the nation was influence by many cultures over the
years, Egypt must still hold onto its true origins by rediscovering and challenging it's own history in
order to reinvent it as an Afrocentric nation that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite Egyptians being brainwashed into believing they are not a part of Africa, it can be seen that
they are as integrated as the other 53 countries that share its continent. This can be seen through
Egypt's language and archeology. Language is important because, though it is diverse throughout
the world, if its origins can be traced, it can determine how a nation began. In the case of Egypt,
"Egyptian is a member of the Afro–Asiatic family which originated in Africa and was not imported
from Asia or Europe". When the complete history of Egypt is looked at, it can be seen that it is, in
fact Afro–centric despite the influences from other countries. In relation to archaeology, it suggests
that early Egyptian culture rose directly through indigenous Africans. Archaeologists have also
found that crops from the other side of the Nile River were integrated into the lifestyle of early
Egyptians. In short, despite how much Egyptians refuse to accept Afrocentism as describing them;
there are clear details that can prove Egypt's core is African, not European or Mediterranean
influence. Geography and race also play a big part in Egypt recognizing itself as African. In contrast
to "traditional contextualization of Egypt in the 'Mediterranean' or 'Near Eastern'" geographically,
Egypt is in Africa. So naturally, the people in the nation share physical characteristics with those
around them, as

Water In Ancient Egypt
Egypt has a total area about 1.0 million km2, the majority of the country is desert. In 2013, the total
cultivated area estimated 9.0 million fed. (About 3.80% of the total area of the country). The
agricultural lands consist almost of old land which located in the Nile Valley and Delta, new
reclaimed areas in the deserts since 1952, rain–fed areas, and several oases where the ground water
is available. The total irrigated area estimated about 8.60 million fed, while the rain fed areas
estimated by 0.20 million fed. The old lands represents the largest irrigated area in Egypt, it is
estimated by 6.50 million fed. and irrigated by traditional surface irrigation method and consumes
about 61% of total water resources. While the new lands covers ... Show more content on
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Among all sectors in Egypt, agriculture consumes the largest budget of available water supplies,
with its share exceeding 80% of the total gross demand for water. In case the actual consumption of
water is considered (water supply minus the water that is returned to the system), the share of
agricultural demands is even higher at more than 95%. The area of cultivated land raised from 5.8
Million fed. in 1980 to about 8.0 Million fed. in 1997. Therefore, the consumptive use of water in
agriculture has been steadily increased from an estimated 29.4 BCM/yr. to 38.5 BCM/yr. during the
same period (1980–1997). This increase has been made possible by an increase in agricultural
drainage water reuse, the abstraction of groundwater and a decrease in the fresh water outflow to the
sea. In 1997, the total amount of diverted water for irrigation was 57.8 BCM/yr, (MWRI 2005). In
2010, the total agricultural withdrawal was accounted at 67.0 BCM (about 86% of available water
supply), (AusAID 2011). Any water becoming additionally available will primarily be used to
irrigate new development areas and not to increase the supply to existing lands. Based on water
inflow of 55.5 BCM/year, it is expected that by the year 2017 agricultural lands will cover about 11
million fed., and 63.6 BCM of water will be allocated for agriculture. The total agricultural water
consumption in 2017 is estimated at 38.7

The Arab Spring in Egypt
Another prominent cause of the Arab Spring in Egypt was the corruption in the government run by
Mubarak. One of the best examples of Mubarak's corruption was the use of emergency law. For his
entire almost 30–year reign, Mubarak ruled through emergency law. Under emergency law,
Mubarak could censor all publications, search and tap phone, mail, and Internet use, and arrest
people without a trial, or through secret trials. (Tristam, 2013) All political meetings also had to be
preapproved by him before they took place. Demonstrations in the streets were also illegal. Many
members of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mubarak's main opposition, were arrested for no apparent
reason. Human rights organizations estimated that between 5000 and 10000 people ... Show more
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(Leyne 2011) The police arrested and injured hundreds of demonstrators with the use of batons, tear
gas, and water cannons. Mohamed ElBaradei, one of the prominent figures battling Mubarak's reign
was reportedly placed under house arrest after he and his supporters were attacked with tear gas and
water cannons. However, he soon reappeared, denying he had been placed under house arrest.
(Mohamed, 2013) Violent clashes continued to occur between the protesters and the police. The
police fired rubber bullets as well as concussion grenades at the people. Several policemen beat a
few demonstrators while other protesters set fire to a police car. One of the protesters, Ramy Rafat,
said, "There are a lot of things wrong with this country. The president has been here for 30 years.
Why?" (Fahim, 2011) In an effort to emulate the self–immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, around six
Egyptians have set themselves on fire recently. Violence was a major effect of the Arab Spring in
Egypt. Another effect of the Arab Spring in Egypt was the resignation and trial of Hosni Mubarak
on February 11, 2011. On January 29, 2011, Mubarak appointed a vice president for the first time,
Omar Suleiman. It was the same man who announced that Mubarak would step down from his role
as President of Egypt on February 11. (Hosni, 2011) Protesters and civilians alike celebrated wildly
in Cairo's Tahrir Square. ElBaradei called it

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt
The giant pyramids, temples, and tombs of ancient Egypt tell an exciting story about a nation that
rose to power more than 5,000 years ago. This mighty civilization crumbled before conquering
armies after 2,500 years of triumph and glory. The dry air and drifting desert sands have preserved
many records of ancient Egypt until modern times. The ancient Egyptians lived colorful, active, and
eventful lives. Many were creative artists, skilled craftsmen, and adventurous explorers. Bold
Egyptian warriors won many battles, and their rulers governed wide areas of the known world. The
ancient Egyptians loved nature and had a lively sense of humor. They were among the first people to
try to find answers to questions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt had no fixed caste system. A person of the poorest class could rise to the highest offices in the
land. The ancient Egyptians spoke a mixed language. It included words from the Semitic language
group of southwestern Asia and the Hamitic group of languages of northeastern Africa. The
language died out of everyday use about a thousand years ago but the Coptic (Christian) Church still
uses it. No one knows just how the spoken language of ancient Egypt sounded.
Written Egyptian developed from picture writing into an elaborate system of symbols called
hieroglyphics. Hieroglyphics consisted of 24 alphabetic characters for consonants and semi–
consonants. These characters were used in combination with many phonograms (sound–signs) and
idiograms (sense–signs).
Vowels were not written out. Hieroglyphic writing was carved or painted. Its ornamental character
was particularly suitable for inscriptions on monuments.
For everyday purposes, a simplified cursive form of hieroglyphics called hieratic was used. Hieratic
could be rapidly written on light, easy–to–carry materials, such as papyrus and leather. The
Egyptians called their writing the words of the gods. They claimed that on of their gods, Thoth, had
invented it.
Modern scholars first learned to read when they translated the writings on the
Rosetta Stone. In Egyptian, the word pharaoh originally meant great house, but in the late 1300's
B.C. it came to mean ruler of Egypt. Education

Culture Of Egypt
In order to understand the culture of Egypt, one will have to understand the meaning of culture.
"Culture is defined as the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age
group." (Culture, n.d) There are different ways to obtain culture. Culture is learned. One does not
inherit culture. We learn culture from our family, friends, the media, and even music. Culture is
shared. Culture is also based on symbols. Those symbols represent something that only a few will
understand. Examples of symbols are language and money. Culture is integrated. Each aspect is
related to one another. Culture is dynamic. Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures,
they exchange ideas and symbols. A person's culture is based upon different aspects such as race,
history, geography, religion, and language. All these things play a different part in determining one's
culture. The main focus of this paper is to discuss the terrain, infrastructure, communication, past
military conflicts, weather, and the people of Egypt. This essay will include customs beliefs,
attitudes, and different ways of life. Egypt is about 385,229 square miles. It is separated from other
countries by either water or desert. The Mediterranean Sea is north of Egypt and the Red Sea is
towards the east. The western desert is on the west side of Egypt. There are also other geographical
features in Egypt such as the Nile River and the Suez Canal. The Nile River connects to

Imperialism In Egypt
Kimika Nakamura
Mrs. Manning
World History
A block
May 13, 2016
Research Question: How did the modernization that Muhammad Ali Pasha encouraged impact the
Egypt economically, socially, and politically?
Around the 18th century, Imperialism was the most powerful force in the world. In 1798, Napoleon
Bonaparte, the French emperor, invaded Egypt to expand the French influence. After the short,
three–year occupation of Egypt, Napoleon was forced to withdraw back to France, and there was a
struggle for power in Egypt. Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Ottoman Turkish military leader, was one of
those people who tried to gain power. He was born in 1769 in Kavala, a city in Northern Greece,
and came to Egypt with a group of highly trained Albanian soldiers to ... Show more content on
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To gain power and to be the leader of Egypt, he committed massacres of Mamluks who ruled Egypt
before French invaded. He killed them, and the event became known as the Massacre of Cidetal.
The fact that he slaughtered innocent people seems cruel and brutal. However, it was necessary to
overthrow the government ruled by Mamluks for the development of Egypt, considering the
government's weaknesses. The government at the time was ineffective and weak. Mamluks "were
not united, and struggled for power among themselves"("The Pasha's Bedouin"). Egypt was invaded
because the government was not functioning properly, and Mamluks were not able to do anything
even after French started to rule the country. By taking power from Mamluks entirely, Muhammad
Ali minimized the possibility of rebellions and established the strong military which prevented other
countries from invading Egypt. Some other sacrifices were made during his modernization project.
His modernization cost "the lives of some 100,000 of the Egyptian peasants who were ordered to do
the digging" and caused great suffering as he increased the taxes. ("Muhammad Ali Pasha"). A tax
inspector who served for Muhammad stated "a village which had formerly paid 1,000 riyals in taxes
... was now assessed at between 10,000 and 100,000 riyals, more or less" because Muhammad
increased taxes ("Muhammad `Ali's Tax Inspectors"). The increase in taxes would have caused great
suffering to people. However, it cannot be denied that his modernization plans were needed to make
Egypt strong. Although people suffered from high taxes, he brought positive influences on Egypt by
using those taxes effectively. With his projects, Egypt was able to establish cotton agriculture which
still supports Egypt's economy still today, and brought economic growth which would make
people's lives better because the country can get more profits to organize and to create

Egypt : The Land Of The Pharaohs
Located in the northeastern corner of Africa sits "The Land of the Pharaohs," the country of Egypt.
Egypt is one of 53 independent countries in Africa and like most of them they have been influenced
by outside colonization. Egypt's location, being at the top of Africa, connecting directly to the
Middle East, and being a boat ride across the Mediterranean Sea away from Europe provides them
the natural gift of being a key part in intercontinental affairs. Egypt is also surrounded by water as it
lies below the southeast edge of the Mediterranean Sea, has the Red Sea running the greater portion
of the eastern coast, and within the country houses the Nile River and one of the most important
international waterways, the Suez Canal.
Egypt is known for its natural resources, most importantly oil and natural gas, but they also have
many other valuable minerals that they mine within their country. These valued resources are
attractive to outsiders looking in and Britain saw its potential and colonized it in 1882. Egypt
resisted the change and fought to keep Britain influence away, but they were too strong and the
culture of Egypt as they knew it would not be the same. However, the Britain colonization would
make easier and boost Egyptian trade for the Egyptian land owners.
Through connecting the three continents, Egypt has helped spread many cultures, languages, and
religions throughout the World as most African countries have several ethnic groups unique to their
region and

Ancient Egypt vs Modern Egypt
The Aspects of Ancient and Modern Egypt Contrasted
An In–depth Analysis of the Differences between the Egypt of Yesterday and Today
The Aspects of Ancient and Modern Egypt Contrasted
Egyptian culture has many contrasts and contradictions between the old and the new. The two
cultures are much different from each other. But in its entirety, the culture of Egypt has successfully
combined the best of both worlds. Keeping the appeal and magnificence of its ancient culture
unharmed, modern Egypt has absorbed the contemporary ways of life. Egypt Culture is a balanced
culture, both in its ancient times as well as its stylishness.
A visit to any of the big cities of Egypt will show the influences on culture world–wide. When
compared to other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The royal tombs of Egypt reveal that they wore fabrics such as silk which was very rare and a great
commodity of the time. Artifacts and what's left that were found during excavations reveal to us that
ancient Egyptians were very fashionable and culturally aware. The ancient royalty of Egypt such as
the pharaohs wore a lot of gold jewelry. The abundance of gold made ancient Egypt seem to have
been a very rich nation. Now, Egyptians are very fond of arts, music and sports. Football is the
favorite sport of the Egyptians. Family ties are also very strong in Egypt. The males respect
Egyptian women, which makes most of the big cities such as Cairo and Alexandria much safer for
women than any western cities such as Sudan and Kuwait.
The ancient Egyptians were very religious minded. Gods and goddesses were part of everyday life
of ancient Egyptians. They had gods and goddesses who they had persistent faith. Religious
practices of ancient Egypt were linked to movements of holy bodies such as constellations, the sun,
the moon, and the planets. Some of the most respected idols of ancient Egyptians are Osiris and Isis.
Now, Egypt's population mainly consists of Sunni Muslims and Coptic Christians. People of both
religions moderately follow their religious practices. Religious principles are quite noticeable in
their daily lives.
Today, Egypt is at the core of the Muslim world while in the past it was dominated by varying
polytheistic beliefs and Christianity.

Current Affairs in Egypt
Egypt's Internet Cut Off, Egypt News, Egypt, Egypt Protest, Egypt Protests 2011
[pic]
[pic]
Image Source
Tens of thousands of Egyptian demonstrators took to the streets on 25 January, young and old,
Muslim and Christian, rich and poor, educated and not so–educated. They all chanted "Long live
Egypt", "Life, liberty and human dignity" and "Down with the Mubarak regime".
The day marked for the celebration of Police Day was dubbed the Day of Rage. The protests, which
continued through a second day in almost every part of the country, are showing no signs of abating
on the third day, with a million–strong march scheduled for Friday. These demonstrations are
sending shivers down the spine not only of the regime but of its friends and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As it cracked down on demonstrators, it issued statements, banning any further protests and
repeating the same old excuses. It blamed the Muslim Brotherhood for what it called riots on the
streets and blamed their members for infiltrating the crowds in order to wreak havoc. This is
supposed to do the trick of scaring the world about the propsect of an imminent Islamist takeover of
Egypt – a fear that the regime has painstakingly been fostering. The interior ministry also blamed
the ill–defined but frequently invoked "foreign hands" that are always bent on fomenting trouble
and inciting people against their loving and God–fearing rulers.
State–controlled newspapers have also shown that their reports are approved, if not written, by the
security apparatus. People were shocked to see the headlines of the state–run Al–Ahram newspaper
on 26 January, after a day of massive protests in different Egyptian cities: "Widespread protests and
disturbances in Lebanon". Egyptian state television was no better. While the streets were teeming
with protests, it offered its usual mix of cookery programmes and soap operas. The demonstrations
were, no doubt, happening in another country.
The reaction of Arab and international media has also been disappointing. Throughout the first day,
there was a near–total disregard of the events happening on Egypt's streets. Al–Jazeera, which
always follows important events as they happen, covered the demonstrations rather mutedly at the

Egypt Research Paper
Egypt spans across the northeast corner of Africa and the southwest corner of Asia. The country is
bordered by the Mediterranean sea and the Red Sea as well as Libya to the west, Sudan to the south,
and Israel and the Gaza strip to the east. The majority of Egypt's 390,000 square miles of land lies
within the Nile Valley of North Africa. Egypt has over 87 million inhabitants, making it the fifteenth
most populous country in the world. Across the country, days are typically warm to hot and nights
are cool. Egypt experiences a mild winter from November to April and a hot summer from May to
October. The country receives very minimal rainfall throughout the year due to it's desert climate.
Egypt is a country filled with the remnants of ancient

Egypt Political System
Name
Institution
Instructor
Date of Submission
Politics in Egypt
Egypt's Profile
Egypt is a state situated in the North of Africa officially known as the Arab republic of Egypt. It is
one of Africa's most important countries due to its attractions like the pyramids. It is also a home to
about seventy eight million people. It is bordered to the south by Sudan, to the Libya in the west,
Israel and Gaza in the east and the Mediterranean Sea in the North. All its major cities lie along the
River Nile which runs across the country from the North and empties in the Mediterranean Sea. It is
the source of sustenance to the people of Egypt. The largest city which is the capita; city of Egypt is
Cairo. Egypt's terrain is that of a desert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For this reason, the Prime Minister and his cabinet have to be from the dominant party or coalition
in the assembly. In the case where the President and the Assembly are from opposing parties, then a
situation known as cohabitation is created. Motions of censure are most of the time proposed by the
opposition following government actions that it considers highly inapt, they are purely rhetorical
this means that the party discipline should see to it that throughout a parliamentary term, the
government is never overthrown or given a motion of censure by the assembly (Constitution
Declaration 2011).
The Shura Council also known as the consultative council is a 264–member upper house of
Parliament that came to being in the 1980's. In the Shura Council 176 members are directly elected
and 88 members are appointed by the President of the Republic for six–year terms. One half of the
Shura Council is renewed every three years. The Shura Council 's legislative powers are limited and
on most matters of legislation, the People's Assembly always has the last and final word in the event
of a disparity between the two houses.
There currently exist eighteen recognized political parties from across the political spectrum.
Formation of political parties based on religion is prohibited by the Constitution. The official
opposition and political pressure groups, like the Muslim Brotherhood, are active

Egypt And The Arab World
Egypt: the 3rd largest economy in both Africa and the Arab World.
Egypt's economy is very diverse and depends a great deal on agriculture, tourism, petroleum, and
revenue collection from Egyptians working abroad. Egypt is separated by the highly fertile Nile
Valley. This is where most of Egypt's economic activity takes place. Furthermore, the Nile Valley is
where 80 of the 86 million people live. This is because the rest of Egypt is mostly desert; this makes
habitation difficult. The Egyptian economy measured by GDP (Gross Domestic Product) was 286
billion dollars in 2014 and is the 3rd largest economy in Africa, behind Nigeria ($569B) and South
Africa ($349B). The key areas that make up the GDP are: Agriculture (14%), Industries ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt and the United States have signed a trade and investment framework agreement, a step
toward creating freer trade and increasing investment flows" (Egypt). Therefore, Egypt and the
United States help each other economically.
The GDP growth rates have slowed during 2012 and 2013 to approximately 2.2% which in
combination of rising unemployment reported at 13.3% in 2013 up from 9% in 2010, population
growth, and rising government debt during 2013 to 2014 to approximately $47B, all led to a spirited
removal of then elected President Morsi. This allowed for the election of Army Chief and current
President Sisi. The local currency in Egypt is the Egyptian Pound, which has weakened in the past 2
years vs. the US$ by about 13%.
There are many reasons for the dismal economic performance from 2011 to 2014; a key component
was the revolution that broke confidence both Nationally and Internationally is due to political
instability, national security, and uncertain economic policy environment. This uncertainty led to
foreign investments within Egypt being pulled and new investment stopped.
During the economic downturn, nearly half of the government spending was focused on fuel
subsidies (25%) and payments to service the debt 25%. Regime leaders in the

Modern Day Egypt
Carissa Ciarlone
October 1, 2011
World History
Period 7
Modern Day Egypt Over time Egypt has had many changes including political, intellectual,
religious, art, technological, economic, and social. Today, in modern day Egypt, life is very different
than it would have been many years ago. In this paper I will discuss the differences of Modern Day
Egypt compared to Ancient Egypt, and life in the United States in the current era. These include all
the themes of PIRATES. Modern day Egypt 's politics is a republic currently under military rule of
the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces after the President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak resigned
after the large sums of protest. Legislative power is now in both the government and the People 's ...
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Aegis has many things for transportation communications that fall under technology advancements.
Railroads are common in easy depths and roads are also there Many are caves by many more are
gravel roads that inland waterways indicated in the Nile River and the 17,000 without them. There 's
a Suez Canal for international shipping between the Red and Mediterranean seas which was
reopened in 1975. There are pipelines, ports, and telecommunications of these free client. Therefore
a Air Force has 66 airfields only carry on Alexandria handled international travel. As you can tell
any jet there is technology similar czars in the US. And finally arts of the Egypt, in modern–day
Egypt many people visit Ancient Egypt arts. People come from far away to see the arts, even though
they are old. This includes hieroglyphics and elaborate amazing art. It was because when prestigious
people died, their burial would be very elaborate. These arts are a major part of Egypt, and you can
't see art like it anywhere else in the world. That is the reason why people came from all over the
world to see it. So, as you can tell, Egyptian life revolves around political, intellectual, religious,
arts, technology, economic, and social.
Works Cited
"AllRefer.com – Country Study for Egypt | Egyptian Information Resource." AllRefer Reference &
Encyclopedia Resource. Web. 02 Oct. 2011. .
"Egypt – Language, Culture,

Culture In Egypt : The Culture Of Modern Egypt
Modern Egypt Before someone can talk about a culture of any country, one must know what defines
culture and what influences culture to change throughout history. Characteristics or "common
ground' within a group of individuals defines culture. Therefore, multiple things define a country's
culture, such as: beliefs, customs, ideas, behaviors, and traditions of a country that has passed
through generations. Furthermore, culture is always evolving through the years due to change from
people's beliefs, technology advancement, and views of the future. When visiting Egypt for the first
time, understanding its culture can improve one perception of the country. Many things define
Egypt's culture; however, the focus will be on its environment, political, and military views. Egypt
has an area of 385,229 square miles, and the total population consists of 65,200,000 people. Two
things separate Egypt from its neighbors, the ocean or sparsely populated desert. (Hopkins & Saad,
n.d.) The Mediterranean Sea lies to the north of the country; therefore, the red sea lies directly south,
and the western desert separates the country from Libya and North Africa. (Hopkins & Saad, n.d.) A
major terrain feature that sustains most of the population is the Nile River. Furthermore, the Nile
begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, where it travels north, eventually draining into the Mediterranean
Sea. (Hopkins & Saad, n.d.) Although most people consider the Nile an Egyptian River, it flows

The British Occupation Of Egypt
British Occupation of Egypt in 1882, the Suez Canal and British Involvement in Egyptian Policy
The British occupation of Egypt in 1882 was a key event in the history of Egypt, they went bankrupt
in 1876 and were under dual control of Britain and France in 1879. Egypt's banks were taken over
by British and French representatives and the Suez Canal was also under the British and French
control. The Urabi revolt of 1879–1882 caused a huge uprising against British/French control of
Egypt as Ahmed Urabi rose up against the Khedive of Egypt Tewfik Pasha. The British were forced
to intervene before they lost control of this region that held their most valuable pathway to India.
The British were forced to act and in April 1882, sent warships to ... Show more content on
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The fighting only lasted a couple months and for the British in confirmed their control of Egypt and
allowed them to take control of not just the financial, but also the economic side of Egypt. The
British were very interested in Egyptian cotton as it grew in long fiber which made it better for
making clothing. This is just one of many interests the British had in this region.
The British occupation of Egypt began to make Egyptians question how much control of Egypt was
actually in their hands and this led to revolutionaries like Urabi standing up against the British. The
British occupied Egypt in 1882 because they wanted to keep control of the Suez Canal for direct
access to India, they wanted to keep the government under the Khedive's control so they could keep
their access to Egypt's economic resources, especially cotton and they wanted to protect their joint
control alliance with France in order to control the Egyptian nationalists. There are many conflicting
ideas about why the British occupied Egypt, whether it be for economic purposes or for strategic
purposes, the main reason was because of their control of the Suez Canal.
Alexander Scholch argues that because of initiatives by British Prime Minister William Gladstone,
who wanted to take control

Egypt Layout
The author used title, main headings, subheadings, highlighted vocabulary, diagrams, images, and
captions.
The title is shown in the beginning. The title is "Art, Architecture, and Learning in Egypt." It helps
the reader identify the subject of the work. Just the title tells that the topic of the work will be about
Egypt.
The main heading was shown right after the title. The main heading was "Homes for the Dead." It
helps the reader identify the general topic of the selection. This main heading gives a hint that this
part will talk about what the Egyptians do with the dead.
The diagram came right below the main heading. It showed and labeled different parts of Egyptians
pyramids. This is not discussed in the main text of the work. The diagram helps illustrate some ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The highlighted vocabulary include architect (highlighted in blue), Imhotep (highlighted in black),
King Khufu (highlighted in black), sculpture (highlighted in black), colossal (highlighted in
blue),and mummies (highlighted in black). The highlighted vocabulary grab the attention of the
reader. It makes them understand what they are reading.
Next to the text are images. The images were sculptures and pyramids. Images give visual
information that you can't exactly see in the main text. For example, the main text doesn't really
compare the heights of the Pyramids of Giza, except for the part when it says that Khufu's pyramids
was the largest. However, in the image of the pyramids, you can compare the sizes of the pyramids,
even though you really identify the pyramids.
Underneath the images were the captions. There was one captions, which was below the image of
pyramids. It was about Egyptian pyramids. Th first sentence gave supplementary information that
wasn't in the main text: "The pyramids of Egypt are the most famous buildings of the ancient
world." This helps the reader understand that the pyramids of Egypt are toured by

Culture Of Egypt
CULTURE AWARENESS: THE CULTURE OF EGYPT
SGT Malone, Robert
Advance Leadership Course
Class 001–18
In order to understand the culture of Egypt, one will have to understand the meaning of culture.
"Culture is defined as the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age
group." (Culture, n.d) There are different ways to obtain a culture. Culture is learned. One does not
inherit culture. We learn culture from our family, friends, the media, and even music. Culture is
shared. Culture is also based on symbols. Those symbols represent something that only a few will
understand. Examples of symbols are language and money. Culture is integrated. Each aspect is
related to one another. Culture is dynamic. Because most cultures are in contact with other cultures,
they exchange ideas and symbols. A person's culture is based upon different aspects such as race,
history, geography, religion, and language. All these things play a different part in determining one's
culture. The main focus of this paper is to discuss the terrain, infrastructure, communication, past
military conflicts, weather, and the people of Egypt. This essay will include customs, beliefs,
attitudes, and different ways of life. Egypt is about 385,229 square miles. It is separated from other
countries by either water or desert. The Mediterranean Sea is north of Egypt. The Red Sea is
towards the east. The western desert is on the west side of Egypt. There are

Executive Summary
Egypt today can be a viable market for the foreign investor, especially the investor who has the
ability to see the rewards of in investing in the region for the long haul. The world and Egypt both
realize that the region is the gateway to the Middle East. Egypt is leading the way for Arabic
countries to embrace a new way of doing business and opening their borders to the 'global village'
concept.
Size of Market
The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in Northern Africa and borders Libya, Sudan and the Gaza
Strip, as well as the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Less than one–tenth of Egypt is settled. Egypt's
population of 68 million lives mostly in the Nile valley and Delta. The Western Desert Highway and
the Delta Road ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contracts rarely stay the same, they are constantly changing and the successful businessperson has
to be flexible in order to succeed.
Competition in Market
The Egyptian market is a complex and highly competitive one. Egyptians are often trilingual
(English–French–Arabic), well–traveled individuals who pride themselves on searching out good
deals. Negotiations for a sale, whether with a government agency or a private individual, will be
bound by certain unspoken Egyptian cultural requirements. One is that there is no final best price
that cannot be reduced further by negotiating. The result is that only a fool would offer one's best
price, or anything close to it, early in negotiations. Government employees are judged on their
ability to squeeze the final penny from the lowest bidder. This happens at every level of decision–
making. This is the Egyptian version of the "Dutch auction," called in Arabic
"momarsa."
A marketing problem in Cairo is that it is often difficult to establish who offers what for sale, and
where to find them. Yellow pages and the like are not available to the average consumer.
Legal/Bureaucratic Environment
The ruling National Democratic Party (NDP) has been in power since it's founding in 1978. The
NDP controls local and national government, the government–owned media, and state owned
enterprises. Within its ranks are both

Egypt is a Mediterranean country; located in the northern part of Africa. Therefore, it owes a uniue
place in the world's map with the two seas occupying it's the north and east borders, and the River
Nile passing in the middle of the country. It is also interesting to note that Egypt is the known name
of the country, though this is not the name used by Egyptians. The Arabic name is Misr. Further,
Cairo is the capital, and Arabic is the official language; nevertheless English, French, and German
have also been taught in different schools. Egypt is one of the most spectacular and earliest
civilizations in the world history. Consequently, it has innumerable breathtaking ancient places.
Egypt also has an astonishing landscaping, unique sea world, ... Show more content on
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Egypt's culture encompasses a mixture of different traditions introduced first by pharaohs then
upgraded continuously throughout the subsequent eras till the present day. Egypt's charm is
displayed in the smiles on locals' faces, and their enthusiasm and being ready to help even the
people they do not know. Moreover, they offer the best hospitality ever. Furthermore, Egyptians
value the family rule, keep close family relation, and exhibit a great respect to the head of the
family. As regards to the costumes, there are no specific costumes in the capital or the big cities.
Though in the desert, and the rural areas they are wearing different types and shapes of galabia–
which is like a long t–shirt. Moreover, Generally, Muslim women wear scarfs. Considering the
festivals in Egypt, We celebrate two feasts; 'Eid al adha, and 'Eid al fitr. In the first one we cook
meat and fata. Fata is made of layers of rice and soft bread (which are soaked in meat broth), and
topped with tomato sauce, and next decorated with raisins and nuts. In 'Eid el fitr we celebrate our
fasting in Ramadan and we bake different types of biscuits and cookies. However the cookie that is
connected to Eid above all others is kahk– which is a plain cookie sprinkled with powdered sugar. In
the morning we eat these delicious foods, put on our brand–new clothes, exchange gifts, and later
join the street festivities or gather with families and friends. In a matter of fact, Egypt's culture
embraces many more aspects that are difficult to describe. Furthermore, Egypt as a whole is a
mysterious, and phenomenal place that the wards are not enough to

The Culture Of Egypt
Have you ever wondered how different your life would be if you were born in another country? The
culture of Egypt is so different from our culture in the United States that it almost seems Taboo.
What if you could not choose what clothes you wanted to wear or even who you wanted to marry?
What if you only got to eat meat once a month because your family could not afford it? This is the
everyday life of the people born into the unique culture of Egypt. In the next paragraphs you will
see what everyday life is for the people of Egypt. Egypt is part of the Middle East with a land mass
of 385,229 square miles located between Israel, Sudan and Libya (NICHOLAS. HOPKINS AND
REEM SAAD, 2015). The population of Egypt is 84,208,177 people consisting of over 90% Arabic
speaking Sunni Muslims while only 6% are Christians (NICHOLAS S. HOPKINS AND REEM
SAAD, 2015). Due to the scarce amount of rainfall, Egypt's population cannot sustain agriculture
and must get its water from the Nile River. Almost 96% of the population lives in the Nile Valley
which is only a 4% area of the country. The rest of the country is desert and unable to support life. It
is part of their faith that life should spread beyond the Nile Valley, and since the twentieth century
over a million acres have been reclaimed by the discovery oil and underground wells. Egypt's
population is 84,208,177 while 1,900,000 were considered to be temporary residents or living
abroad. Egypt's population is predicted to

Differences Between Ancient Egypt And Egypt
Egyptians
BASIC INFO
5000 years ago, there were two kingdoms in Egypt, the North by the mouth of the Nile and the
South stretching along the river for hundreds of miles. The kingdom we're familiar with begins with
King Menes, the first Pharaoh. Under his command, the South attacked and conquered the Northern
lands unifying the two nations into what we now consider Ancient Egypt. Despite popular opinion,
the land wasn't dominated by desert; all along the Nile were lush lands, perfect for growing a
population. Every year in the springtime, the snow would melt and flood the river; the waters
overflowed and revitalized the soil, promising a large harvest that autumn.
MORE INFO & INTRO
When western historians founded the study of Egyptology they quickly learned the field would need
to be simplified. With the help of intellectual locals and decades of work, a previously monumental
mass of records was divided into an agreed–upon group of 33 dynasties. The Egyptians had never
seen their Kingdom through the eyes of the divisions; instead, they saw one strong, unified land
ruled by their godlike Pharaoh providing for his people eternal safety.
Harmony is a concept Egypt loved to obsess over, the perpetual flow that life and even death
allowed them to experience. Practically all surviving "remnants" from the Old Kingdom are the
luxurious tombs and burial sites of the royals often giving us the wrong impression that the
Egyptians obsessed over death. Their culture reflected the polar

Imperialism In Egypt
Before imperialism, Egypt was ruled by pharaohs, ancient kings. It was a home to the Byzantine, or
East Roman empire. The conquest between the Muslim Arab armies that attacked and conquered
Egypt transformed the country. The Islamic empire was ruled by Arab Muslim leaders known as
Caliphs. Caliphs ruled for many years until 1250 when a group known as the Mamluk revolted and
took over and controlled Egypt. Mamluk groups competed for leadership and led egypt to create a
prodigious amount of art, literature, and architecture. In 1517, Ottoman forces invaded Egypt from
Syria and overthrew the Mamluks, making Egypt part of the Ottoman empire. Muhammad Ali's son
was responsible for building the Suez Canal, that would shorten the sailing route between Europe
and eastern Asia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Citizens became unhappy because how they were treated by british, so nationalism in Egypt
emerged and people called for independence. The involvement of Egypt in World War 1 led to anti–
british judgement. The increasing nationalism and negative opinions about Britain led to Egypt re–
gaining their independence. 1919 through 1922 Egypt was in a political tumult, where they were
determined to break away from the leadership of british and become an independent country. British
were mad and in response they arrested and exiled Zaghloul and that caused the people of Egypt to
revolt. But in 1922, United Kingdom finally granted Egypt their independence. In 1923 they forced
a constitutional monarchy, which a king or queen acts of head of state. Finally in 1936 a treaty was
written for Egypts independence, it made it were fewer british troops were stationed in their country
but, some are stationed in Suez Canal. Even after Egypt gained independence, British imperialism
would leave a mark in the country for years. British imperialism in Egypts society has short term
alterations but also changed the country in long

Birth Of Egypt
The main topic of this book is about how the birth of Egypt was represented as the first nation to its
final ending into the Roman Empire. It explains "three thousand years of wild drama, bold
spectacle, and unforgettable characters." The author describes his final conclusion for the book,
about the death of Cleopatra and how ancient Egypt fell into the hands of Rome, which was what
she had feared was going to happen. It also talks about how Alexander the Great took control over
the country of Egypt, while in control of the country of Rome. Before I talk about the book I will
talk about the author's background. "Toby Wilkinson graduated with a first class honors degree in
Egyptology from Downing College, University of Cambridge winning the ... Show more content on
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It talks about the beginning or how Egypt grew to be a successful empire to it being absorbed by the
Roman Empire. There are several images that had to do with different Egyptian dynasty. The first
images, which is on page 157, talks about "the Narmer Palette was commissioned by King Narmer
(First Dynasty) to celebrate the unification of Egypt and the creation of the pharaonic state. It is
ancient Egypt's founding document." Another images talks about the second dynasty, it states the "a
limestone statue of king Khasekhem (Second Dynasty) wearing the jubilee cloak. The statue as
found at Nekhen, ancient center of Egyptian kingship." The final picture that was found on page
157, states that "a Limestone statue of King Djoser (Third Dynasty), builder of Egypt's earliest
pyramid. The statue was originally housed in a special shrine next to the step Pyramid at Saqqara,
and was intended to serve as an eternal resting place for the king's spirit." While reading this book I
found a lot of Egyptian wall paintings that I found interesting. In this book it talks about how they
were believed to be "activated by spells, so that the characters in the wall paintings would come to
life to serve the deceased in the afterlife. On page 477, it states that "Wall paintings from tombs of
King Horemheb were in the valley of the Kings. In the center, Horemheb faces the goddess Hathor,
protectress of western

Ancient Egypt
The culture of Egypt is thousands of years old. Ancient Egypt was among the earliest civilizations.
For years, Egypt maintained a complex and stable culture that actually influenced later generations
of Europe, the Middle East and many parts of Africa. After the Pharaonic era, Egypt itself came
under the influence of Hellenism, then Christianity for a period of time and later, Islamic culture.
While some of Egypt's ancient traditions remain evident, modern Egypt has evolved greatly due to
influences of immigrants from the surrounding Arab countries. Visitors to Egypt usually notice that
Egyptian people are mild mannered and polite, mostly as a result of their religious principles.
Understanding Egyptian customs and culture will definitely benefit tourists during their stay in
Egypt.
The official language in Egypt is Arabic. Egypt has a population of about 85 million people. This
includes ancient Egyptian descendants, Bedouins and Berbers. The remaining 1 percent is
comprised of Greek, Nubian, Armenian, Italian and French ethnicity. The ... Show more content on
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The Islamic values are fundamental in personal and political aspects for all citizens, including
Christians. Egyptians have strong family values and are expected to be faithful to members of their
extended families. Most businesses are closed on Fridays, the Muslim holy day, and some also
closed on Saturdays. Among the famous religious traditions is the holy month of Ramadan, when
Egyptian Muslims fast and are only work for six hours each day before they can break their fast.
While not required to fast during Ramadan, Christians do not eat, drink, or smoke in public as
common courtesy. The major mosques are open to tourists, except during religious services. All
guests are expected to take off their shoes before entering most of the religious buildings in

The Great Crisis in Egypt
Introduction:
In Egyptian colloquial language the 1967 war against Israel is dubbed elnaksa meaning "the great
crisis"? This term signifies the great loss of Egyptian pride and identity that have become greatly
synonymous with this war for Egyptians. Perhaps what made matters worse was the fact that the
Egyptian people felt betrayed by their leader Gamal Abd El Nasser who had greatly disillusioned
them and was greatly disillusioned himself into believing that Egypt could enter this war and
emerge victorious. The question therefore becomes "Why did Egypt decide to escalate conflict with
Israel by embarking on the 1967 war?"
There are two main factors which greatly motivated Egypt towards in escalating the pre–emptive
attack by Israel into a full scale war. The first factor is the anti–western sentiment present in the
domestic and foreign policy initiatives of Egypt under Nasser; these initiatives are collectively
known as Nasserism and reflect a larger ideological paradigm of post–colonial identity politics and
Egypt's aspiration of achieving a regional hegemony. The second factor can be attributed to how
Nasserism and this aspiration interacted with Nasser's choice to with and the USSR under the
bipolar power structure of the Cold War. Thus, it was the interaction between certain ideological
aspects of Nasserism and the bipolar division of power that led Egypt to escalate the 1967 pre–
emptive Israeli attack into war.
This paper will begin by outlining its theoretical

Similarities And Differences Of Egypt, Egypt And The...
Today in the world we live in there is 196 countries, each one having its own culture, and traditions.
Some are similar and some are completely different, you identify that, their needs to be a
comparison between each countries, see which ones are different and who are similar. Two of the
most known of these countries is Egypt, and the superpower USA, those two countries have many in
common, yet at the same time are very different. This is a comparison of how Egypt, and USA
relate. The Egyptian Armed Forces are the largest in Africa and the Middle East. The Egyptian
armed forces only started to evolve after the horrific defeat in 1948, since then it has evolved largely
becoming much stronger then before, and started to appear on the surface ... Show more content on
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In the military both the US and Egypt have a huge urge to increase their power and dominance. In
the food section the US and Egypt both have their own unique foods, while Egypt specializes in
appetizers and deserts, and the US are well known for their fast food meals. The Egyptians foods are
more traditional however, the US's foods are more of a routine. Finally the US and Egypt have
different behavior, but they still have the events that cause the families to gather up. In the US its
thanksgiving and in Egypt it's the holy month of Ramadan. All countries have their similarities and
differences, but at the end there differences are what bring them

The Temples Of Egypt And Ancient Egypt
The temples of Egypt were (and still are) associated with a great deal of religious value. The
temples were built to be the homes of the gods and goddesses of the land. Ancient Egyptians
believed in the importance of pleasing their gods. As a result, they ensured that beautiful and
magnificent temples were built to be the homes of these gods. In this regard, these temples were
also used as places of worship (Redford, 1971). These temples were therefore the places where the
Egyptians spent most of their time performing rituals, sacrifices, giving offerings and performing
festivals among others . All these activities served to ensure that the gods were pleased and that they
would bless the lands in the long haul. The kings and pharaohs of Egypt were also allowed to live in
these temples because of their status in society.
There are many temples in Egypt that are o significance importance. Some of them have become
ruined because of their age but many of them are still standing at present. Just like the pyramids,
these temples have become major tourist attractions for the country. This is attributed to the fact that
they portray the heritage and culture of the country that is embedded in religion. For this reason,
some of these temples have even been recognized by UNESCO as world heritage sites. The aim of
this paper is to therefore analyze one of these temples. This paper will analyze the Abu Simbel
temple. The paper will go into detail to discuss the significance and imagery

Egypt before Imperialism
Egypt before Imperialism
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any nation in the world. Written history of Egypt dates
back to about 5,000 years, the commencement of civilization. While there is divergence in relation
to Early Egyptian times, it is said that Egypt came to be around 3200 B.C., during the reign of a
king by the name of Menes and unified the northern and southern cities of Egypt into one
government. In 1675 B.C., Egypt was invaded by the Hyksos, people from the east, bringing along
the very first of chariots and horses ever to come across Egyptian soil. Approximately 175 years
later in 1500 B.C., the Egyptians had gotten rid of the Hyksos and driven them out. In 1375 B.C.,
Amenhotep IV had become the king of Egypt. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt revolted in 1881 to put down the British, who occupied the country at the time. Although in
1914, Egypt was declared a British protectorate. Most of Britain's interest in Egypt was financial. So
they used the Suez Canal as a route to their other colony, India. Transportation was then shorter and
cheaper. This occurrence made Africa's port cities obsolete. A diamond mine was then discovered in
1870. At the time it was the home of the Boers. Britain then seized it from 1871 to 1877. The Boers
the revolted in 1881 and defeated the British and later were granted republic independence. This
loss compelled Britain to protect the Suez Canal but France then threatened to reroute the Nile
River. With the exception of the Suez Canal, Egypt would just be a large desert.
How Egypt Gained Independence
Furthermore, Egypt then gained its independence in 1922, it being granted by the British; but the
much of the British remained in the northern region of Egypt and in the duration of World War II,
Egypt and the Suez Canal were fundamental connections in the empire of Britain. A government
was then under king Farouk in 1936 but the government was very inefficient and corrupt. Egypt was
not very happy with Britain's control of the Suez Canal. In the year of 1952, army officers
commenced a revolution to overthrow King Farouk and in 1953 a republic was established in Egypt.
The leader of this revolution was Colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser and became the

Egypt And Mesopotamia
Architecture in Egypt and Mesopotamia When you think about ancient architecture, what questions
arise? Do you ask yourself about its history, durability, and structure? For example, Egypt is known
for its pyramids, while Mesopotamia is known for its temple. Both are influential and recognizable
after so many years and will continue to be for years to come, those questions come without a doubt
to mind. In the following paragraphs, these questions will be answered and explained in depth
regarding these two civilizations, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
In Egypt, architecture started in what was considered to be the Early Dynamic period and
construction lasted about 20 to 40 years to complete. The Pyramids were built to honor ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egyptians used sand and stones, whereas Mesopotamians used clay and mud. Egypt structures are
visited by tourists year around. However, the Meidum Pyramid did cease to last and collapsed
because it was resting on sand versus rocks. In which, the Mesopotamians mud brick technique was
later adapted by the Egyptians. Unfortunately, for Mesopotamia there is only one structure that still
remains, a few were reconstructed and others were just gathered from archeological evidence.
Historical evidence collected indicate climate change, affected the soil caused by mineral salt
leading to broken bricks. Another reason for the reconstruction was power domination by the
Elamites, they destroyed and rebuilt on the same location either being the same structure or ones
similar to the previous with modifications.
These two civilizations have brought the most memorable structures, considering the techniques
used and unique designs. Egypt will always be admired for the Great Pyramid of Giza, known as
one of the last original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( Mark, 2016 ). The great pyramid of
Giza was constructed as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, including three chambers with two mortuary
temples and three known as satellite pyramids dedicated to Khufu's wives. Architectures also known
to be constructed by the Egyptians are Zoser's Necropolis built as a mortuary tomb for Pharaoh
Djoser, it was surrounded by decorations and ceremonial structures. The Great Sphinx of Giza is
known

The Temples Of Egypt And Ancient Egypt
The temples of Egypt were and still are associated with a great deal of religious value. The temples
were built to be the homes of the gods and goddesses of the land. Ancient Egyptians believed in the
importance of pleasing their gods. As a result, they ensured that beautiful and magnificent temples
were built to be the homes of these gods. In this regard, these temples were also used as places of
worship. These temples were therefore the places where the Egyptians spent most of their time
performing rituals, sacrifices, giving offerings and performing festivals among others. All these
activities served to ensure that the gods were pleased and that they would bless the lands of the
Egyptians. The kings and pharaohs of Egypt were also allowed to live in these temples because of
their status in society.
There are many temples in Egypt that are significantly important. Some of them have become
ruined because of their age but many of them are still standing at present. Just like the pyramids,
these temples have become major tourist attractions for the country. This is attributed to the fact that
they portray the heritage and culture of the country that is embedded in religion. For this reason,
some of these temples have even been recognized by UNESCO as world heritage sites. The aim of
this paper is to therefore analyze one of these temples, precisely the Abu Simbel temple. The paper
will go into detail to discuss the significance and imagery of the temple as brought out by

History Of Egypt And Southwestern Part Of Egypt
In the past periods, the northwestern part of Sudan and southwestern part of Egypt (Kehl and
Bornkamm, 1993) were with great effective moisture, which are evident from archaeological sites
associated with remnants of playa or lake deposits. This was the source of recharge in the NSAS.
The estimated recharge rates of the pluvial period were a little high at the Uweinat highlands and
central Sudan area (7–15 mm/year), and low in northern Sudan and southern Egypt area (6–8
mm/year) (Fig. 13). During the filling–up process, the high hydraulically conductive sandstones (~
4.4×10–5 to 1.3×10–4 ms–1) in the area between central Sudan and Uweint–Asawn uplift were
filled up with water to the surface with a general flow in a NE direction from Erdi ... Show more
The groundwater flow from the foothills of the Uweinat highlands has followed the relief of the
underlying basement rocks. As the aquifer became full and the groundwater level rose to the ground
surface at the Uweinat area, the excess precipitation has formed drainage systems flowing in an
ENE direction (Fig. ) to the Tushka depression. This is evidenced from processing of the Radarsat
and SRTM images over this area. Therefore, these surface drainages were drained the excess water
above the surface away from the system. The groundwater has flowed northeastwards from Uweinat
foothills within the Dakhla Basin from Dakhla to Farafa and from Farafra to Bahariya oasis.
Provided that the spatial distribution of the high hydraulically conductive sandstones within the
Basin, which covered the Precambrian basement slopping northwards. In addition to, the ages of
groundwater samples increase progressively along the groundwater flow direction within the Dakhla
Basin. Krypton–81 and chlorine–36 (Sturchio et al., 2004; Patterson et al., 2005) show a progression
of groundwater ages from Dakhla oasis (~210–230 kyr) to Farafra oasis (~320–330 kyrs) with
relatively high flow velocities (~1 m/yr; 3.17 × 10–8 m/s) and with low flow velocities (~0.2 m/yr;
6.34 × 10–9 m/s) from the Farafra to

Effects Of Egypt
This essay will concentrate on the effects of Egypt's economy and society during and after British
colonization. Observing the opinion on both positive and negative effects which brought the Egypt
nation into development. The reason of this essay is to determine how British colonial ruled and
gained control on Egypt nation for nearly 40 years and affected it in many ways. This essay is a
mainly concerned with its economy system during the British colonization in 1882 until Egypt
achieved the full independence in 1936. During 17th and 18th centuries, Egypt suffered an
economic decline under the Ottoman Empire. In 1798, when Napoleon Bonaparte landed on Egypt
he hoped that if he occupied Egypt British links with India would be disrupted. ... Show more
Both aspects showing a good results in order to maintain and improve the Egypt nation, but some of
the negative effects which may led the Egyptian revolted against British government. The positive
effects being improved by the British were canals, water irrigation, dams, buildings, farming
methods, railways and steamships as modes of transportation. The negative effect was Egyptian
suffered corruption due to heavy taxes imposed by the British government, economic declined due
to high deficit and high international debt due to a large amount of borrowing from Western
countries, which Egypt began during colonization. On the other hand, British was unfair in ruling
the nation of Egypt because their purpose is to make profit for their own and not the Egyptian itself.
However, this improvement were not benefitted by the Egyptian, but for the traders and merchants
which stayed in Egypt while crossing the Suez Canal. It was evident that during and after British
colonization, Egypt was transformed into a better

Egypt 's Dynastic Period Of Egypt
There are so many fascinating facts about Egypt's history, from the early years to modern day. Egypt
is located on the African continent. Before it became a roman province during the 1st century B.C. it
was ruled by 30 dynasties often called pharaohs, this was called Egypt's dynastic period or ancient
Egypt. The dynastic period lasted more than 3000 years which was longer than any other
civilization known. From 3500 B.C. there were two kingdoms in Egypt, Upper, ruled by pharaohs
wearing a red crown and Lower ruled by pharaohs wearing a white crown, these two kingdoms were
united by King Horus Narmer, he is the first known king of Egypt, he can be seen in ancient
Egyptian paintings wearing both a red and a white crown. There is not much known about King
Narmer, but his name has been found throughout Egypt and even in Syria–Palestine, this evidence
indicates that there was an active trade going on between Egypt and parts of the Ancient Near East.
There was a King named Scorpion who was either Narmer's predecessor or a rival king who ruled
the south of the country, his tomb was not far from where King Narmer's tomb was found. From the
lack of evidence we cannot get a clear picture of who these two kings were nor what their
relationship is to each other. The last pharaoh of Egypt was Cleopatra, she was Greek not Egyptian.
Ancient Egyptian life was centered on agriculture. Farming wheat, fruits and vegetables were a
means of living, there were some raising of cattle, sheep, pigs,

Egypt : Mystery Of The Nile
Egypt: Mystery of the Nile Egypt is home to one of the first civilizations in the world. This early
society, known as Ancient Egypt, was also one of the longest, starting in 3000 BC and lasting nearly
3000 years. During this period, the nation thrived as its culture became renowned for everything
from the splendor of its arts, advancements in science, technology and architecture, to its traditions
in religion. Their superior achievements, which include the Great Pyramids, military conquests, and
mathematical system left a cultural legacy that influenced many other ancient civilizations. Egypt's
rich history led to the creation of its own study of Egyptology as archeologists and historians
continue to discover its mysteries. Egypt can be divided into four natural regions: the Nile Valley
and Nile Delta, the Western Desert, the Eastern Desert, and the Sinai Peninsula (Goldschmidt,
2016). While most of the country is arid, the Nile River divides the two deserts and gives life to the
harsh conditions of the Sahara. Less than one tenth of the country is settled or cultivated. The ten
percent that is populated borders the Nile or is scattered throughout the northeast region, Sinai. After
the great days of the Ancient Egypt era, Egypt would succumb to foreign powers. In 525 BC the
Persians conquered Egypt and ruled until 332 BC as Alexander the Great stretched his Macedonian
empire. Goldschmidt (2008) notes that Alexander as a great fighter and military strategist

Egypt Under Mubarak

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