Non Saline Experiment

Non Saline Experiment
Abstract: This experiment discusses the effects that saline and non–saline environments have on potato strips. Two potato strips
were cut to lengths of 2 inches and each strip was placed in one of two solutions. The solutions used were a.) a mixture of 24ml
tap water and 1tsp salt and b.) 24ml tap water. This experiment was conducted over a period of five days and observations to each
container were made daily at the same time. The experiment was set up to test the hypothesis that a saline solution will cause
potato strips to become flaccid, change in color and shrink in size, while a non–saline solution will cause potato strips to become
turgid, increase in size and maintain its original color. At the end of the experiment, the potato strip in the saline solution shrank
to 1.8 inches, and became dark and flaccid, while the potato strip in the non–saline experiment expanded to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The house will have various temperatures at various times of the day, thus distorting my results regardless of the change of
location.I found that the potato strips in highly saline solutions will experience flaccidity, shrinkage and color change, while
potato strips in less saline solutions will experience turgidity and expansion. In the experiment, I noticed that the depth of
darkness increased as each day went by. On Day 1 both potato strips were roughly the same color but as the time progressed, the
potato strip in the salt solution started to get darker at the tips. This color change gradually spread throughout the potato strip until
it was fully darkened on Day 5. The size of both potato strips was of the same length on day one of the experiment. However,
over the next few days, each potato strip had opposite reactions. There was a gradual decrease in the size of the potato strip in the
salt solution, while there was a gradual increase in the size of the potato strip in the tap
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Effect Of Sugar On Osmosis
The effect of sugar solutions (%)with different concentration levels on the rate of osmosis in cylinders of potatoes(+/–0.01g)
Research question:What is the effect of sugar solutions(%) with different concentration levels on the rate of osmosis in cylinders
of potatoes(+/–0.01g)?
Hypothesis:The prediction that is stated is if the concentration level of the sugar solution is higher then the mass of the potato
cylinders will increase (hypertonic)because of a process known as Osmosis.Osmosis is the chemical process of diffusion which is
the passive movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a low concentration.["Diffusion."And Osmosis]In other
words they allow certain substances to enter the cell and certain substances that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Try 3–4 times to get as accurate results as possible.
The electronic mass kept on changing by saying error
This would affect the results as some of the results would be inaccurate
Wait one minute till the electronic mass turns to 0 then place the potato cylinder
Not enough experiments with different independent variables
Wouldn't of got accurate results therefore there would be an outlier in the graph
Repeat the same experiment 3–4 times
Work Cited:
"Plants For Kids."Osmosis in Potatoes Experiment. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
"Osmosis Experiment For Kids: Potato, Water, and Salt."Udemy Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
"Simple Science Experiment: Osmosis with Potato Slices."Simple Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2014.
"Diffusion."And Osmosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
"Welcome to the Living World.": Comparison between Diffusion and Osmosis. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov.

Effect of Sucrose Solution on Osmosis Essays
Effect of Sucrose Solution on Osmosis
Aim: The aim of the experiment is to show how varying the concentration of sucrose solution affects osmosis by changing
different molar solutions of sucrose and water and how it affects the potato. Introduction: In this investigation I will be exploring
the effect of varying concentration of sucrose sugar solution on the amount of activity between the solution and the potatoes.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low
water concentration. Osmosis can be effected different things such as:
– Temperature – The warmer the solution, the quicker the osmosis will go. This is because the water ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The potato cells, took in, or gave out the water depending on the concentration of the solution it is surrounded in.
The results were fine and by looking at the mass measured before the experiment, you can see that there is no reading which
seems to be out of the line. As the weights before the experiment range between 2.31g and 2.46g, this tells us that the potato
pieces were cut well, and I believe accurate enough.
The results show that:
– Osmosis actually took place in the experiment.
– As the sucrose solution increased, the mass decreased, and as the sucrose solution decreased, the mass increased
Evaluation: I followed the plan correctly; I believe I gained accurate and sufficient enough results to conclude the experiment,
and to prove my prediction.
To make this experiment better, I believe that I could have done more than one experiments to see if anything has gone wrong,
but since

Finding the concentration of a Potato cell.
Aim
The aim is to find the concentration (mole/dm3 (M)) of solute in a potato cell by using the process of osmosis and different
concentrations of sucrose solution.
Background information
Osmosis is diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane. It moves from a solution with less solute concentration
(high water potential) to a solution with more solute concentration (low water potential). The one with a high water concentration
is called a hypotonic solution and the low water concentration is called hypertonic solution, but these only depend on what type
of concentration is on the other side of the partially permeable membrane. When more water passes through to one side of the
membrane it is called net movement.
(Toole + ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I think this because I know roughly that a potato has a solute concentration of more than 0.3M. As the concentration goes above
0.6M I predict the potato cylinder will loose mass because the potato is most likely to have a smaller concentration than 0.6M. I
know the concentration of a potato roughly but all the potatoes are different so I have left a space in my concentration of a potato
cell prediction as the real result will vary between these values. My prediction is that the potato 's solute concentration will be
somewhere in between 0.3M and 0.6M. This leads me to think of the resulting graph to have a best fit line which has negative
correlation and falls as the concentration decreases. I know this because osmosis works in a way that water molecules move from
a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration.
Preliminary experiment
For this I was advised to use 5cm of peeled potato (a diameter of 1.2cm), distilled water and 1M sucrose solution. I had to make
two potato cylinders and leave one in water and one in a 1M solution (each 30ml) for 15 minutes. I got the percentage change by
measuring the potato 's length before and after the experiment. I did this to give me a rough idea of what to expect from this
experiment and to change any variables to keep constant for my main experiment, like the time or the initial length. I carried this
out and got this result (on a graph):
This shows a very simple conclusion that the potato 's

Osmosis and Water Potential
Osmosis and Water Potential
Year 11
Emary Venter
INTRODUCTION:
The cell is the basic unit of living things, and is made up of multiple organelles. Organelles are membrane bound subdivisions,
each specialised for a specific function. This experiment looks at the Plasma Membrane, which is a semipermeable layer
surrounding the cell. It's primary job is to control what goes in and out of the cell. Molecules can move across this membrane in
either an active movement or a passive movement. Active being that which requires energy and only occurs when molecules are
required to move against the concentration gradient. The concentration gradient refers to the difference in the amount of solutes
in the solutions of two adjacent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solutions of 2% and 10% both reached dynamic equilibrium as neither had lost nor gained water during the experiment, This
indicates that the results may have been inconclusive because two, widely various solutions could not have both reached dynamic
equilibrium with the potato cell. This leads to the idea that there were a few errors made while performing this experiment, which
most likely had an effect on the results, causing them to be non–reliable. Firstly, the test tubes had not been properly cleaned
before the experiment took place. This caused a strange smell and a colouration of the potato tuber, it may also have increased or
decreased the osmotic potential, though this cannot be known as it is not known what chemical residue may have been left in the
test tubes. Secondly, the potato cells had been left in for three days instead of the recommended 24hrs. This mistake may have
caused the soft, sogginess of the potato which rendered it difficult to pat dry and handle. During this part of the experiment,
pieces of the cells were broken and lost down drains or stuck to the paper towel, as well as many still containing much excess
water. Because of this, the weights measured could be inaccurate and therefor unreliable. Based on the data found by Clemson
University Student Robert.

Practical assesment about biology: To determine the water...
OSMOSIS
Aim
To determine the water potential of potato tuber cells.
Background knowledge
Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water
potential through a partially permeable membrane. Osmosis is considered in terms of water potential and solute potential.
Water potential is a measure of the kinetic energy of water molecules. Here, water molecules are constantly moving in a random
fashion. Some of them collides with cell membrane, cell wall, creating a pressure on it known as water potential. The higher their
kinetic energy the more they move and hits the membrane, therefore higher the water potential. Water potential also depends on
the number of molecules of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the solution surrounding a cell has the same solute concentration as the cell then water will pass equally between them. When a
solution has the same solute concentration as the cell then it is described as isotonic.
Starch is insoluble in water because it is formed when many monosaccharide condense together to form long chains. As it is long
chain polymers and complex carbohydrates, the bonds which hold them together are hard to be broken down by water. Therefore
starch is insoluble in water. Sucrose is soluble in water because it is a disaccharide sugar. These sugars are formed when two
hexose sugar molecules react together by condensation reaction. When water is added in this sugar, it is broken down into hexose
sugar (small unit), as bonds holding the disaccharide sugar are spitted up by water.
Preliminary Work
I did an experiment using sweet potato and sucrose solution. I measured the change in length and the change in mass of the sweet
potato. The results are shown below:
The table below shows the volume of water and sucrose solution used to make dilutions
Concentration
(M)Volume of sucrose (ml)Volume of water (ml)Total volume
(ml)
0 0100100
0.22080100
0.44060100
0.66040100
0.88020100
1.01000100

Length change
Concentration (M)Length at start (mm)Length at end (mm)Change in length(mm)Length change (%)
0303226.67
0.23029–1–3.33
0.4303000.00

Aluminum induces cross‑resistance of potato to...
Aluminum induces cross‑resistance of potato to Phytophthora Infestans
This article is about an experiment done to try to see if Aluminum can cause resistance in potatoes to a disease. Aluminum is
commonly found in arid soils which accounts for 35% of all farmable on earth. The aluminum (specifically Al3+) targets the
roots of the plants and causes stunted plant growth and abnormal root formation. THis causes stresses in the plant which could
lead to cross resistance. This immunity has led to some plants to develop cross resistance to diseases. THis has happened before
in the plant, an example is the fact that ozone induces resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco plants. This phenomenon
is what is being tested for in potato ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
THe After this, the reaction was terminated by adding 5% trichloroacetic acid. After the evaporation, the dry residue was
dissolved in a mobile phase for HPLC(High–performance liquid chromatograph).
H2O2 was measured by homogenizing leaves in a 3 ml of a 0.1M potassium sulphate mixture. After centrifuging at 15000g for
half an hour the supernatant was used for further experiments. 1.5 ml of the reaction mixture which contained 0.1M of potassium
phosphate buffer, 400 microliters of an enzymatic extract and some titanium reagent. The titanium reagent was prepared on the
day of the experiment by by mixing 0.1mM of 4–(2–pyridylazo)resorcinol and 0.6mM potassium titanium tartrate at a 1 to 1
ratio. The prepared solution was then prepared in an ice bath until it was needed. The H2O2 concentration was estimated by
measuring the calibration curve.
The GSNOR activity level was measured by homogenizing 0.5g fresh leaves,roots, and stems in 0.1 M of Tris–HCl buffer. The
buffer contained 0.2% Triton X–100,10% glycerol,2nM DTT,0.1mM EDTA and centrifuged at 27,000g for 25 min. The
supernatants were passed through a sephadex G–25 gel. Immediately after they were passed through Amicon Ultra 3K Filters.
This served as the enzyme extract. 1 ml of the volume of the mixture contained 0.5mM EDTA,0.4mM GSNO,0.2mM NADH,30
micro liiters of enzyme extract.in Tris–HCl

Investigate the Osmosis of Potato Cells in Various Salt...
Investigate the Osmosis of Potato Cells in Various Salt Solutions
Introduction
I have been asked to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of a solution on the movement of water into and out of
potato cells. I will be able to change the input of my experiment.
The input variable will be the concentration of the solution. The
100% solution is sodium chloride dissolved in water (salt water).
This will be referred to as the 100% solution from now on. But the type of solution is not important as Osmosis is all about
differences in concentrations. The output variable will be the weight of the potato chips, the movement of the water into and out
of the potato.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi–permeable
membrane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is what happens when a plant dies. The water leaves it by Osmosis and the plant wilts and dies.
Planning
Firstly here is a list of equipment I used:
· Boiling tubes
· Weighing scales
· Knife
· Paper towels
· 100% solution
· 0% solution (distilled water)
· measuring beakers
· potato chips
· Cork borer
We planned to start our experiment by doing some preliminary work. We planned to set up our experiment in the following way.
We take one potato and cut from it three even potato chips. (These potato chips will never be the same weight as we had to cut
them ourselves and it is too inaccurate. So we decided to calculate the percentage gain/loss as this would mean that the
measurements are all on the same scale.) We then would weigh the potato chips on a very sensitive weighing scale. These
weighing scales can weigh things to a hundredth of a gram so our measurements would be very accurate. We'd note down the
weights. Then we'd got our solutions ready. We were only given a
100% solution and a 0% solution so we had to mix them in the right ratio to get all the solutions we needed. We decided to do 5
different types of solutions so we would have a wide range of results and it would be more accurate. We'd use 100%, 75%, 50%,
25%, 0% solutions in our experiment. But for preliminary work we would only need three different strength solutions. These
were the absolute max the absolute zero and the middle, 100%, 50% 0% solutions.
We'd cut three potato chips weighed

How Does Distilled Water Affect The Mass Of Potato Cells
After conducting the experiment, the hypothesis "if a cell experiences osmosis, then it will shrink, or enlarge depending on the
type of solution," is proven incorrect. In both the distilled water and 1% salt solution, water from the potato cores' surroundings
moved into the cores causing them to gain mass. The cores gained water mass due to the fact that they were hypertonic while
their surroundings were hypotonic. On the other hand, in the 3% salt solution and the 5% salt solution water from the potato cores
moved out to their surroundings. The cores lost water mass because they were hypotonic while their surroundings were
hypertonic. In the duration of this lab, no isotonic solutions were evident as all 4 solutions clearly depicted that they were not at
equilibrium. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since plant cells have a strong, and stiff cell wall, the size of the potato cells was unaffected. Instead, the turgidity of the cell
increase or decrease according to each scenario. However, unlike the constant size of the cells, the mass of the cells covered a
wide variety. For example, the potato cores in distilled water gained 0.82 grams of mass while the cores for a 1% salt solution
gained only around 0.19 grams. On the other hand, the 3% salt solution cores lost 0.49 grams of mass while the 5% salt solution
cells lost and estimated 0.31

Effect of Solute Concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells...
INTRODUCTION
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high concentration to low concentration through semipermeable membranes,
caused by the difference in concentrations on the two sides of a membrane (Rbowen, L.). It occurs in both animals and plants
cells. In human bodies, the process of osmosis is primarily found in the kidneys, in the glomerulus. In plants, osmosis is carried
out everywhere within the cells of the plant (World Book, 1997). This can be shown by an experiment with potato and
glucose/salt solution. The experiment requires putting a piece (or more) of potatoes into glucose or salt solution to see the result
of osmosis (a hypertonic type of solution is mostly used as it would give the most prominent visual prove of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Place each group of potato cylinders into each beakers.
7. Leave for 24 hours, with all of them staying together in the same place (not 3 beakers inside the building and the other 3
outside, or similar situation) to keep the temperature roughly the same.
8. Use the plastic forceps to remove the potato cylinders from the beakers (keep them together in the same group), and blot off the
excess solution weight on them with the paper towels.
9. Weigh the mass of each group of potato cylinders and record data.
RESULT – (For graph, see Appendix 3)
Data: Effect of Solute Concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells (for our group)
Solution Conc. Of Glucose (M) Initial Mass (g) Final Mass (g) Change of Mass (%) Class Average
0 4.5 5.3 17.8 17.5
0.2 4.3 4.5 4.7 5.6
0.4 4.2 3.9 –7.1 –6.7
0.6 4.5 3.3 –26.7 –25.8
0.8 4.1 2.7 –34.1 –30.1
1.0 4.4 2.8 –40.9 –35.5
Data: Effect of Solute Concentration on Osmosis in Potato Cells (for the 6 groups of our class) Mass Changes In Potato–Groups
For Each Solution (%)
Solution–Conc. Of Glucose (M) Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Class Average
0 17.8 11.9 8.4 22.2 14.1 17.5
0.2 4.7 4.8 4.8 5 13.6 5.6
0.4 –7.1 3.2 –2.5 –8 8.1 –6.7
0.6 –26.7 –10.9 –22.8 –28.8 –25.4 –25.8
0.8 –34.1 –16.4 –31.6 –41.7 –20.1 –30.1
1.0 –40.9 –19.4 –41.5 –45.1 –25.7 –35.5
EVALUATION
Discussion
The data shows that the higher the concentration of

Why Potato Is Becoming The Most Important Crop
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth highest produced crop in the world and the most important non–cereal food crop,
with world production estimated to be over 350 million tons in 2013 (http://faostat.fao.org). Potato is a versatile crop, and is
utilized as not only food and feed but also in industrial materials and fuels (Kikuchi et al. 2015). Potato is becoming the most
important crop in developing countries and its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other crops primarily
because of increasing industrialization (Guchi et al. 2015). Potatoes in India are grown under varied climatic conditions ranging
from tropics, subtropics to temperate highlands. Consequently, the spectrum of insect–pests and diseases is very large and limit
potato production upto 85% depending upon the weather/region. Fungal disease plays a pivotal role for yield losses. Late blight,
caused by Phytophthora infestans (oomycete pathogen), is the most destructive disease of potato worldwide (CIP, 1989). During
the last two decades, disease has increased globally and the average global crop loss of potato has increased upto 21.8% (Fry and
Goodwin, 1997; James, 1981; Forbes, 2012). Worldwide losses due to late blight are estimated to exceed $5 billion annually and
thus the pathogen is regarded as a threat to global food security (Latijnhouwers et al. 2004).
Management strategies consist either in exclusion, avoiding contact between plant and pathogens, or by pest eradication, and

Enzyme Lab Report
Amenah Ali
Ms.Corbett
IB Biology HL I
Period 5
December 13, 2017
Enzyme Design Lab
Research Question:
At what temperature does an enzyme react at its optimum rate?
Background Information:
Hydrogen Peroxide is a by product of many biological and chemical functions of organism. Although it is toxic, it still remains in
our cells. To counter the hydrogen peroxide we produce something called a catalase. This means that with a catalase, it can cause
the chemical reaction to speed up the reaction of the Hydrogen Peroxide so that it does not come in contact with our cells. The
enzymes that are being used in this lab, whichever catalase it may be, has an optimal or room temperature of 37°C. When the the
chosen enzyme catalase is exposed to hydrogen peroxide, it begins to decompose into the water mixed with the oxygen gas in the
air. This means that when an enzyme is damaged, it is no longer able to work as a catalyzer in a chemical reaction.
When the potato is placed in the hydrogen peroxide mixture the reaction will happen once the start of bubbles arise and the
metabolic reaction process of decomposition. This will happen because the reaction is caused by the catalase and the enzyme
within the potato.
Hypothesis:
If we heat up the water to a temperature higher than room temperature, then the length of reaction will increase.
Variables: IV and DV and Control
Variable
Identification: Include Units. Include levels for IV
Measurement: Explain how it is measures. Units and

The Diffusion Of A Potato Slice Meaning Plant Cells And...
In this experiment we will learn the effects of hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic solutions on a potato slice meaning plant cells
and the difference between osmosis and diffusion. "Osmosis is when something is dissolved in something."(Sheppard) This is
where the solute and solvent come in, solute dissolves in the solvent. "Osmosis is a type of passive transport that involves the net
movement of water from an area of high concentration of water to an area of low concentration of water. Osmosis occurs when
solutions with different concentrations of solutes are separated by a selectively permeable or semi permeable membranes through
which water can pass, but solutes cannot pass."(McKinley) Diffusion also as diffuse meaning to separate or spread, in this case
we are talking about how diffusion works when dealing with solutions. "The strict definition of diffusion is the movement of
particles from an area of high density to an area of low density, or the movement of a substance down its concentration gradient.
This is basically just a posh way of saying that things move from where there 's lots of it to where there 's not much of it."(Tim
Sheppard) "When understanding diffusion, we know that particles tend to move down their concentration gradients, creating a
uniform distribution of particles. Osmosis is a process that moderates diffusion, and stops a uniform distribution from occurring.
It is due to the presence of a solute and a semi permeable membrane."(Khan) "Hypertonic

An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell...
An investigation of the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells
In this experiment I intend to investigate the effects of osmosis on potato cells. Specifically, I intend to use my knowledge of
osmosis to investigate the glucose concentration of the cell sap in potato cells.
Osmosis is a method by which water levels on either side of a semi permeable membrane may balance themselves. It occurs
between regions of high water concentration and low water concentration. As it is a special method of diffusion exclusive to
water, it also allows dilute and concentrated solutions to balance their strengths. It does this by preventing large non–water
particles from passing through the semi–permeable membrane due to their size, in order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is made possible by the support lent to it by the slightly elastic cellulose cell wall. It will support a turgid cell enough to
prevent it from bursting (see left). It is turgid cells such as this that provide a plant with its support. Animal cells on the other
hand, do not have supporting cell walls, just cell membranes. As plants are always surrounded by water, it is vital for them to
have cell walls, but animal cells, surrounded by blood (low water concentration), do not need as much support. As a result, if an
animal cell were placed in pure water, it would eventually burst. This is because the membrane alone is not enough to support a
turgid cell. For this reason I will use plant cells in my experiment. Method
The aim of this experiment is to work out the water concentration of cell sap in potato cells. Using my knowledge of osmosis, I
intend to construct an experiment to determine this. I know that water can pass both in and out of potato cells in order to equate
water concentration in the cell sap with water concentration in the surrounding solution.
Surely then, if water concentration levels both inside and outside of a potato cell are already equal, osmosis is no longer
necessary, and as it is passive but has no incentive to occur without osmotic potential, it will not. On the other hand, when placed
in a solution of unequal water concentration a potato cell will lose or gain water and weight as a

Investigate the Rate of Osmosis in Different Vegetables...
Investigate the Rate of Osmosis in Different Vegetables (Carrot, Potato,
Swede, Parsnip and Sweet Potato)
In this coursework experiment I plan to find the rate of osmosis in different vegetables (Carrot, Potato, Swede, Parsnip and Sweet
Potato). I will measure the mass before and after the experiment to use the results to calculate the rate of osmosis, and to find
trends in the vegetables.
To ensure the experiment is fair, I will control all the other variables (Temperature, size of chip at 5cm x 1cm, concentration of
solution at 0.2M etc.). I will repeat the experiment, and obtain averages for the change in mass. This allows a more accurate
analysis to be obtained. Finally I will keep all the vegetables in the solutions for 1 hour, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
I will also obtain % change and place this in a bar chart. I researched the sugar content of my selected vegetables using the
Internet, and I found that:
· Parsnip – 9mg/100g
· Potato – 7.7mg/100g
· Swede – 7.2mg/100g
· Sweet Potato – 7.7mg/100mg
· Carrot – 6.8mg/100g
When I have the results, these figures should allow me to prove and support my conclusions, or show the lack of accuracy and
fault in my experiment. Results table for mass change:
Vegetable Potato
Exp. 1 mass before (g) Swede
Exp. 1 mass after (g) Sweet Potato
Exp. 2 mass before (g) Carrot
Exp. 2 mass after (g) Parsnip
Vegetable Potato
Exp. 1 mass change (g) Swede
Exp. 2 mass change (g) Sweet Potato
Average mass change (g) Carrot Parsnip
Results table for percentage change:
Vegetable Potato
Percentage change in Exp. 1 (%) Swede
Percentage change in Exp. 2 (%) Sweet Potato
Average percentage change (%) Carrot Parsnip

· I will put the results into bar and/or pie charts in my analysis.
I know that osmosis will occur in the vegetables, but I am not sure of the exact amount that will take place. There will be a 0.2M

2.03 Cell Membranes and Homeostasis Essay
Title: Ms. K
Cell Membrane and Homeostasis Experiment
Objective(s): The reason for this experiment is to see how starch and iodine affect each other and how a plastic bag works similar
to a membrane in certain situations.
Introduction: I know prior to doing this experiment that iodine mixed with starch creates a dark color and that most objects,
organic and inorganic, naturally experience isotonic reactions.
Hypothesis: I think that the potato will absorb more starch than the sweet potato and they will both absorb relatively similar
amounts of water.
Procedure: Variables: Controlled– water and size of potatoes. Manipulated variables– potatoes growth based on contents of
solution.
Data:
Data and Observations
Bag Content Initial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those cells must receive nutrients and gases in order to undergo the metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis. In paragraph
form, explain how you think the nutrients and gases enter the cell. Distinguish between the molecules that can enter by diffusion
by simply moving across the membrane and those that must expend energy to cross the cell membrane.
– Nutrients enter cells in to major ways, through active and passive transport. When a molecule uses diffusion or other processes
that require no energy, they are using passive transport. An example molecule for this would be water or glucose. Other
molecules, that need to use energy to enter a cell use active transport. Many molecules that use this are macromolecules, like
proteins. Molecules use one of these two transports to enter a cell.
8. List three criteria cells use to select materials to enter or leave the cell. Then explain the role of each criterion in determining
the type of transport a cell will use for different sized molecules. For instance, small molecules move across the membrane by
diffusion, given they are moving with the concentration gradient.
– Water can enter the cell in order to balance the amount inside to the amount of the environment. This is passive due to the fact
that it happens without any external energy.
– Some molecules can pass into the cell by facilitated diffusion. This is passive due to the nature of diffusion and because the
solute is moving down its

Lab Report On Osmosis
Osmosis Lab Report
Osmosis is defined as the tendency of water to flow through a semipermeable membrane to the side with a lower solute
concentration. Water potential can be explained by solutes in a solution. The more positive a number is more likely it will lose
water. Therefore should water potential be negative the cell the less likely it will lose water. In using potatoes the effects of the
molarity of sucrose on the turgidity of plant cells. According to Clemson University, the average molarity of a White potato is
between .24 M and .31 M when submerged in a sorbitol solution. This experiment was conducted with the purpose of explaining
the relationship found between the mass in plants when put into varying concentrations of sucrose solutions. Should the potatoes
be placed in a solution that contains 0.2M or .4M of sucrose solution it will be hypotonic and gain mass or if placed in .6M< it
will be hypertonic and lose mass instead. Controlled Variables in this lab were: Composition of plastic cups, Brand of Russet
Potatoes, Brand of Sweet Potatoes and the Temperature of the room. For independent variable that caused the results recorded it
was the different Sucrose concentrations (0.0M, 0.2M, 0.4M, 0.6M, 0.8M, 1M). The dependent variable was the percentage
change from the initial weighs to the final. The cup with .4 molarity was the closest to an isotonic solution and was used as the
control group for the lab. Water potential is the free energy per mole of water. It is

The Effect Of Osmosis On Potato Cells
BIOL 1208 Writing Assignment 2
Results and Discussion
These are to be written individually even if you worked in a group. This should be written in paragraph format. Each section
should include the answers to the following questions
Lab Topic: Effects of Osmosis with Potato Cells in Sucrose Solution
Introduction:
Small slices of potato are placed in six concentrations of sucrose: 0.0 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4 M, and 0.5 M. The initial mass
of potato is noted before being placed in the solution. The potato remained in the solution for one hour then the potato was
removed from the solution and dried off before the final mass was noted. The null hypothesis is that the solutions of different
molarities of sucrose will not affect the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the hour was over, the potato slices were removed from the solution, dried off in a paper towel, and weighed once again. In
the 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2 M of sucrose concentrations the final mass of the potato increased. Therefore H2O enters the potato cell
because the solution is hypotonic. In the 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M of sucrose concentration the final mass of potato decreases. The
solution is hypertonic which causes H2O to exit the potato cells through the semipermeable phospholipid bilayer. The results
prove that the different molarities of concentration affect the mass of the potato in different ways; the mass of potato either
increased or decreased depending on the molarity of sucrose concentration.
Caption: The line of best–fit shows the pattern that as molarity increases in the sucrose concentration then the percent change in
mass of potato decreases.
Discussion:
Determining the Osmotic Concentration of Potato Tuber Cells When Placed in Sucrose Solutions
In this experiment, the osmotic concentration is found with potato slices placed in sucrose solutions. Osmosis in this model is the
net movement of water between the potato cell and the sucrose solution. The movement of water is determined by the molarity of
sucrose. As the molarity of sucrose increased then the concentration in the solution also increased. H2O will move through the
cell membrane to areas of higher concentration in order to reach equilibrium. If cells are placed

Osmosis in Potato Cells
Ben Zaré 9MK Biology Investigation – Osmosis in Potato Cells 9/7/04 Section 1 – Planning Aim What is the aim of your
experiment? What do you want to find out? The aim of this experiment is to investigate how potato tissue changes when placed in
sucrose solution of different concentrations. Therefore, I want to find out if and how osmosis differs, when the concentration is
changed. Variables What is the variable you are going to change in the experiment? The input variable of this experiment (i.e. the
variable to change) will be the concentration of sucrose solution present in the test tubes, which the potato samples will be placed
into. What is the variable you are going to measure in your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As was mentioned, only one input variable will be used (this being the concentration of the sucrose solution in the test tubes).
This means that, in order to make sure this is a fair test, every other variable in the experiment must be kept constant and uniform.
Therefore the same equipment will be used throughout. This will include test tubes with the same volume of solution; weighing
machines tested and made set to begin on zero (electronic). The experiment will be conducted in, as close as possible, the same
temperatures (allowing for very slight variation). Also any volumes of sucrose solution measured in the experiment will be
measured accurately using measuring cylinders. Observations will not be taken into consideration in planning because none of the
results require observations, only what the weighing machine reads. Therefore, there can be almost no fault when it comes to
recording the results. Trial Experiment Results Once you designed your experiment check to see it all works by taking a couple of
results and recording them. Solution Volume sucrose sol Volume water Molarity (concentration) 1 0cm³ 20cm³ 0m (0%) 2 4cm³
16cm³ 0.2m (20%) 3 8cm³ 12cm³ 0.4m (40%) 4 12cm³ 8cm³ 0.6m (60%) 5 16cm³ 4cm³ 0.8m (80%) 6 20cm³ 0cm³ 1.0m (100%)
(Diameter of cork borer: 2mm) Solution Length start (mm) Length after (mm) Length Change (mm) 1 40 42.0 +2.0 2 40 40.0 0.0
3 40 38.5 –1.5 4 40

Essay on Investigate the Water Potential of Potato Cells
Investigate the Water Potential of Potato Cells
Introduction
In my investigation, I hope to determine the water potential of potato cells. The plant material I will use in my investigation will
be potato chips, which I will cut myself prior to the investigation.
I hope to find the concentration of a solution where the chip stays the same mass and length, which will tell me that the water
potential inside the cells is the same as the water potential outside the cells.
Background
Osmosis is defined as the movement of water through a semi–permeable membrane. Semi – permeable membranes are permeable
to water but impermeable to certain dissolved substances. In the case of this experiment, the sucrose molecules cannot ... Show
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I will measure the length and cross–sectional area for each chip.
o Time the chip is left in the solution – I think that if I were to leave the chips in the solution for only a small amount of time
there might not be sufficient time for the osmosis to occur, so that the chips would not differ in size enough for conclusive results.
Therefore, I will need to give a good amount of time for the osmosis to occur.
o Temperature – I believe that all reactions happen quicker when there is a higher temperature, so diffusion across the membrane
may be faster at higher temperature.
o Concentration of sucrose solution – I think that the lower the concentration of the external sucrose solution, the more the chip
will expand (because the cells become turgid).
o Total Volume of sucrose solution – I think that changing the volume of sucrose solution may affect the results of my
investigation.
Variable I will change:–
I will change the concentration of sucrose solution in my experiment, because I believe the results of that experiment will tell me
the water potential of the potato cells.
Fair Test
I will carry out all my experiments at the same temperature, 20°C, because that is room temperature, and I will not have to heat
up anything. I will cut my chips to the same dimensions every time, using a ruler, and a sharp knife (for accuracy) – to

The Effect of Osmosis on Potato Cells
Page 1: Homepage
Page 2: Contents
Page 3: Introduction
Pages 4 – 7: Preliminary Experiment
Pages 8 – 14: Main Experiment
Introduction
In this experiment I am going to investigate the effect of varying concentration of a differing glucose solution on the amount of
osmotic activity, between the solution and a potato tuber of a given size. The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate how
living cells rely on osmosis, the diffusion of water. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules (H20) from a region in which
they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. This movement must take place across a partially
permeable membrane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The potato tuber that was placed in the glucose solution with a concentration of 1m lost even more mass than the 0.5m solution;
this was to be expected. The average mass change percentage was –17.28%. This is a good result because the average of 1m is
almost double the average of 0.5m, this helps to show that the results are reliable as they follow the pattern they are expected to
take.
My graph and table were quite conclusive as they seemed to follow extremely closely to the line of best fit; the aero–bars are very
close to the average which makes me believe that the experiment was accurate and reliable as the results are all very similar and
follow the predicted 'route'.
Conclusion
The potato tuber in the distilled water was the only one to gain in mass. This is because the potato became turgid as it soaked up
the water molecules, by osmosis. The others decreased in mass. This is because the concentration of the solution was higher than
the concentration of glucose inside the potato, this made them contract and shrink; whereas if the concentration of the solution
had been lower, they would have expanded.
Evaluation
Generally, I think my results obtained were fairly accurate. From my preliminary test I have learnt that the three solutions were
not enough, so I decided to have 6 solutions instead. This would make the graphs clearer and easier to notice any trends or
patterns. During my

Potato Cell Osmosis Lab
Cells are the basic unit of living organisms(Marieb& Hoehn.2010.61p.) they are capable of produce their own energy as well as
reproduce, grow and especialize to perform different function throughout the body. In orden for the cells to work efficiently, a
known stable environment must be maintained, such as homeostasis; this balance is achieved because the selective cell membrane
that allows the transport of some substances into or out of the cell. The cell membrane plays an important role in the cell not only
protects and keep the cell in a homeostatic balance but, also allows it to communicate with the environment.
The cell membrane is selective due to the double layer of membrane phospholipids. The way the molecules pass through ... Show
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Water would rush out of the red blood cell, the red blood cell to shrink. When the red blood cells were placed in deionize water,
this water contains no solutes and it is very dilute there was a higher concentration of solutes inside the red blood cell or present
in the intracellular fluid. The water existing in the extracellular fluid had a lower concentration of solutes as distilled water does
not contain any solutes; distilled water is pure. The water rushed into the cell, causing it to swell. The red blood cells were in an
isotonic solution of 0.85% NaCl; the concentration of solutes in the extracellular fluid (NaCl) and the concentration of solutes in

The Cause Of The Irish Potato Famine
In this 21st century we are heavily consumed by technology and food. We constantly see advertisements of eating healthy and
what these nutrients that these food provide for our benefits. Eating fresh organic food nowadays is a crucial part of our daily
living. From sowing to harvesting and selling the produce a lot goes on backstage that not many people are aware about. Rice,
potatoes, milk and eggs are some of the staple foods that most people use. When a staple food is destroyed is can effect many
people economically and by health. An invasive pathogen that was originated in Central Mexico that was very detrimental for
potatoes was Phytophythora infestans. The disease is also known as potato late blight. Phytophythora infestans are ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They then gradually spread and form ring of necrotizing tissue (Sedlakova et al 2011). At first the plant will look healthy before
the lesions are visible on the outside. This is also a challenge for the farmers because they will not know if their produce is
unhealthy until it is visible. By the time they can cut of the plant the disease would have spread to the neighboring plants as well.
P. infestans are produced through sexual and asexual mating. The two mating types are known as A1 and A2 ( Nowicki et al
2012). When mycelia of both types interact they produce oospores sexually. Mycelia is the branched filament of fungi
(Encyclopaedia Britannica 2017). Oospores are spores that have a thick coating that allows them to survive harsh environmental
conditions for a long period (Nowicki et al 2012). When both these types mate they produce a worse isolate compared to only if
A1 mating occurs. The production of these more harmful isolates was detected by researchers in United States which has made
controlling this pathogen more difficult (Fall et al 2015). Sporangia of P. infectans also produce zoospores through asexual
mating. Sexual and asexual mating is influenced by the environment. Asexual is mating is encouraged when the weather is a
warmer and oospores are produced in cooler weather hence for the thick coating of oospores. Some biosecurities that are
implemented in controlling the pathogens are by spraying fungicides, removing any infected potatoes from the

The effect of osmosis in potato cells with different...
The effect of osmosis in potato cells with different concentrations of sucrose solution
Aim: To test the effect of different concentrations of sucrose solution to osmosis in a potato cells by putting potato pieces in test
tubes of water containing different concentrations of sucrose solution. Scientific Theory:
Osmosis is defined as the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of high water
concentration to a region of low water concentration. In a high concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sugar) is low.
This could be called a weak or dilute solution. In a low concentration of water the amount of solute (e.g. sucrose) is high. This
could be called a strong or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prediction: I think that the higher the concentration of sucrose the larger the amount of water will be transported into the potato
cells as osmosis is the net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a high water concentration to low water
concentration.
This means the water molecules from a low sucrose solution will move water molecules but not sugar molecules through the
potato skin into the potato cells making it turgid and absorb water molecules from the solution surrounding it. In a higher
concentration of sucrose in a solution the same process will occur but less water can be transported as there will be more sugar
and less water meaning that excess water from inside the potato cells will transport from the cells to the high sucrose
concentration solution which will cause the potato to shrink and become flaccid.
Plan
Apparatus:
1 potato
Cork borer
Sucrose solution
Distilled water
10 Test tubes (boiling tubes)
Burettes
Scales
I will be measuring the mass of the potato piece after osmosis has occurred in the test tube, after the process has happened I will
take out the potato and dry it to ensure excess water is not added to the results which could produce an anomalous result, I will
then place the potato piece onto the scales and note the results on a table.
The control variable in my experiment is the water that

Benzoquinone Reasearch Lab Report
Materials and Methods:
First, a potato was removed from the refrigerator, where it had remained in order to slow down the benzoquinone reaction. The
potato was then skinned to remove parts of the potato that were dark and could affect the spectrophotometer reading. The
skinning of the potato also damaged the cells, initiating the release of catechol from within the cells. The potato was then placed
in distilled water, a hypotonic solution, in order to further damage the plant cells so that they would release catechol from the
cells and catecholase from the extracellular matrix. Next, the potato was chopped into smaller chunks to facilitate blending. The
potato chunks were then placed into a blender that had been chilled in order to prevent the acceleration of the reaction. The
chunks were then blended in three ten–second bursts, also to prevent prolonged use of the blender's motor from quickening the
reaction by heating the enzyme. If these conditions were not controlled, then the reaction would accelerate too quickly, which
would directly affect the initial absorbance measurement since some benzoquinone would already have formed. Next, the blended
potato was filtered through four layers of cheesecloth with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment also explained the science behind why citric acids such as lemon juice are commonly used to prevent fruit from
turning brown over time. Although some small error could have occurred due to exposure time of oxygen, the regulation of the
experiment procedure by only using the Parafilm to quickly mix the contents minimized this error. The results were sufficient to
compare with the control, and supported the hypothesis that Cu2+ is a cofactor for catecholase and necessary for the production
of

Salt Solution Concentrations And Water On The Mass Of...
The Effect of Salt Solution Concentrations and Water On the Mass of Potatoes
Research Question
What happens to the mass of the diced potatoes when submerged in varying concentrations of salt solutions and water in 10
minute intervals? This experiment will compare the mass of the diced potatoes submerged in distilled water, 1% salt solution, 5%
salt solution, and 10% salt solution respectively in 10 minute intervals.
Background Information
Potatoes first originated in South America and were later introduced to Europe by Spanish explorers. Now, potatoes have become
an important staple food item to have in the kitchen. They are packed with more energy than any other vegetable. A potato is
made of potassium, vitamin C, fiber, starch, water, and fat. The concentration of each component is as follows: 18% starch, 78%
water, 2–5%protein, and 1% fat.
Hypothesis
If the concentration of the salt solution increases then, its mass will decrease. This is because water molecules move from a
higher concentration to a lower concentration in a process called osmosis. Potatoes are made of mostly water and because of the
salt solution concentration the water molecules in the potato will move out of it. The higher the concentration, the more water
molecules move out of the potato.
Variables
The independent variable is the salt solution concentration. The dependant variable is the mass of the potato. The control variable
is the distilled water.
Control of Variables
Another controlled

The Origin Of Potato Shaped Pottery
1.Introduction
Potato belongs to the Solanaceae herbaceous perennial plant, tuber edible, is the world 's third most important food crop, after
wheat and corn. artificial cultivation of potatoes, as can be traced back to around 8000 BC to 5000 BC in southern Peru.
2.Background Potatoes have been one of mankind 's most important food staples for the past millennium. First cultivated on the
Titicaca Plateau in the Andes Mountains of Peru and Bolivia where they formed the basis of both the Inca and Aymara Indian
diet. The Aymara Indians developed more than two hundred varietes of the potato at elevations higher than 10,000 feet.
Potatoes were also an important influence on the Inca culture. Potato–shaped pottery are commonly found at excavated sites and
there is actually some evidence that the Inca units of time correlated to how long it took for a potato to cook to various
consistencies. Potatoes were even used to predict the weather and to decide what was true and what was not.
Even though the Spanish conquistadors did not find the gold and silver they were looking for in South America they did find the
potato and brought it with them to Europe. The spanish noticed that the sailors who ate potatoes did not suffer from scurvy and
potatoes were soon a standard supply item on the Spanish ships.
3.Geography & Resources In 2010, the world of the potato production has reached 324.18 million, 1889 tons, the People 's
Republic of China is the world 's largest

Effect of Surface Area to Volume Ratio on Rate of Osmosis
[Type text] [Type text] [Type text]
_An experiment on the effect of surface area to volume ratio on the rate of osmosis of Solanum tuberosum L._
BACKGROUND
A cell needs to perform diffusion in order to survive. Substances, including water, ions, and molecules that are required for
cellular activities, can enter and leave cells by a passive process such as diffusion. Diffusion is random movement of molecules in
a net direction from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration order to reach equilibrium. Diffusion does
not require any energy input. Diffusion is needed for basic cell functions – for example, in humans, cells obtain oxygen via
diffusion from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood and in plants water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
OBSERVATIONS
There were no qualitative changes to the potato that could be detected by the five senses after the cubes were taken out of the
water
The water level in the beakers did not have any significant decrease
RESULTS (PROCESSED DATA)
Cube Size (cm)
Surface Area (cm2)
Volume (cm3)
Surface Area : Volume
Mass Before (g)
Mass After (g)
Percentage Change (%)
1 x 1 x 1
6
1
6:1
0.96
1.07
11

1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
13.5
3.375
4:1
3.47
3.62
4.27
2 x 2 x 2
24
8
3:1
7.76
8.26
7.66
2.5 x 2.5 x 2.5
37.5
15.625
2.4:1
14.22
14.93
5.02
3 x 3 x 3
54
27
2:1
25.74
27.05
5.11
Percentage Change calculation:
Average Percentage Change:

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the potato cube with the highest surface area to volume ratio (the 1x1x1 cube) had the fastest rate of diffusion as it
had the largest percentage increase in mass. While all the other cubes of potato had larger increases in mass at face value
compared to the smallest cube, the smallest cube had the largest overall gain in percentage. The results support my hypothesis
that the smallest cube will have a higher rate of osmosis because it has a proportionally larger amount of surface area compared to
its volume.
As seen from the graph above, despite my hypothesis being correct, the trend in the percentage increase of mass was not a steady

Osmosis In Potato Cells
The hypothesis tested was "as the concentration of the sodium chloride solution increases, the change in mass of the potato
cylinders will decrease, from gaining to losing mass, allowing the isotonic point of the potato cells to be found" which was
supported by both the group and class results. These results showed that increasing the sodium chloride solution concentration
allowed it to approach the isotonic point and then surpass it when the solution became hypertonic and the net movement of water
was out of the potato cells.
The graph is indicative of when the potato was in a hypotonic solution (above the x–axis) there was a net movement of water into
the potato cell resulting in an increase in mass. The opposite is true of hypertonic solutions (below the x–axis) resulting in a
decrease in mass. Where the graph crossed the x–axis is where the potato cells isotonic point is, this is where the external solution
has the same concentrations as the internal cell cytoplasm
Osmosis is a process by which water moves through a partially permeable membrane down a concentration gradient. As this net
movement of water occurs from high to low concentrations it is a passive process and therefore does not require energy to occur.
There are three types of solutions that a cell can be in, in relation to which direction osmosis will occur. In hypertonic solutions,
there is a higher osmotic concentration than in the cell's cytoplasm, so plasmolysis occurs. This is where water moves out

Marketing Communication Paper
Part A:
The marketing communication message I chose for this assignment is a magazine advertisement for brown rice with sweet potato
flavored Triscuit crackers. This colorful magazine advertisement contains an image of the product box in the bottom right hand
corner with brown rice, a sweet potato cut open and a small visual of a wheat stalk placed thoughtfully within the space. The box
is open and depicts these healthy foods spilling out of it. There is also an image of an attractive rustic plate and on it the crackers
made into various bite size appetizers. One has cheese and a small piece of an herb, while one has a soft cheese with a slice of
grape tomato, and another has a piece of cheese and prosciutto. The background looks like a chalkboard and written in white
chalk is the advertisement's headline:
"A Brown Rice Triscuit with Sweet Potato? You ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is specific, measurable and has a specific time tied to it. This would include the same print advertisement in a variety of
magazines that focuses on this target market. The timing of the advertisements would be within a three–month period. This direct
objective would allow the marketing team for this product to determine if the marketing communications accomplished their
objective. The second marketing communications objective of this print advertisement is: Increase traffic of www.triscuit.com by
at least 10% over the next quarter. The goal of this marketing communications message is to increase interest and sales of the one
of the newest additions to the Nabisco product line. In a time of technology when so many people have the internet at their
fingertips, with cell phones, driving traffic to the website for more information is a good start to potential new sales and then
hopefully many repeat

Taking a Look at Solanine
solanine
It is a glycoalkaloid. It is a poison. It is present in the nightshade family i.e Solanaceae especially in species tomato and potato.
Solanine is found naturally in many parts of plants e.g tubers, leaves and fruits. It also has pesticidal and fungicidal
characteristics. It also act as a natural defence system of plant. Firstly it was extracted in 1820 from a berry i.e Solanum nigram.
Solanine poisoning and it's symptoms primary symptoms of solanine poisoning are neurological and gastrointestinal disorders.
Other symptoms may be vomiting,burning of throat, nausea, cardiac dysrythmia, diarrhea, nightmare, dizziness, stomach cramps
and a common symptom headache.
Hypothermia, fever, dilated pupils, hallucination,paralysis and losss of sensation occur in very severe cases and somtimes death
can also accur.
Way of action
A result of a study show that the mechanism of solanine toxicity is mainly due to it's chemical interaction with the membranes of
mitochondria. It is shown by experiments that when solanine is exposed, it result in opening of pottassium channels of
mitochondrial membrane, in it's result the membrane potential is decreased and then Ca 2+ are transported from mitochondria to
the cytoplasm due to which concentration of Ca 2+ is increased in the cytoplasm which result in the apoptosis i.e cell death and
cell damage.
Solanine in potatoes solanine is found naturally in the speacies of genus Solanum e.g egg plant, tomato and potato
In potatoes, 2 type

Determining the Water Potential of Potato Cells
EXERCISE 1C: Determining the Water Potential of Potato Cells
Introduction: Water potential was defined above as an expression of the tendency of water to diffuse from one region to another.
Water potential is a numerical value that must be determined for a given temperature and pressure. In this exercise you will
determine the water potential of potato cells at room temperature and ambient pressure by placing cores of potato tissue in
sucrose solutions of different concentrations and measuring the net movement of water in each case. In animal cells, movement of
H2O into and out of a cell is influenced by the relative concentration of solute on either side of the cell membrane. If water
moves out of the cell, the cell will shrink or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We will assume, for purposes of explanation, that the solute is not diffusing (Figure 1 .2a). The movement of water into the cell
causes the cell to swell, and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall to produce an increase in pressure (turgor).
Figure 1.2a
Before
Pure Water
(p= 0; ((= 0; ( = 0
(p= 0; ((= –3; ( = –3
Figure 1.2b
After
Pure Water
(p= 0; ((= 0; ( = 0
(p= +3; ((= –3; ( = 0
As water continues to diffuse into the cell, the rising positive turgor pressure begins to cancel out the negative osmotic potential
of the cell. This process will continue until the positive turgor pressure is so large it completely cancels the negative osmotic
potential, and the water potential of the cell = 0 = ( of pure water. At this point, a dynamic equilibrium is reached, and net water
movement will cease (Figure 1.2b). Now imagine starting over with a fresh piece of potato in a beaker of distilled water. The
potato has a water potential of –2.3 bars, as in the above example. If you add solute to the water outside the potato cells, the water
potential of the solution surrounding the cells will decrease. It is possible to add just enough solute to the water so that the water
potential outside the cell is the same as the water

Effect of Temperature on an Enzyme in Hydgrogen Peroxide...
Effect of Temperature on an Enzyme in Hydgrogen Peroxide
Introduction.
The aim of this investigation is to find out how temperature affects the speed at which the enzyme,Catalase,works best in
Hydrogen Peroxide.I hope to achieve reliable results that will confirm my predictions.
I predict that:–
· By increasing the temperature of the Hydrogen Peroxide,the Catalase will react faster. This is because the particles have more
energy so they will move and react at a faster rate.
· At about 40c, the Catalase will start to deteriorate because the substrate no longer fits the enzyme making the enzyme useless.
· I predict that the enzyme will work at its best at 37c because that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I know that with a rise of 10c the rate of reaction will be doubled in a single cell. This is because the particles are moving faster
due to the increase of energy(rate of reactions). As soon as the temperature becomes too high,the enzyme will become
denatured,meaning that the enzyme will no longer fit the substrate and at this point the rate of reaction slows down rapidly and
eventually the enzyme becomes useless.
I hope to find the temperature at which the enzyme performs best and the temperature at which the rate of reaction slows down
showing the enzyme has become denatured.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
An enzyme is a biological catalyst which alters the rate of reaction without being changed itself. Enzymes are proteins;they have
very precise three dimensional shape,which forms a one specific active site on the enzyme.Each enzyme can only convert one
kind of

Investigating the Water Potential of Potato Cells
Investigating the Water Potential Of Potato Cells Aims 1. To test how water potential, in a solution, affects the movement of
water in and out of a cell by osmosis Prediction I predict that by increasing the water potential around the outside of the potato
cell, (i.e. so that the water potential is greater outside the cell compared to the inside of the cell e.g. 0m sucrose) that the net
movement of water into the cell will increase. This is due to the water potential being greater outside the cell compared to the
inside of the cell, therefore water will diffuse into the cell by a process of osmosis. The opposite however will occur when the
water potential outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell (i.e. with hypotonic solutions, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I can do this by following two steps.(1). Firstly I can work out the concentration of sucrose in the
potato by reading of my graph were the %change in mass is 0, as this shows that at this point there is no net movement of water
hence the two areas have equal solute potentials. (In this case the morality of the potato is 0.14m.) (2). I can then use this to work
out the solute potential of the potato by using the below graph, which was made from information from data sheets, showing the
solute potential at different moralities. The graph shows that as you increase the sucrose concentration of the solution surrounding
a potato,(hence making the solution Hypotonic)that the net movement of water out of the cell increase. This is represented by the
downwards–sloping curve of the graph and is due to the increased solute potential of the surroundings meaning that there is more
solute in the solution; hence more solutes form bonds with water molecules meaning that the water molecules are no longer free
to move or they move more slowly. As a result of this the water enters the solute solution faster than water leaves the solute i.e.
there is a net water movement out of the cell through the (permeable) membrane . This is not true however before 0.14m
concentration of solution as the solute concentration is greater in the cell and therefore water enters the cell by a process of

Potato Osmosis Lab Report
Osmosis, the diffusion of water through a semi–permeable membrane, shows that water tends to flow from a hypoosmotic
environment to a hyperosmotic environment. There are many proposed explanations for why and in what context this osmosis
occurs. One explanation is a "concentration of particles" explanation called van't Hoff's Law. This law states that the size of a
particle will not change the water potential or occurrence of osmosis in a solution–submerged cell, only the amount of the solute
in the solution will affect osmosis. To test this, we used three different sized solutes–sucrose, glucose, and NaCl–to see if the size
of the solute had an effect on the osmosis of water into or out of white potato cells that were submerged in solutions containing
the 3 solutes. We found that the size of the particles of solute does not affect osmosis of water into or out of the potato cells, only
the amount of particles present in the outside solution, thus supporting van't Hoff's Law.
Introduction
In this lab, the concentrations of different solutions were used to display the effect different sizes and different amounts of solute
would have on the movement of water into or out of white potato cells.
For this lab, white potatoes were used to find the effect of the size of particles on the osmosis and water potentials of the potatoes.
The simplicity of the potato and the ease of access made them good, constant variables for the experiment. The average expected
water potential for the

The Potential for Future Crop Loss Essay
The Potential for Future Crop Loss
On the subject of potential crop loss there are several variables, which influence drought and plant disease resulting in a loss of
crops.
The first variable is that of drought. Drought is a result of shifting weather patterns, which changes the amount of precipitation an
area receives. There are three major causes of drought, deficient and unfavorably distributed precipitation, excess heat and warm
winds (Nemanishen, 1998, p.35). Historically the grasslands of North America have had a highly varied climate with years of
drought immediately followed by years of sufficient precipitation. For example, in the area of the Palliser Triangle in the
grasslands of Canada, wheat crop loss has been seen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Krick identified twelve major North American weather patters which paved the way for long term weather forecasts that are now
used universally in farming and crop production (Nemanishen, 1998, p.27). It is understood that migratory cold blows bring
moisture to the Great Plains and grasslands it is important to track these cold blows in order to identify wet and drought seasons.
Also understood is the effect humans have on the weather patterns. At least two of the past three major droughts have coincided
with changes in the general circulation of the atmosphere over the northern hemisphere (Borchert, 1971, p.7). It is undeniable that
human use of land has modified atmospheric moisture patterns. Also effecting moisture patterns is solar radiation. For example,
in years with high volcanic activity solar radiation was lower because the atmosphere was not as transparent. Higher solar
radiation results in less precipitation due to excess heat resulting in drought (Nemanishen, 1998, p.36). It is difficult to deny that
drought occurs rhythmically, however, on account of the great randomness of weather we are only able to forecast when the next
drought may be and gauge its severity depending on what is known about the previous years.
Another variable resulting in crop loss is that of plant disease, and more specifically late blight. Late blight is caused by the plant
pathogen Phytophthora infestans

The Effect of Different Strength of Salt Solutions on...
The Effect of Different Strength of Salt Solutions on Potato Cells Through Osmosis
An Investigation to find out how different strengths of salt solution affect potato cells through osmosis.
Aim
I aim to investigate the effect of different concentrations of salt solution on potato cells when osmosis occurs.
Introduction
I intent to set up this experiment using equally sized cylinders of potato submerged in salt solutions of different concentrations. I
will then observe the percentage change in mass over a set period of time. This will show me how much osmosis has occurred.
Scientific Theory of Osmosis
Osmosis is defined as the solvent of any solution being able to pass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plants cells however are very different as they have a cell wall which is very strong and fully permeable; however plant cells also
have a cell membrane which is only partially permeable.
If a plant cell is placed in pure water, it will not burst because of its strong cell wall. The cell will still take water in by osmosis,
as in the animal cell. The cytoplasm will press against the cell wall but it will not burst. A cell like this is said to be turgid. This
means it is firm and tight and will help a plant with no wood to stay upright and keeps its shape. Plant cells are usually turgid.
Plant cells in a concentrated solution behave very differently. Like the animal cell, water flows out by osmosis and the cytoplasm
and vacuole will shrink. The cytoplasm stops pushing against the cell wall and the cell becomes floppy or flaccid. This is what
causes plants to wilt. If the solution is very concentrated, lots of water will diffuse out causing the cytoplasm to shrink further.
Because the cell wall cannot shrink, the membrane tears away and the cell become plasmolysed. This is quite rare and usually
kills the cell.
When plant cells are placed in a solution which is exactly the same concentration as the cytoplasm, they are between turgidity and
flaccidity. This is called incipient plasmolysis. "Incipient" means "starting to happen".
Prediction
I predict that the more

Discuss The Effect Of Molarity On The Mass Of Potato Cells
The Effect of Changing a Solution's Molarity on the Mass of Potato Cells Water balance between cells and their surroundings is
crucial to an organism's survival. Each cell has a membrane that protects it and lets in necessary nutrients. However, not all
molecules can pass through the selectively permeable membrane, so cells engage in a process called osmosis to keep balance.
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Although some water passes through the
membrane, the majority of water flowing in and out of cells is transported through aquaporins. Aquaporins are proteins that act as
channels for water transport through the cell, and can be found in the cell membranes of many organisms; they can be found
anywhere from cells in bacteria to human cells! The aquaporins allow this rapid transport of water by having hydrophobic
residues within them, which causes water to flow freely through them as there is no attraction. There are several types of
aquaporins, and different types have a different specificity based on their pore size and the amino acids they are composed of.
When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, or a solution that has a solute (something being dissolved) concentration lower than
the cell, the water rushes through these aquaporins and the cell swells up with water to create equilibrium–when there are equal
concentrations of molecules across a membrane. On the other hand, when a cell is placed in a hypertonic

Non Saline Experiment

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