How To Write A Bingo Observation

How To Write A Bingo Observation
Reflection: Sequence of Events 1.Hunter introduced the lesson by briefly explaining the introduction activity. 2.Hunter and I did an example of what
we were looking for in the students' interactions during the bingo game. 3.Students worked on getting bingo on their card discussing the characteristic
was dominant or recessive in their families. We were setting up the next part while listening to their interactions. 4.As students got a bingo, they sat
back down in their seats. 5.Lindsey used 2 cups of red crystal light and 2 cups of water to illustrate homozygous. Students identified which two pairs
were the same. Lindsey mixed the two cups of water and two cups of red crystal light. The two pairs stayed the same when mixing to illustrate... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was also interesting to just listen to how students interact. #5 – Lindsey used 2 cups of red crystal light and 2 cups of water to illustrate homozygous.
Students identified which two pairs were the same. Lindsey mixed the two cups of water and two cups of red crystal light. The two pairs stayed the
same when mixing to illustrate homozygous. There were four cups placed on the table in front of the class. From left to right, it went clear, red, red,
and clear. Two volunteers said the clear ones were the same and red ones were the same, so I mixed the ones that are the same together. Neither of
them changed in their appearance. It is the same for when genes are together. When you get a dominant gene from both parents, you express the
dominant trait. #9 – Lindsey asked for 4 student volunteers to act as the 4 genes associated with crossing 2 parents to illustrate how to create a Punnett
Square with offspring gene combinations. Student 1 placed their sticky notes across the chart. Student 2 placed their sticky notes across the chart.
Student 3 placed their sticky notes down the chart. Student 4 placed their sticky notes down the chart. This illustrated the different genotypes the
offspring could
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Mendelian Genetics, Scientific Paper
Examining Mendel's "First Law": Observing Anthocyanin in Brassica rapa
Abstract
The foundation of genetics lies with the principles that Gregor Mendel outlined after his experiments with pea plants where he discovered the
relationship between physical characteristics, or phenotype, and genetic traits, or genotype. This experiment aimed to reproduce Mendel's results with
the Brassica rapa plant, noted for it's fast generation time, and anthocyanin, a purple pigment that can be visually tracked through subsequent
generations. It is important for experiments resulting in scientific discovery to be replicable and peer reviewed. Since Mendelian genetics are the
foundation of scientific education, including answering questions about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other forms of the genotype, (ygr/ YGR) and (YGR/YGR) will result in green leaves. A third gene in Brassica rapa is the rosette mutant,
homozygous recessive. The genotype needed for the short, rosette plant form is (ros/ros). The other two genotypes (ros/ROS) and wild type (ROS
/ROS) will result in the normal form of the plant. The phenotypes and genotypes are related in that the phenotypes provide a visible indication of
the genotype. This is true in an individual with a homozygous recessive gene. However, in the case of dominant genes, since only one copy is
needed for the phenotype to be present, then the second copy is not indicated. The second copy can be identified process where two individuals (P1
and P2) with the same dominant phenotype, called the parental generation, are bred. This produces an F1 or first generation of offspring. The F1
generation can also be bred and produce an F2 generation. Each individual in the F1 and F2 generations receives one copy from each parent of the
3–letter genotype code, called an allele.
Gregor Mendel theorized that certain combinations of alleles in a genotype would result in a specific ratio of phenotypes expressed in each generation.
For example, in the case of the dominant heterozygous anthocyanin genotype, the P1 with (ANL/anl) crossed with the P2 (ANL/anl) would result in a
1:2:1 ratio for genotypes (ANL/ANL), (ANL/anl) and (anl/anl). However,

Allele and Dd
Name: Date: 03.05.13
Student Exploration: Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium
Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy–Weinberg equation, Hardy–Weinberg principle, heterozygous, homozygous, Punnett square
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
Suppose the feather color of a bird is controlled by two alleles, D and d. The D allele results in dark feathers, while the d allele results in lighter feathers.
1. Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at right to help determine
your answer.
DD ___25___ Dd _____50___ dd _____25_____
2. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? For Dd genotypes, it's was the lowest but then it started going up. All of
those results, Dd genotype have the highest average.
(Activity A continued on next page)
Activity A (continued from previous page)
6. Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill in the initial values in the table below, and then run
the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below.
| |Initial values |Generation |
| | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |
|% D alleles |74.0 |73.6 |74.3 |73.9 |75.5 |75.3 |

|% d alleles |26.0 |26.4 |25.7 |26.1 |24.5 |24.7 |
|% of DD genotype |68.0 |52.4 |55.6 |53.0 |58.0 |57.6 |
|% of Dd genotype |12.0 |42.4 |37.4 |41.8 |35.0 |35.4 |
|% of dd genotype |20.0 |5.2 |70. |5.2

Hypercholesterolemia: A Genetic Disorder
Human genetics can play a major role in determining ones physical condition. One slight change in a genetic sequence can cause a disorder that can
be life threating to the organism. Most of the genetic disorders are caused by recessive allele. In most cases this recessive allele is undetectable due
to the disorder not being presented in the physical appearance. Hypercholesterolemia is an example of a human disorder controlled by a single gene.
This human disorder causes high levels of cholesterol in an individual due to the absence of the low–density lipoproteins. Hypercholesterolemia is both
a dominant and recessive disorder. The genotypes for the dominant disorder would be heterozygous and for the recessive disorder the genotype
would be a Homozygous recessive. The two genotypes in the hypercholesterolemia disorder represent the severity of its affects will be. Both of
heterozygous and homozygous version of hypercholesterolemia cause a loss of low density lipoproteins. Low density Lipoproteins are receptors in
the liver cell that breaks down cholesterol carried in the blood, the loss of lipoproteins can cause severe consequences in an individual. In a
heterozygous version of hypercholesterolemia an individual would have blood levels that are twice than normal due to the loss of lipoproteins. This
would cause an individual to have an increase in cholesterol build up in the artery walls which can lead to serious heart problems. Homozygous
recessive version is the worst

Should Parents Use Genetic Engineering Be Select The...
Essay topic: Should parents be able to use genetic engineering to select the characteristics they want for their children?
With the development of medical studies within genetic engineering, our planet has transformed more than ever in our society, with development are
major transformations of diseases, studies and having privileges to change their future child's genetics before they are even born using a type of
engineering called genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology to deliberately
modify the characteristics of a being and to modify and add one or more traits to an organism that are not already found in that organism. Genetic
engineering has been publicised in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the human body genes are located on rodlike structures called chromosomes that are found in the nucleus of every cell in the body and each gene is
assigned a specific position on a chromosome as genes provide the instructions for making proteins, and proteins determine the structure and function of
each cell in the body, it follows that genes are responsible for all the characteristics you inherit from your parents.
DNA is able to replicate as cells divide, ensuring that each new cell has identical genes. The human genome is made up of about 3 billion chemical
bases that are arranged in patterns like individual letters that are arranged into sentences. More than 99% of these patterns are the same in all humans
and are continually passed down from parent generations to progeny generations.
Furthermore, each human has an individual genetic identity based on many factors such as their abilities which are passed on to us through our
inherited genes. It is apparent that each individual has a specific genotype and phenotype, but each of the two types has their own properties and
functions around how an individual is created such as the genotype of a human refers to the information contained on two alleles in the cell, which is
the genetic makeup of an individual. The genotype contains the hereditary information that was given to an individual by

Explaining The Mendelian Theory On Genetics
This lab report serves the purpose of explaining the Mendelian theory on genetics. An experiment done on the common fruit fly shows how the
dominant and recessive traits appear in the generation tested. The data collected and found by using a chi–square and Punnett square that allowed a
hypothesis to be made and the decision to be accepted or rejected. Drosophila Melanogaster, the common fruit fly is an essential organism to use
for genetic research because of its simple living requirements and choice of diet. The fly can also be easily sedated and obtains many hereditary
features that can be seen with the naked eye. The fly has a few chromosomes. Another plus in using the Drosophila is its short life cycle. The
average life cycle is about 12 days. The eggs are small and after a day are hatched into the larva. While the Drosophila is in the larval stage, it is
constantly eating. As it grows, the larva will shed its skin. Then in the last few stages, the chromosomes will be visible. While in the pupal stage, the
larva will crawl to the side of the container to begin forming the pupal case, which is darker and harder. After a few weeks, the adult fly crawls out of
the casing and begins mating to restart the cycle (Vijayalakshmi 5). During this fly lab, the investigation was based on genetics and gave ratios when the
crosses were performed. The first objective was to find the dominant allele. The dominant allele is the more powerful gene in the crossing. There is also
a

The Fruit Fly By Drosophila Melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster, often referred to as the fruit fly, is an interesting and dynamic insect that provides humanity with important information
in the study of genetics. The biological community is extremely devoted to acquiring more information about the genetic process in order to
improve the health and existence of humans. The fruit fly may seem like an insignificant specimen; however, it has a surprising number of
parallels to the human genome. Humans have 46 chromosomes in which 23 are gametes involved in the reproduction process. Although, the fruit
fly has only 4 chromosomes they behave very similarly to humans. This insight has led to new research and development that is continuously
explored by scientists all over the globe. The fruit fly has an optimal life cycle which makes it convenient and efficient when studying its genetic
information. A fruit fly incurs a life cycle that last approximately one and a half to two weeks. Its life cycle manifests in four phases respectively:
egg, larva, pupal, and adult stage. Due to the short amount of time it takes a fruit fly to be reproduced and developed, a plethora of information can
be learned in a very short period of time (Lewis 1998). Other benefits of using fruit flies are due to: low cost, production in large numbers, and easy
production (Lewis 1998). In laboratory, a dihybrid cross was performed in order to determine the traits exhibited by the F2 generation. Fruit flies have
a few physical

Gene Encoding Of Six Traits From The Pure Bred Garden Pea
The purpose of this lab was to focus on the gene encoding of six traits from the pure bred garden pea (Pisum sativum). The six traits observed were
Seed color, Seed texture, Tendrils, Leaflets, Stipules, and Height. The purpose of each experiment was to analyze morphological traits and then Finding
the statistical analysis by using the chi–squared test. The chi–squared test is when we collected the data of the garden pea and compared it to see if the
variation in the data was due to chance or to a variable that was actually tested. This test helps us determine if our data is significant or non
significant. In this lab the plant being used was the common garden pea (Pisum sativum), the first thing done was to scan the phenotypes of each
parental and first generation offspring; which was homozygous dominant ( P1), homozygous recessive (P2) for parental types, and heterozygous (F1)
for first generation offspring. Next step is to indicate the F2 sample by using a "+" for dominant and "–" for recessive phenotype. This was done by
making a chi chart that expressed all the phenotype characteristics for Parental traits to 60 generations of offspring traits. Afterward data was combined
with class data to determine the statistical analysis for all the samples. In addition to analyzing the morphological traits, statistical data was determined
by determining the expected number of plants for seed color, Seed texture, Stipules, leaflets, Height, and Tendrils. That was calculated by

Essay on Introduction to Drosophila Genetics
INTRODUCTION TO DROSOPHILA GENETICS
DROSOPHILA CULTURE We will study basic principles of Mendelian inheritance with the use of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster [the name
means "black–bodied fruit–lover"]. Drosophila was one of the first organisms to be studied genetically: its small size, short life cycle (10 ~14 days at
25oC), high reproductive rate (an adult female can lay 400–500 eggs in 10 days), and ease of culture and genetic manipulation have made it perhaps
the best understood animal genetic system. Many different species, and a large number and wide variety of naturally–occurring and
artificially–induced genetic variants are available. The partial genetic map in Appendix B describes the location of all the mutations used in ... Show
Thus, the genotype of a wild–type homozygote would be designated e +e + (or ++), a mutant homozygote ee, and a heterozygote e +e or e+ [Use of
the term "wild–type" derives from an early assumption that most flies are homozygous for a 'standard', usually dominant, allele. As we will see, this is
not the case, but the terminology is still used]. It is important to remember that not all mutants are recessive. A mutation that is dominant to the
wild–type is symbolized by a capital letter. For example, the typical eye shape is round. One mutant produces a narrow "bar eye": the allele is
dominant, symbolized by a capital letter B, and the wild–type (round) eye is B+.
2
GENETIC CROSSES An "X" is used to indicate that two individuals have been mated together. The parents are designated as P (for parental) and the
offspring as F (for filial). When several generations are involved, subscripts are added to designate the generations. P1 give rise to F1 (first filial)
progeny. If the F1 are crossed together they become P2 and their progeny F2. A cross between members of the F1 and members of the P1 is a
backcross. A cross between members of the F1 and the true breeding recessive P1 is a test cross. MONOHYBRID CROSS The simplest form of a
cross is a monohybrid cross, which analyses a single trait and its associated variations. The diagram below shows the

Bio & Anthro
1.) In a plant having two carried alleles for the color of a flower in a gene, with P for purple and p for white, the three possible combinations which
might exist in any one plant are PP making a purple plant, pp to make a white plant, or Pp resulting in a 'hybrid' plant. 2.) Out of the genotypes PP, Pp,
pp, the resultant flower colors are (as described above in exercise 1) are purple (for PP,) purple or purplish–white (for Pp– likely purple as it is
dominant, or a mixture of the colors,) or white (for the case of pp.) PP and pp, the purple and white flowers, are referred to as homozygous. In the
case of PP this is homozygous dominant, and in the case of pp this is homozygous recessive. The case of Pp must be considered different, and is... Show
Answering the second question, there is a 50 percent chance of a colorblind son; answering the third question, there is a 25 percent change of
colorblind daughter. (Fourth:) There is a change of normal vision: a 25 percent of a carrier. (Fifth:) According to the square, there is no chance of
a normal son. 7.) A: The genotypes are TTCC, TTCc, TtCC, and TtCc. B: The genotypes are ttCC and ttCC. C: The genotypes are TTcc and Ttcc.
D: This genotype would be ttcc. E: This genotype would be TtCc. F: Such a person could produce TT, Tt, tt, CC, Cc, and cc gametes. Critical
questions 1.) The difference between incomplete dominance and codominance is the level of sharing. In codominance the dominant trait is shared,
while in incomplete dominance the dominant is not completely expressed in the genotype. Though the result may be similar in the phenotype, the
cause of this is different, which is a reason that this concept is so important to understand. 2.) When a trait is sex linked, this means that it is linked
to the chromosome of the gender. This does not mean the trait is passed through sex (however it is,) but rather refers to the X and Y chromosomes.
Some traits are only specific to Y chromosomes or a combination of X and Y (or not be expressed when only on

The Theory Of Genetics Within The World Of Health Science...
When I was first introduced into the world of health science and biology as a 6th grader I loved it. The idea of traits being passed on from generation
to generation fascinated me. When we began the simplistic practice of Mendelian genetics and punnett squares it gave me a broader understanding of
the concept of genetics. Since this topic is so fascinating to me, I want to explore genetics in greater depth. Specifically population genetics; why does
the frequency of alleles change over time and how can the concept be illustrated?
To begin with, the definition of population genetics is as follows: the study of the distribution and change in frequency of alleles within populations.
Genes being passed down from parent to offspring is a great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this may seem like a wonderful mutation to combat such a terrible disease, that is not necessarily the case. The mutation is only beneficial
to people who have the genotype (Ss) because they have the ability to combat malaria, but they don't have sickle cell anemia. Sickle cell is only
possible when an organism exhibits the genotype (ss) since it is not a dominant disease. On the other hand, those who have the genotype (SS) have no
way to combat malaria.
Sickle cell disease causes the uniquely shaped red blood cells to obstruct the path for blood flow in the arteries. This happens due to the crescent moon
shape of the red blood cells causing immense pain in the abdomen and joints and eventually, once the body can no longer transport blood effectively,
death.
Although sickle cell anemia is a terrible disease, it's extremely interesting for me to see how, a mutation that developed to combat a disease, has now
turned into a disease itself that could cause death. Now, wouldn't it be wonderful to predict what child would get the disease in order to seek treatment
immediately? With that being said, I want to introduce the Hardy–Weinberg Theorem, which is derived as follows:
p2 pq pqq2
p^2+2pq+q^2=1

hardy
Population Genetics / Hardy–Weinberg Problems
Directions: Work out the following problems on a separate piece of paper. Show ALL work and circle your answers.
1) If the frequency of a recessive allele is 30% in a population of 100 people, how many would you predict would be carriers of this allele, but would
not express the recessive phenotype? q= 0.30 p= 0.70
Carriers = 2pq = 2(.3)(.7) = .42
#= (.42)(100) = 42 individuals
2) From a sample of 278 American Indians, the following MN blood types were obtained: MM = 78, MN = 139, NN = 61. Calculate the allele
frequency of M and N.
M= 0.53
N= 0.47
MM = 78/278 = 0.281 = p2p = 0.530 = 53%
MN = 139/278 = 0.50 = 2pqq = 0.468 = 46.8%
NN = 61/139 = 0.219 = q2
3) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complete the following chart based on this information.
The frequency of the (H) allele =
0.7
The total number of homozygous nonallergic Pago Fuagens =
2450
(5000 x 0.49)
The frequency of the (h) allele =

0.3
The total number of Pago Fuagans that are carriers of the (g) allele and phenotypically normal =
2100
(5000 x 0.42)
The total number of (h) alleles on Pago Fuago =
3000
(10,000 x 0.3)
The total number of Pago Fuagens that suffer from this

Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies Essay
Gregor Mendel's Fruit Flies
Introduction From simple heredity experiments with garden peas, to cloning sheep, the field of genetics has come a long way. Now we are closer to
mapping out the human genetic map due to advances in technology, and years and years of research. Perhaps the most influential and groundbreaking
scientist, Gregor Mendel, he was responsible to provide a path to where genetics is now today with his experiments of garden peas.
In lab, fruit flies were crossed to observe inheritance patterns in their offspring. The motivation for this was to further understand how genes and
characteristics are inherited. To use fruit flies would be much more effective and easier because of a couple of reasons. The... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The F1?s were then observed and then crossed to form the F2 generation.
Genetic Hypothesis The F1 generation hypothesis is that with the Line A, B cross, the F1 for our group will be expected to be heterozygous
dominant (VvBb) at both loci. This is because of the cross of Line A, which was consisting of Males with the genotype of vvBB, and of line B that
were females with the genotype VVbb. As far as the F2 generations go, the phenotypes are expected to have a 9:3:3:1 ratio. There should be 9
brown, normal fruit flies, and 3 of each the brown, vestigial fly and the white, long fly. Finally, there is expected to be only one white, vestigial fly that
possesses homozygous recessive alleles in both loci. There is a chance that there may be different outcomes to the F2 generation due to the possibility
that the Line A and the Line B generation were not all homozygous dominant inwing type for females and eye color in males. Such a genotype in the
males, vvBb, and such in females, Vvbb, may lead to a different ratio in the F2 offspring.
Methods In the lab section, we observed two vials containing the Line A and B species. In order for us to further examine the flies, we ?knocked
out? the flies with a chemical anesthetic known as Fly Nap. Placing the wand covered in Fly Nap into the vial, we ?knocked out? the flies. We then
spilled the flies onto a piece of paper and examined them under a light microscope. What were examined were

What Are Some Inheritable Traits Passed On To Offspring...
My lesson was highly effective in meeting my instructional outcomes. The objective was read by a student at the beginning of class, as it always is.
Today's lesson objective was "Today we will participate in a small and large group Socratic so we can provide reasoning for or against using genetic
technology for genetic engineering on humans, Wooly Mammoth, rice and/or mosquitos." We know we have it when we are able to fill out the Exit
Ticket which involved critiquing our peers". This was the final product for the 8th grade first project. The students participated in a Socratic
Discussion using the research of their chosen topic on genetically modified organisms. They had to write down 3 arguments for and 3 arguments
against genetically modifying their organism before the Socratic discussion. They also prepared notes on their chromebook that they could use during
the seminar if they felt they needed to refer back to them. Following up to this lesson, I have shown examples of a good Socratic seminar utilizing a
video from YouTube. This gave the students' a clear perspective on the expectations set for them. The "Do Now" "What are some inheritable traits
passed on to offspring from parents?" was to stimulate thinking and elicit enthusiasm. They knew a lot of the inherited traits such as eye color, dimples,
hair color, earlobes, widow's peak and rolling of the tongue. I then moved into a review on dominant and recessive traits. I asked the students "If you
have a

Blood Testing Of Mr. Johnsons
A married couple of 8 years, the Johnsons, have three children. The thing is, even though the Johnsons are married, Mrs. Johnson has been having
an affair with a certain Mr. Wilson for the entirety of the marriage, which leads us to this question; are Mr. Johnson's children actually his, or are
they related to Mr. Wilson? A simple blood test can figure this out for us. By using samples of everyone's blood, it can be determined if the children
are not related to Mr. Johnson by seeing if their blood types match. The test involves gathering blood samples of both Mr. Wilson and Mr. Johnson,
along with the children and Mrs. Johnson. Antigens in blood can be detected by Anti–serums and if picked up, can tell different blood types apart. For
example,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We claimed that Mr. Johnson could possibly be related to one of his children, and this could be shown in a Punnett square with his blood type as one
allele and Mrs. Johnson's as the other. Same for Mrs. Johnson and Mr. Wilson. The father of child #1 cannot be determined because with either
father the child could have type O blood. Child #2 can in no way be related to Mr. Johnson, because it has either type BB or BO blood, and Mr.
Johnson has no B alleles in his blood type. Child #3 could possibly be related to Mr. Johnson because they have the same blood type possibilities, AA
or AO. Therefore, our claim of Mr. Johnson possibly being related to at least one child is true, and our essential question, (Are Mr. Johnson's children
his biological offspring?) has been sufficiently

A Study On Genes And Function Of Complex Eukaryotic...
Drosophila melanogaster Cross Report
Brianna Wells
TA: Manuel Ruiz
Section 511
March 3, 2017 Table of Contents
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Methods Continued
Results & Discussion
References Abstract The particular experiment completed was in an effort to understand how the genetic genome works and understand the great
breakthroughs that genetics can uncover when focused on the right area. Drosophila melanogaster was the star focus in this experiment for it's similarity
to the structure and function of complex eukaryotic genomes like humans. If the genes can first be studied and experimented on in good model
organisms then they can progress to helping solve human's genome mysteries. The specific gene in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It started with Thomas Morgan in 1910, discovering the function, location, and connection of genes like white–eyes, yellow–body, and small wings.
One of the first things Morgan found out was that the white–eyed trait is sex–linked on the X chromosome and not sex–limited, meaning females can
have the white–eyed trait expressed as well. Usually, males express the white–eyed trait more often though due to only one X chromosome. This relates
to this experiment in that the white–eyed sex–linked trait is the recessive gene being traced back to the parent generation. The objective is to identify
the parent generation's genotype from only knowing the F1 generation's phenotype and conducting a cross between sixteen of the F1 generation to
produce an F2 generation. The F2 generation should be able to solve the P0's phenotype. It should also be supported by statistics, punnett squares, and a
low probability value. Based on the phenotypes in both F1 and F2, the parent generation's genotype should be homozygous white–eyed females and
dominate red–eyed males. Methods The exact instruments involved were provided accordingly for the experiment. The procedure was taken from the
steps in UNT's Biology 3452 spring Manual. To start, the most important instrument was the first vial containing the F1 generation. When received, the
vial was filled with all adult flies and the proper tools were given to safely

Drosophila Melanogaster Lab Experiment
Extended Experimental Investigation| May 28
2013
|
Drosophila melanogaster lab experiment
Question: How do the dominant or recessive genes in particular traits in a cross between a male and female Drosophila determine the traits of its
offspring?
Aim: to establish whether characteristics produced from the offspring of a drosophila cross are recessive or dominant traits.
Hypothesis: If certain phenotypes are expressed in the offspring from the cross of certain Drosophila, then the determination or justification of recessive
or dominant phenotypes can be found.
Theory review and justification of the hypothesis:
Drosophila Melanogaster are simply now generally referred as the common term "fruit fly" or "vinegar fly". These fruit ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Genotypes= X–W X–v, X–W X–v, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ВЅ:1/2
Phenotypes= Wildtype female, Wildtype male 50%50%
Therefore the chance of the offspring being a heterozygous Wildtype drosophila is 100%. The chance of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%.
Vile 3 consisted of one Vestigial (male) and one Wild type (female).vial 4 consisted of one Wild type (female) and an Ebony (male). If both of these
vial's flies are homozygous the offspring for botch will end up 100% heterozygous wild type as it is the dominant characteristic. This is also evident
through punnet squares:
Vial 3
W – Wildtype v– Vestigial
Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:

= ВЅ:1/2
Therefore the chance of the offspring being a heterozygous Wildtype drosophila is 100%. The chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,
Genotypes= X–W X–e, X–W X–e, X–W Y, X–W Y
= 1:1:
= ВЅ:1/2
Therefore the chance of the offspring being a heterozygous Wildtype drosophila is 100%. The chances of it being a heterozygous Wildtype male is 50%,
Vail 4
W– Wildtype e– Ebony
Materials:
The materials used in this prac are as follows: * 2.5 grams of powder culture (8ml loose packed) + 5–7 ml of water and 4–6 grains of yeast * Necessary
amount of Petri dishes to examine

Case Study вЂ“ a Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Essay
Case Study – A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy Part I Questions 1. What additional information would you want to know to understand Emma and
Jacob's panic? To understand the cause of the panic that was brought to Jacob and Emma, you would need to know more about the state of the
baby. This article just describes that the boy was having difficulty feeding, and after seven days he stopped feeding. This isn't a situation that brings
upon panic right away, but for Emma and Jacob it did. The panic was partly because they had already had a child that died from unknown reasons in
the first nine days of his life, and didn't want to lose another. The state of the current baby, such as if it was premature, or if it was very sick looking and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Part II Questions Pedigree charts are useful tools used by genetic counselors to look for the incidence of disease within multiple generation families.
Each generation is shown on a separate row. 1. Label the pedigree chart below to explain the relationships and the disease incidence within this
family. Be sure to include Emma, Jacob, Samuel, Matthew, Emma's father, Emma's mother, Emma's aunts, Jacob's mother, Jacob's father, and Jacob's
aunt. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case Study: A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 2. Indicate on your pedigree chart the individuals who are carriers by
shading half of each circle or square. Please see Pedigree sheet: Case Study: A Sickeningly Sweet Baby Boy 3. Define the terms genotype, phenotype,
homozygous and heterozygous. Genotype: The make–up of alleles for a particular trait in an organism. For example, if black was a recessive trait in
chickens, coded for by b, and there was a black chicken, its genotype would be bb. Phenotype: The physical appearance of a trait in an organism.
The phenotype of the above chicken is that it is black. A phenotype could be that a person has blue eyes, or curly hair. Homozygous: Refers to
expressing the same alleles for a particular trait. If black was dominant for the above chicken, and the alleles were coded for by B, if it was
homozygous, the chicken's genotype would be BB. Heterozygous: Refers

worksheet Essay
AP Biology: Unit 3: Cell Division & Genetics: Virtual Lab #4: Punnett Squares
Instructions
1.Open the Virtual Lab: Punnett Squares: http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/virtual_labs_2K8/labs/BL_05/index.html
2.The virtual lab simulation will be on the right side of the screen, and the "Question" column will be on the left side of the screen.
3. Click on the TV/VCR and watch the video.
4.Read the background information in the Question Column under "How can Punnett Squares help predict the traits of offspring?"
5.Read the background information provided in the virtual lab by clicking on the "Information" bar in the lab simulation area.
6.Answer the questions below in your notebook.
a.Which of the following is most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, when recording genotypic ratios:
i.If your offspring genotypes include 1 GG, 2 Gg, and 1 gg, the ratio would be: 1 GG : 2 Gg : 1 gg ii. If your offspring genotypes include 2 GG and 2
Gg, the ratio would be: 2 GG : 2 gg (or 1:1 in the reduced form) iii. If your offspring genotypes are 4 gg, then the ratio would be written as: 4 gg
b.When you record phenotypic ratios for a monohybrid cross, there are only two possible phenotypes – either the dominant phenotype or the recessive
phenotype. So you do not need to indicate the phenotype, simply put the dominant # first, followed by the recessive #:
i.If your offspring phenotypes are 3 dominant and 1 recessive, the ratio is: 3:1 ii. If your offspring phenotypes are 4 dominant and 0 recessive, the ratio
is: 4:0 iii. If your offspring phenotypes are 0 dominant and 4 recessive, the ratio is: 0:4 Table 1:
Scenario #Genotype of
Parent IGenotype of
Parent IIGenotypic Ratio of OffspringPhenotypic Ratio of Offspring
1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8.Answer the following questions in your notebook.
a.For one of the monohybrid crosses you performed in this Investigation, describe how to use the phenotype ratios to determine

Genetic Diversity and Survival of the Fittest
Heterozygosity is the measure of the genetic variation in a population at a particular gene locus. Genetic variation within a population is important in
maintaining or increasing the fitness of members in the population and ultimately the survival of the species. Fitness is the ability for a species of a
certain genotype to reproduce and is often times equal to the proportion of the individual's genes in all the genes of the next generation. Positive
correlations have been made between the heterozygosity at the loci and fitness of the Lake Trout, which suggests that heterozygosity may be
advantageous to the species (Pujolar et al. 2005). A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative
fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype. The fitness of an individual can be exhibited by its phenotype. The
environment can contribute to the phenotype as well as both genes on the locus. An experiment conducted by Rowe et al. analyzed the correlation
between heterozygosity, fitness, and geography in Natterjack Toads (Bufo calamita). The experiment involved taking samples of populations of the
Natterjack Toad from different parts of Great Britain. These populations all varied in census size, degree of isolation and distance from the
distributional range edge. The fitness was measured, notably larval survival and growth rates, for the toads under standardized conditions. The results
of the experiment

Chapter 10 Study Guide Answers
Name: ______________________________________________________ Period:_____ Chapter Review: 10 Mendel & MeiosisCollege
Biology 1. An organism that is true breeding for a trait is said to be (a) homozygous (b) heterozygous (c) a monohybrid (d) a dihybrid 2. At the end
of meiosis, how many haploid cells have been formed from the original cell? (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four 3. When Mendel transferred pollen
from one pea plant to another, he was ___ the plants. (a) self pollinating (b) cross pollinating (c) self fertilizing (d) cross fertilizing 4. A short pea
plant is (a) homozygous recessive (b) homozygous dominant (c) heterozygous (d) a dihybrid 5. Which describes a dominant trait in garden peas? (a)...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The likelihood of close relatives sharing the same recessive alleles is greater than in the general population, raising the risks that a child would be
homozygous recessive for a trait. 21. Assume that a couple has four children who are all boys. What are the chances their next child will also be a
boy? Explain your answer. 50% because previous births do not affect any children that will follow. 22. How does separation of

Homozygous Alleles
Problem To analyze the gene frequencies and see how natural selection, in addition to the cold winter, impact this statistic as each generation passes.
Background
In England, a population of bunnies thrives with dominant and recessive traits. Some of these bunnies possess a recessive allele that makes them
have no fur. This is dangerous because England has very cold winters which would cause the hairless bunnies to die by freezing to death.
Nevertheless, those who have heterozygous alleles or homozygous dominant alleles have a greater possibility of survival. Breeders of bunnie have
long been familiar with this variety of genetic traits that affect their survivability in the wild, as well as in breeding populations.The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there were a little amount of f alleles left behind.
The number of alleles for the dominant characteristic remains constant throughout the ten generations while the the alleles for the recessive
characteristic decreases after almost each generation.
Emigration and immigration can affect the gene frequency of F and f in this population of rabbits by which immigration can introduce new traits to the
environment which may be better than the F allele causing the species to evolve once again. The researcher would stimulate this effect by either taking
a trait from one the the emigrated bunnies and adding it into the situation or trying the keep the bunnies from emigrating.
The results of this simulation are a demonstration of natural selection since the data showed that as each generation passed, hairless bunnies which
have have the recessive allele trait started to become extinct. This proves that the environment easily triggered natural selection into making sure the
bunnies have fur in order to

PS2 Semi Finished Essay
Bios 101, Problem Set 2
These questions are due at the beginning of discussion. The due date is indicated on the syllabus. Please type or print neatly on separate sheets of
paper. It is imperative that no portion of your answers be copied directly from another student or from an online source.
1. A man with normal vision marries a woman with normal vision. Their first child, a boy, iscolor–blind.
i) (one point) Diagram the cross above.
colorblindness: (XxXx= females; XxY=males)
mom:X dad: Y
Xx
XxX
XxY
Since its sex–linked, then you know the father has normal vision, then he has a dominant allele on his X chromosome. Since the color blind child in
question is a son, then he inherited a Y from the father. So, the colorblindness... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What type of allelic interactions are these? How many loci are involved? Are there multiple possibilities? Diagram a cross consistent with the data.
ii) List and discuss several traits, in domestic plants of your choosing, that have a similar genetic basis.
3. A line of Drosophila melanogaster with ebony body and sepia eyes (line A) is crossed to a line with tan body and red eyes (line B). The F1 are all
tan–bodied, red–eyed.
i) (one point) What proportion of gametes produced by the F1 have the dominant allele for both loci? What proportion of the gametes produced by line
B have the d ominant allele for both loci?

Next, imagine that An F1 female is crossed to a male from line A.
If 1000 offspring were scored for both characters, what number of offspring would be expected to have each of the four phenotypes (assuming no
linkage)? List them below.
Now imagine that the following data were actually collected from the cross above:
Body Eyes
Tan normal 271
Tan sepia 229
Ebony normal 220
Ebony sepia 280
ii) (one point) Are the loci linked? If so, how many map units are they apart ? Do a П‡2 test and show your work below. Diagram this cross.
4. (two points) Go online, and look up two hereditary illnesses that are caused by having two copies of an autosomal recessive allele.

Difference Between Dominate And Recessive Genes
What is the difference between dominate and recessive genes?
Genes help determine the characteristics and traits consisting of: eye, skin, hair color, etc. Each gene contains two alleles one coming from the mother
and the other from the father, one being dominant and the other recessive. The dominant allele is typically expressed, while the recessive are not
generally expressed. A dominant allele makes a pair with a recessive allele. The dominant allele determines the traits visibly expressed as phenotypes
the genetic code working behind a trait in known as the genotype (Your Genome, 2016).
What is the difference between heterozygous and homozygous expression of genes?
The genetic material that determines the trait is known as the genotype, which at times it is said to be homozygous (a person containing two
recessive/two dominant alleles coming from both parents) or heterozygous (a person having one recessive/one dominant allele from both parents).
It is typically common for a child to have brown eyes when one parent has a recessive allele and the other a dominant allele allowing it to override
the other. However, if both parents have brown eyes, but contribute the recessive allele the child will have blue eyes. This is not always the case as
genetic inheritance is not always simple as we see some people having eyes that are green, one brown, and one blue (CCCOE, 2016).
Using Activity 2 found in your Laboratory Manual, create a Punnett square and complete the exercise

Factors Affecting Human Development During Phases Of...
The process of nondisjunction can occur in human development during phases in meiosis and mitosis. The irregularity results in an abnormal amount
of chromosomes in the produced cells and causes alterations in those who are affected. Nondisjunctional consequences can be seen in these five
examples of genetic inheritance conditions discussed in this paper: Down syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and
Turner's syndrome. The Mendelian principles of genetics developed by Gregor Mendel include the patterns of autosomal recessive and autosomal
dominant. Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns can cause disorders such as: Marfan syndrome and Huntington disease from the
inheritance of dominant ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result, there are an extra amount or not enough sets of chromosomes in the cells created which causes disorders in those affected. The effects of
nondisjunction include the following diseases: Down syndrome, Patau's syndrome, Edward's syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.
Mendelian and non–Mendelian inheritance patterns determine how certain traits are passed on to the next generation. Mendelian patterns are
autosomal dominant inheritance, which causes Marfan syndrome and Huntington disease, and autosomal recessive inheritance, which causes cystic
fibrosis and sickle–cell disease. Non–Mendelian patterns of inheritance include polygenic and mitochondrial inheritance. Polygenic inheritance is seen
in the inheritance of traits like skin color and height and can cause heart diseases and cancer. In mitochondrial inheritance, also known as maternal
inheritance, DNA in the mitochondria is passed down primarily from the mother. This form of inheritance causes some disorders like Leber Hereditary
Optic Neuropathy and Kearns–Sayre syndrome may occur. Epigenetic inheritance is an unusual process in which epigenetic tags created by a parent's
experience can be passed on to their offspring.
Nondisjunction describes the process in which the chromosomes of a cell do not divide in the correct manner during meiosis and mitosis. The
abnormality occur in one of three ways due to the incorrect division of

Genetic Engineering Is Responsible And Manipulating The...
A couple, a man and a woman, sit in front of a screen. The woman said, "Let's choose brown hair and grey eyes for him." "Oh! He needs to be tall
and smart," replied the man. What the couple is doing is designing their future baby. It might sound crazy to be able to engineer one's children
genetically, but technological advancements in the medical and scientific fields have allowed this as a possible option for potential parents. Genetic
engineering is controlling and manipulating the genes of an organism. Genetic engineering is usually used to improve the organism's functions; these
organisms are known as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetic engineering is commonly used for the food industry. One benefit that
results from genetically modified foods is the lowered prices for the products. However, there can be hazardous side effects such as the creation of
new toxins (Goldbas, 2014, p. 22). Likewise, mutations in the DNA can occur from genetically engineering a baby. In spite of the threatening effects
to the baby's health from genetic engineer, I believe giving people to the option to design their "perfect" babies allows for the genetic tree of infertile
parents to continue; however, I believe the range of genes that future parents can select for their fetus has to be restricted to the genes the parents
already carried in their DNA. Before the concept of designing one's "perfect" baby can be grasp, one must understand the events in science building up
to the

Generation Gummy Bear : An Experimental Lab
Generation Gummy Bear:
An Experimental Lab in Gummy Bear Breeding
Katherine Valcin, CST
Keiser University
October 10, 2015
Authors Note:
This paper was prepared by Katherine Valcin for Biology 1, taught by Dr. Frank Sommerhage at Keiser University.
This research is supported by materials from Dr. Sommerhage in affiliation with Keiser University. Special thanks to Mr. Kenney from his help in
preparation for the scientific article.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Katherine Valcin, Keiser University Biomedical Sciences Student, 5600 Lake Underhill
Rd, Orlando, FL 32807. Email: K.valcin@student.keiseruniversity.edu
Abstract
Genetics is a captivating but difficult subject for students. Lab experiments like 'Gummy Bear Genetics' can aid in needed areas of genetics. Student
can often observe the phenotypes in gummy bears, but when trying to visualize which parental genes that are represented in a cross–bred first (F1)
generation can be challenging. In this experiment, students worked in small groups to determine the parental (P) generations of 196 gummy bears. The
gummy bear candy appealed to student appetites and the chosen phenotypic characteristic were easy to choose because gummy bears come in
numerous colors (red, green, orange, yellow and colorless). Students will be able to establish which genetic information, including genotype,
phenotype, dominant traits, and recessive traits, were passed from the P generation to the F1 generation

Pros And Cons Of Consanguineous
Consanguineous means related by blood. As a working definition, unions contracted between persons biologically related as second cousins or closer
are categorized as Consanguineous, having one or more ancestors in common no more remote than a great–grandparent (consag.net; WHO document
1997, EUROCAT). Major populations in Middle East, North Africa, South Asia (20– 60% of all marriages are consanguineous) (El Hazmi et al., 1995
;) Major populations in Latin America, Japan, China (1 – 10% of all marriages are consanguineous) Recent migrants from Pakistan, India, the Middle
East, North Africa and South Asia, becoming permanent residents in Europe, USA and Canada (e.g. 2 million Maghrebians in France, 1.5 million
Turks in Germany, 0.5 million Pakistanis in the U.K.) Small population... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Available data suggest that stillborn rates are either similar or slightly higher among consanguineous couples than the non–related couples.
Consanguinity and postnatal mortality. There is a positive association between parental. Consanguinity and increased infant and childhood mortality.
Compiled data from 38 populations (600000 pregnancies) gave a 4.4% increased prereproductive mortality above background risk for offspring of first
cousin unions. (Bittles and Neel, 1994).Generally speaking, frequency of congenital malformations among newborns of first cousin unions is about 2
times the frequency among the general population, i.e. about 4–6%. Another estimate puts the offspring of first cousin unions at a 1.7–2.8% increased
risk above the population background risk (Bennett et al., 2002). Many studies have shown a positive association between parental consanguinity and
congenital heart defects. The association of consanguinity with cleft lip and palate, and neural tube defects is not clear. In our study, we have seen a
unexpected higher rate of sudden infant death, which is

Analysis Of Gregor Mendel 's The Mid 1800 ' S
Before Gregor Mendel's discoveries in the mid 1800's, most people had no clear idea as to why their children, and grandchildren, looked like
them! Most people assumed that because the child was in their family, and created by them, that familiar looking offspring just simply happened.
Gregor Mendel put all that guessing to rest. Mendel did experiments on two different colored pea plants. In the first test, he mixed a purple
flowered pea plant, and a white flowered pea plant. He let these plants fertilize and have off spring. These two plants were known as the Parent
generation (P Generation). The offspring they produced were known as the F1 Generation. The P Generation created an F1 Generation that was all
purple pea plants. Mendel then bred a new generation of pea plants ONLY breeding plants with themselves. This new generation was known as the
F2 Generation. Within the F2 Generation, the white flowered pea plants began to show back up. The ratio of purple flowered pea plants, to white
flowered pea plants was a 3:1 ratio. Mendel also noted that the purple and white color had not been blended; the white color was just purely masked
by the purple color in the F1 Generation. Mendel was then able to make conclusions about simple breeding. He called the purple flowers dominant,
because they were more frequent than the white flowers. He called the white flowers recessive, because they were less frequent than the purple
flowers. Therefore he concluded that the purple flowers were

Symptoms And Treatment Of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
In the current world population there is a large increase in people diagnosed with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), lactose intolerance and/or a
combination of the two. Theories suggest that the delayed onset of lactose intolerance, in patients who already have IBD's, may arise as secondary
lactose intolerance but only as a byproduct of the IBD. This begs the question of if the prevalence of an IBD predisposes that same person to lactose
intolerance and if so, what are the drivers that allow this to happen? Inflammatory bowel diseases are categorized into two subset categories, ulcerative
colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. IBD's are defined as a chronic inflammation of all or part of a digestive tract. The inflammation takes place ... Show
Those who are lactose intolerant also have diminishes levels of lactase, the small intestinal enzyme responsible for the catalysis of lactose. Dietary
supplementation of the lactase enzyme has, in some cases, proven to rectify the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
During infancy the vast majority of humans have the ability to digest and catabolize lactose into glucose and galactose via the lactase enzyme. This
catabolic capability is vital for newborn mammals, given that their primary source of nutrition comes from their mother's milk. During the weaning
period, when children cease to use milk as a primary source of nutrition, the production of the lactase enzyme severely deteriorates and eventually leads
to the inability to catabolize lactose. While this may be the natural progression of the expression of the lactase enzyme, there remains a large,
predominantly western population that maintains a steady production of lactase, those individuals are known as lactase persistent (Baumgart, et al.).
Lactase Persistence– Causes: Lactase persistence has been strongly suggested to be a function of genetic causes and its inheritance occurs in an
autosomal recessive manner. Individuals that exhibit the highest lactase activity are genotypically homozygous recessive for lactase persistence; where
as individuals who show lower lactase activities are heterozygous or homozygous

Hereditary Hemochromatosis : An Essential Mineral
Hereditary Hemochromatosis Iron is an essential mineral in the human body. It is involved in the transport of oxygen in the blood together with the
haem group. However an overload of this crucial mineral causes a chaos in the human body. This overload of iron known as a haemochromatosis is
defined by Dr. Griffiths (Griffiths, 2011) as "...an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by toxic accumulation of iron". The hereditary type was
first described in 1865. But it is until 1966 that scientist were able to spot the exact gene mutation of haemochromatosis: HFE gene. The main cause of
iron–overload disease is the mutation in the gene that is located in the sixth chromosome, exactly in the short arm. The mutation is called C282Y.
Moreover, ferritin is a protein and"...most of the iron stored in the body is bound to ferritin. Ferritin is found in the liver, spleen, skeletal muscles, and
bone marrow. Only a small amount of ferritin is found in the blood" (WebMD, 2014). The amount of ferritin in the blood shows how much iron is
stored in the body. Therefor accumulation of iron that is associated with ferritin protein provoke what is called Iron overload or haemochromatosis. On
the molecular stage, disruption of the HFE gene as a result of mutations associated with hereditary haemochromatosis may impair homeostatic
mechanisms controlling iron absorption within the small–intestine epithelium by a direct interaction with transferrin receptor (Griffiths, Kelly Smith &
Cox.

Drososophila Test
This table shows the test cross between the F1 generation and the Drosophila showing both mutant traits. The F1 phenotype was wild type phenotype
but was heterozygous for both mutant traits. This table is for the entire section's test cross. The expected ratio was 1:1:1:1 for the phenotypes listed
above. Male Chi Squared WTdpsedp seTOTAL Observed 42394639166 Expected41.541.541.541.5166 (o–e)2/e0.0060.1510.4880.1510.796
x^2=0.796n=3P= 0.80 This table shows how the section's male Drosophila test cross Chi Square was found. The expected data was subtracted from
the observed then squared. That value was divided by the expected. The section's Chi squared was 0.796 with 3 degrees of freedom because of the 4
phenotypes. This... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The section's Chi squared was 1.54 with 3 degrees of freedom. The probability was 0.70 which indicates a very good data set. The data is
sufficiently accurate and fits the ratio from the above table very closely. The expected ratios for male and female Drosophila were the same so
there is no difference in gender ratios. Discussion: The experiment tested Mendel's Laws of Inheritance using two mutant recessive traits, dumpy
wings and sepia eyes. The Laws of Inheritance state that: alleles from an organism will separate during the formation of gametes and genes that are
different will assort independently from each other when gametes are formed. According to these laws, Drosophila mutant traits should assort
independently and segregate. The parental cross was a true breeding dumpy female and a sepia male and the reciprocal cross with a true breeding
sepia female and dumpy male. P= dp dp se+ se+ x dp+dp+ se se (female dumpy x male sepia) dp+ se dp se+dp dp+ se se+ Or P= dp+dp+ se se x dp
dp se+ se+ (female sepia x male dumpy) dp se+ dp+ sedp dp+ se

Genetics Unit In Mr Bowen Essay
During the course of our Genetics Unit I have been taught many things and has affected me importantly as well. In the first body paragraph it's gonna
be about on what Mr. Bowen taught me about Mutations. Then the other body paragraphs are about Homozygous and Heterozygous Genotypes. After
the body paragraphs are done I will be writing 2 other paragraphs about two GMO companies named Artic Apples and OKFruits. Then the conclusion
will wrap up my essay about what I learned during our Genetics Unit in Mr. Bowen's class.
Body Paragraph 1: This paragraph will be about your first selected genetics subject, and how it relates to you.
A Mutation is a permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic
elements. The DNA gets changed which changes the hereditary material of life. Some mutations don't have any noticeable on the phenotype of an
organism. Mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful for the organism but mutations do not try to supply what the organism needs. A single
mutation can have a strong negative effect for the organism. I don't think that I have any mutations. But I had a retarded dog so I guess that is some
sort of brain mutation with it or something.
Body Paragraph 2: This paragraph will be about your second selected genetics subject, and how it relates to you. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The phenotype is that dominant trait that is shown in the offspring. You can inherit a Homozygous or Heterozygous gene. Punnett Squares help predict
the possible outcome of the offspring. The Punnett square is named after Reginald C. Punnett. My cousins on my dad as of the family have all
inherited my grandpas tall height but I have gotten my grandmas height and grandpas because I am shorter than mostly all of my

Essay on Plant Genetics Labpaq
Plant Genetics JANICE NALBONE Abstract This experiment is being done to show Mendel's rule of dominance that says certain alleles are
dominant and others are recessive. To show this, we are using tobacco seeds, a monohybrid cross comparing only one trait color. We are also showing
Mendel's law of segregation with a Dihybrid cross comparing two traits of color and texture. Introduction Three purposes: 1. To predict the genetic
frequency off offspring. 2. To predict the outcomes of genetic crosses using punnett squares. 3. Statistically analyze the results of a genetic cross.
Hypothesis: 1. Monohybrid cross–Predict that 75%... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Results as follows: Data Table 4: Corn kernel data.| | Number of Kernels| Kernel Percentage(Divide count by total, thenmultiply by 100)| Kernel
Coloration| | | Purple| 152| 71.7%| Yellow| 60| 28.3%| Total| 212| 100%| | Kernel Texture| | | Smooth| 178| 84.4%| Wrinkled| 33| 15.6%| Total| 211|
100%| Data Table 5: Punnet square for dihybrid cross. Parent Gametes PS Ps pS ps Parent PS PPSS PPSs PpSS PsSs Gametes Ps PPSs PPss PpSs
Ppss pS PpSS PpSs ppSS ppSs ps PpSs Ppss ppSs ppss 9 different genotypes in the table. PPSS(1) PPSs(2) PpSS(2) PpSs(4) PPss(1) Ppss(2) ppSS(1)
ppSs(2) ppss(1) Number of phenotypes =4 Number of genotypes =9 Data Table 6: Data from corn kernels.| | Number Counted| Ratio: Number
counted /total| Purple and smooth| 112| 53%| Purple and wrinkled| 40| 19%| Yellow and smooth| 40| 19%| Yellow and wrinkled| 20| 9%| TOTAL| 212|
100%| Exercise 1: Observing a Monohybrid Cross Questions A. What are the predicted ratios of

The Wizarding Gene
The wizarding gene is not passed down in blood like how it is explained in the books. It is a gene, copied in families that carry the recessive code. A
gene is informally defined as a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and determines some characteristics of the offspring
(CITE). An Allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome. To be a
wizard, a person must be born Homozygous Recessive, meaning their DNA must have two copies of the same gne, but not a dominant alelle. If the
gene for magic was an "M", their code would appear as mm. A real–life example of this would be eye color. A blue–eyed person is homozygous
recessive, and if they were to inherit one dominant, brown ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because one can be a wizard with only one gene expression, the trait could be sex–linked, passed down through the X and Y chromosomes that
determine our gender. In modern science, it wasa determined that sex lined genes passed through the X chromosome were not recessive nor
dominant; just sex linked. (Dobyns 11). Because there were previous studies on sex linked traits, like how two parents with color blindnesss
(recessive) have a daughter or son, they could also inherit color blindess (CITE). Because of new studies showing that the x linked traits to not
follow the same rules as normal inheritance, the original theory presented in this paper holds true. The number of female and male wizards is
proportional, but if the trait was sex linked, then every family with any wizarding genes would have all boys born become wizards, while only
females who were born to two wizard parents could have magic. Because this is not true in the book, as seen with the number of half blood and
muggle born female witches, readers can know that the trait is not sex

The Hardy Weinberg Principle, No Natural Selection
Design
Research Question:
If all five conditions mentioned within the Hardy–Weinberg Principle are met (random mating, large populations, no mutations, no migration, no
natural selection), will the population remain in genetic equilibrium?
Background Information:
The Hardy–Weinberg Principle or the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium Model states that "allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain
constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences" (Version, T.). In order for genetic equilibrium to be maintained,
five conditions must be met:
–Random Mating: all individuals within a population must have an equal opportunity to pass on their alleles
–Large Populations: random changes in allele ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 ; where 'p2' represents the homozygous dominant genotype, '2pq' represents the heterozygous genotype, and 'q2' represents the
homozygous recessive genotype
This equation is used to calculate the genotype frequency, so 1 = 100% of the population.
Hypothesis:
In a large, randomly mating population where mutations, migration, and natural selection are no longer viable, the allele and genotypic frequencies
will remain at equilibrium. If any of these conditions are changed, then the allele and genotype frequencies will be unable to maintain genetic
equilibrium.
Variables:
Independent Variable(s)– Alleles (only 2 options)
Dependent Variable(s)– Allele Frequency, Genotype Frequency
Controlled Variable(s)– The control group is the first group of data taken with the cheerios where there is random mating, large population (100
alleles), no mutations, no migration, and no natural selection.
Control of Variables:
In this experiment, in order to conform to the requirements of the Hardy–Weinberg Principle, it is necessary to control five differing factors:
1.Random Mating
2.Large Populations
3.Absence of Mutations

4.Absence of Migration
5.Absence of Natural Selection
In order to control all of these factors throughout the experiment, one must randomly select the alleles (cheerios), must have a larger population size

Differences Between Dominant And Recessive Genes Essay
Introduction: People are made up of many different characteristics and traits that have been passed on from generation to generation. These could
range from everything including the color of your hair and eyes, to whether or not you can roll your tongue. The type of traits that you possess are
determined by whether or not the trait is dominant or recessive in its genetic makeup. Another factor that plays a part in which traits you possess,
is whether or not the gene or trait is homozygous or heterozygous. Homozygous means that you received two copies of the same gene from your
parents. It could be homozygous dominant (DD) or homozygous recessive (dd). Heterozygous means that you received one copy of each from your
parents (Dd). During the experiment, we will talked about the differences between dominant and recessive genes and which one is more present in a
small group of people. We also talked about the phenotype and genotypes of the traits we discussed. Phenotype being the physical characteristics of
the trait and genotype being the genetic makeup of the trait (i.e. heterozygous, homozygous, dominant, recessive, etc.). During the experiment we did
today, we wanted to test a various group of people and study the genetic differences between this group of people by testing a certain set of traits. The
first step of the experiment was to test the genetic traits seen in our laboratory 's population. We wanted to see if there would be a higher frequency of
recessive versus

Examples Of Gregor Mendel Theory Of Genetics
I. Introduction In this lab we considered Gregor Mendel theory of genetics. Mendel was a botanist and statistician. Mendel worked with garden peas to
figure out their genetic pattern. The peas were also true–breed.1 The three principles that Mendel had for inheritance pattern are the principle of
segregation, principle of dominance, and principle of independent assortment.2 The first principle of segregation means that the individual gets part of
the trait from each parent that makes their traits.2 The second principle of dominance is that a trait may be present during the first generation, but
doesn't not mean it could be present in future generations and that the dominant allele is showed. The third principle of independent assortment is that
it depends on the different units that are passed on that can decide your traits based on other traits that are given.2 This now goes into showing that
variation of a gene is called an allele. This is now shown in a phenotype and genotype. A phenotype is showing he physical trait that we can see. A
genotype is the showing of the genetic form that made that trait.3 Another term we used in this lab was homozygous which means you have two of the
same alleles. The next term that was used is heterozygous which means that two different alleles were used. The term that was important that we used
was a Punnett square. A Punnett square is way to be able to calculate the different potential outcomes of the genotypes graphically.3

Gregor Mendel's Laws Of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel's Laws of Inheritance Gregor Mendel, also know as the Father of genetics, was a monk who studied pea plants and discovered the
laws of heredity. Heredity is the passing of traits from one generation to another. There are three laws and they are known as; the law of dominance,
law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment.
The law of dominance states that the dominant alleles always show and the recessive alleles can be hidden because of that. For example, if brown eyes
are dominant in a family, their genotype would be AA or Aa. In a heterozygous pair, like Aa, the dominantallele would appear in the phenotype because
dominant will always show even though there a

How To Write A Bingo Observation

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to How To Write A Bingo Observation

Similar to How To Write A Bingo Observation (20)

More from Andrea Arias

More from Andrea Arias (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

How To Write A Bingo Observation