wind energy Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their characteristics, Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators. Generator-Converter configurations, Grid connectivity methods, Different types of Control structures, Simulation studies on Grid connected Wind turbine generator (WTG) systems. Energy storage systems for wind power conversion systems. Solar-wind hybrid power system.Doubly-Fed Induction Generators and their characteristics, Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Generators. Generator-Converter configurations, Grid connectivity methods, Different types of Control structures, Simulation studies on Grid connected Wind turbine generator (WTG) systems. Energy storage systems for wind power conversion systems. Solar-wind hybrid power system.

1. Content
• Wind Sources and potentials,
• Classification of wind turbines -horizontal axis &
vertical axis,
• types of blades,
• Fixed and Variable speed wind turbines.

2. Availability of solar energy
21-09-
2
80%of the sun’s energy falls on
the oceans and drives the water
cycle.
Evaporation from the sea causes
rain to fall on the land, resulting
in the global hydro power
resources.
The remaining 20% of the sun’s
energy falls on the lands and is
still about 2,000 times grater then
total world energy demand.
The three main technologies that
have been developed to capture
this energy are
passive solar, solar thermal, and
photovoltaic modules.
Solar PV System
DC/DC
Converter
Solar
Radiation
DC Load
Solar PV system

3. IMPORTANCE OF THE WINDSYSTEM[3,4]
21-09-
3
Surface by the sun causes wind.
The heat is observed by the ground or
water and is then transferred into the air,
Causing difference in air temperature,
density, pressure.
These differences then create forces that
push the air around. Like the water that
flows in the river.
The wind contains energy that can be
converted into electricity using wind
turbine.
 currently more than 20,000 wind turbines
are used for generating electricity around
the world.

4. Wind Energy
Source: MNRE

5. Wind Sources
• Wind sources refer to the geographic or environmental locations where wind
energy is generated due to natural processes. These locations are the origins
of wind energy.
• Wind sources are categorized into various types, including:
Onshore wind
Offshore wind
High altitude wind
Micro-wind

6. Onshore wind
• The power generated by Onshore wind
farms refers to wind turbines that are
located on land and use the wind to
generate electricity. These farms are
generally located in areas where there
is low habitat value. Some of the
biggest Onshore Wind Farm
• in India are Muppandal Wind Power
Plant, Kanyakumari, Jaisalmer Wind
Park.

7. Advantages of onshore wind power
Reduced environmental impact
Cost effective
Quicker installation and easier maintenance

8. Disadvantages of onshore wind power
Changing wind speeds:
The consistency of electricity generation from wind farms can be
challenged by varying wind speeds and changes in wind direction.
No wind or intermittent generation: When the wind is intermittent
(or non-existent) electricity can’t be generated using wind power.
Lesser power generation:
Onshore wind farms produce less energy than their offshore
counterparts.

9. Offshore wind
• These Wind farms are constructed in
water bodies where higher wind
speeds are available to harness. These
are built at least 200 nautical miles
away from the coast and 50 feet below
the surface of the water.

10. Advantages of offshore wind power
Offshore wind turbines are more efficient: Higher wind speeds and consistency
in direction means offshore installations require fewer turbines to produce the
same amount of energy as onshore wind farms.
Reduced environmental impact: Being miles out from the coast, offshore
turbines are further away from the local population. Restricted access to their
sites may even help to protect the surrounding marine ecosystems.
More space to construct: Oceans provide the perfect location to build wind
farms in terms of scale and openness. More wind farms being built means more
clean, sustainable energy can be produced.

11. Disadvantages
• Higher cost: Offshore wind farms require more complex
infrastructure to support them and, as a result, are more
expensive to construct.
• Maintenance and repairs: Higher wind speeds, strong seas and
accessibility issues makes offshore wind farms more challenging
to maintain.
• Less local involvement:
While onshore wind turbines can be owned or operated by local
cooperatives, or even by individuals, offshore wind turbines
require a considerable scale of investment that means they’re
usually corporately owned. However, they do provide significant
employment for the development and working life of the wind
farm.

12. High-Altitude Wind
• High-altitude wind refers to the
strong and consistent wind patterns
found at high altitudes in the Earth's
atmosphere. These winds are
typically much stronger and more
reliable than surface-level winds and
are a potential source of renewable
energy. High-altitude winds are also
known as upper-atmosphere winds.

13. Micro Wind
• Micro wind, also known as small-
scale wind energy, refers to the
generation of electricity using small
wind turbines designed for
residential or small commercial use.
These wind turbines are much
smaller than the large wind turbines
used in utility-scale wind farms and
are typically installed on rooftops, in
backyards, or on small plots of land.

14. Wind Potential
 Wind potential, often referred to as wind energy potential or wind
power potential, is a measure of the amount of energy that can be
generated from wind at a specific location or within a defined region.
 It is typically expressed in terms of energy output, such as kilowatt-
hours (kWh) or megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity that can be
generated by harnessing the wind.
 Wind potential is influenced by factors like wind speed, wind
consistency, air density, and the efficiency of wind turbines.
 Wind potential assessments are essential for determining the
feasibility and economic viability of wind energy projects. These
assessments help identify suitable locations for wind farms and
estimate their energy output.

15. World wind energy production
Source: https://www.statista.com/outlook/io/energy/renewable-energy/wind-
energy/worldwide#production or Statista Market Insights

16. World wind energy production
Source: Global energy
council

19. Wind power installation by
states

20. State wise wind power in
India
Source: MNRE

21. 10 Largest power plants in India
Source: Global energy
council

22. Factors involved in site selection for wind mills
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⚫The availability of wind with sufficient kinetic
energy
⚫The magnitudeof wind velocityshould be high
⚫Wind turbines require A minimum wind speed
(generally 12-14 km/h) to begin turning and
generate electricity. Strong winds (50-60 km/h) to
generate at full capacity. Winds of less than 90
km/h; beyond that speed, the turbines must be
stopped to avoid damage.

23. Factors involved in site selection for
wind mills(contd)
1/9/2020 23
⚫The wind availability should be throughout the year
⚫The site should be free from obstacles
⚫Availability of vast open land at a lower land cost
⚫The construction materials should be available and
cheaper
⚫Availability of skilled workers
⚫Away from the populated places but not away from
load centre.
⚫No possibility of storms, floods, earthquakes,
volcanoes, etc.

24. Advantages of wind mills
1/9/2020 24
⚫Freeof energycost,
⚫ No pollution,
⚫Nowaterrequired,
⚫lowoperating costsetc

25. Disadvantages of wind mills
1/9/2020 25
⚫Fluctuation inwind speed,
⚫occupies more land,
⚫Noisy

26. Types of wind mills
1/9/2020 26
BASED ON NO. OF ROTOR BLADES:
⚫Single blade
⚫Multi-bladerotors
BASED ON AXIS OF ROTATION :
⚫Horizontal Axiswind mills (or) turbine (HAWT)
⚫Vertical Axis wind mills (or) turbine (VAWT)

27. Horizontal axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 27

28. Parts of wind turbine
1/9/2020 28
Anemometer is a device useful in
measuring wind speed and direction. It
is also the common weather station
instrument.

29. Horizontal axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 29
⚫More popular
⚫The axis of the rotor's rotation is parallel to the wind
streamand theground.
⚫ Most HAWTs today are two- or three-bladed,
though some may have feweror more blades.

30. Horizontal axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 30
There are two kinds of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines:
1. Upwind wind turbine
2. Downwind wind turbine.

31. Advantages of Horizontal axis wind
turbine
1/9/2020 31
⚫Higher stability
⚫The turbine collects the maximum amount of wind
energy
⚫ The ability to pitch the rotor blades in a storm so that
damage is minimized
⚫The tall towerallows theaccess tostrongerwind
⚫Self-starting
⚫Cheaper becauseof higher productionvolume

32. Disadvantages of Horizontal
axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 32
⚫It has difficultiesoperating near theground
⚫The tall towersand long blades
⚫ Hard to transport from one place toanother
⚫ They need a special installation procedure
⚫Theycan causea navigation problemwhen placed
offshore

33. Vertical axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 33

34. Vertical axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 34

35. Vertical axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 35
⚫The vertical axis wind turbine is an old technology,
dating back toalmost 4,000 years ago.
⚫The rotor of the VAWT rotates vertically around its
axis
⚫ This is notas efficient as a HAWT,

36. Vertical axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 36
⚫This doesoffer benefits in lowwind situationswherein
HAWTs havea hard timeoperating.
⚫It tends to be easierand safer to build,
⚫ This can be mounted close totheground and handle
turbulence betterthan the HAWT.
⚫its maximumefficiency is only 30%,

37. Types of vertical axis wind turbine
1/9/2020 37
⚫Darrieus Turbine
⚫Giromill Turbine
⚫SavoniusTurbine

38. Comparison between HAWT and
VAWT
1/9/2020 38
HAWT VAWT
Higher cost Lower cost
Less noisy More noisy
More power from wind Less power from wind
Technology fully developed Technology under developed
More efficient Less efficient
Smooth output Fluctuating output
Low starting torque High starting torque
Operates moderate wind speed Operates even in low wind speeds

39. Terms Used In Wind Energy
1/9/2020 39
1.Wind speed:
Thespeed atwhich thewind is flowing.
2. Cut-inspeed:
The minimum speed of turbine at which the
turbinestartsdeveloping power. e.g. 5 m/s
3. Cut-off (Furling) speed:
The maximum speed of turbine at which the
turbine stops developing power. e.g. 30 m/s .Its for
safeoperationof wind turbine.

40. Terms Used In Wind Energy
1/9/2020 40
4. Powerof wind,
P = 0.5 ρ A V3.
Where A – Sweptareaof rotors, V-Velocityof wind ,
ρ– Densityof air V3

41. Terms Used In Wind Energy
1/9/2020 41
5. Betz’ limitor law:
The theoretical maximum possiblepowercan be
extracted from thewind energy.
Itsvalue is 59.3% of poweravailable in thewind.

42. Terms Used In Wind Energy
1/9/2020 42
6. Powerco-efficient
Powerco-efficient is the ratioof poweroutputof
the turbine to the poweravailable in the wind.
Powerco-efficient = Poweroutputof the
turbine/poweravailable in
thewind

43. Performance characteristics
1/9/2020 43

44. Performance characteristics
1/9/2020 44

45. Factors Affecting Performance of wind
turbine
1/9/2020 45
various factorssuch as
1. location,
2. geographical factors,
3. mechanics,
4.rotorshape/ size, etc
Outputcan be regulated by
5. constantorvariable rotational speed,
6. adjustableand non-adjustable blades.

46. Power equation and Betz criteria
1/9/2020 46

47. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 47

48. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 48

49. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 49

50. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 50

51. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 51

52. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 52

53. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 53

54. Power equation and Betz criteria(contd.,)
1/9/2020 54
⚫A German physicist Albert Betz
concluded in 1919 that no wind turbine
can convert more than 16/27 (59.3%) of
the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy turning a rotor.
⚫This is known as the Betz Limit or Betz'
Law.