Global Warming Effects On Earth's Climate And Tropical Cyclones

The Effects Of Global Warming On The Earth
Presently, climate change is one of the largest threats to the Earth, and all recent research points to
an anthropogenic cause. As humans burn fossil fuels, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases
enter the atmosphere where they remain at unprecedented levels. As a result, greenhouse gases
absorb infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and trap the radiation as heat, which should have left
the atmosphere and entered outer space. This heat causes a gradual increase in the average
temperature of the oceans and atmosphere, which scientists believe is permanently changing the
climate of the Earth. Global warming is already greatly altering the surface of the planet, with many
observable effects that include sea level rise, droughts, species loss, glacier melt, and ocean
acidification (U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2016b). Recent studies also
indicate that global warming is also responsible for altering the frequency and intensity of tropical
cyclones. Observation has pointed towards warming ocean temperatures as responsible for fueling
stronger hurricanes and the creation of fewer storms annually. This phenomenon is of concern due to
the historically immense damage caused by high intensity tropical cyclones. A tropical cyclone is a
low–pressure system that typically forms in the tropics, and is frequently accompanied by
thunderstorms, heavy rain, and wind speeds as high as 190 miles per hour (Ahrens 2015). This type
of storm system begins with a
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To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the...
To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms? (40
marker) A tropical revolving storm is a term that covers hurricanes, tropical cyclones, typhoons and
willy–willies. These intense low–pressure weather systems are associated with catastrophic wind
speeds averaging at 120kmph and torrential rainfall. Tropical revolving storms are huge and
extremely violent extending to about 500km in diameter. They occur in the tropics and the sub–
tropics and form over the oceans where sea surface temperatures are above 27'C. Tropical storms are
natural hazards, a natural event brought about by weather or climate that threatens life and property,
and therefore cannot be prevented, however there are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural approaches may also be necessary to protect coastal areas. Preparedness includes the
education of populations. People need to know the dangers and what they can do to avoid them. In
Florida, evacuation routes have been prepared and cyclone shelters are clearly signed and posted.
Planning includes land–use planning. This regulation is used to reduce the vulnerability of people
and property so for example, only low value land uses (recreational) can occupy coastal strips, the
areas most vulnerable to a storm. In Northeast Florida, coastal properties have been rallied above the
ground on stilts and have non–residential functions on the ground (storage). This means that hazards
like the storm surges do not impact the people and less damage occurs to infrastructure. Warning
systems put in place to predict incoming storms inform the public about them. This is linked with
the effectiveness of the government and how developed the country is. A less developed country is
less likely to have the money to be able to afford such technology and equipment meaning that no
matter what form of planning or preparedness occurs, mitigation is less likely to be achieved. More
developed countries have the money to install advanced technology and equipment to ensure that
their population can be warned meaning that lives can be saved. In late August 2005, Hurricane
Katrina swept onto the coast of Louisiana with winds of over 160km per

Hurricanes Are The Most Violent Weather Forms On Earth
What is a Hurricane? Hurricanes are the most violent weather forms on Earth. They may be called
typhoons or cyclones depending on where it occurs but the scientific term for these storms is a
tropical cyclone. Hurricanes can reach wind speeds of 200 mph. Most hurricanes last up to a week
travelling 10–20 mph over the ocean. Hurricanes move counter–clockwise around the "eye"(the
center of the storm). The eye is the calmest part of the storm, it only has light winds and fair
weather. When hurricanes come into land they can cause lots of destruction, they destroy buildings,
trees and cars.
How does a Hurricane Form?
Hurricanes require warm, moist air as basic ingredients. Generally the origins of such storms are in
equatorial

Hurricane Lab Report
A tropical wave developed into a tropical depression about 140 mi (230 km) east of the Yucatán
Peninsula on August 17. Moving north–northwestward, the depression soon strengthened into a
tropical storm. Early on August 18, the system crossed the Yucatán Channel and entered the Gulf of
Mexico. While nearing the coast of Louisiana on August 19, the storm slowed down, turned
westward, and intensified into a Category 1 hurricane. Late on August 19, the hurricane attained its
maximum sustained wind speed of 80 mph (130 km/h). The cyclone curved west–northwestward
and weakened slightly before making landfall near Crystal Beach, Texas, with winds of 75 mph (120
km/h) around 13:00 UTC on August 21. At landfall, the barometric pressure fell to 992 ... Show
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It gradually intensified, and reach hurricane status south of Jamaica on August 25. The hurricane
then curved northwest and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane on August 27. Early the following
day, the cyclone made landfall near Cancún, Quintana Roo, with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). The
storm weakened to a Category 1 during its brief transit across the Yucatán Peninsula, before re–
intensifying into a Category 2 hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico late on August 28. The hurricane
quickly strengthened, and attained its peak intensity on August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with
winds of 115 mph (185 km/h). However, nearing the Texas Gulf Coast, the storm waned in intensity,
and was only a Category 1 hurricane by the time it made a final landfall near Matagorda, Texas, on
August 30. Continuing inland, the hurricane weakened, and dissipated into a remnant low on August
31.[4] At the hurricane's first landfall near the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula, little
information was documented on the storm's impacts.[3] However, as the storm approached the
Texas coast, widespread evacuations took place, including the evacuation of roughly 50,000 people
from Galveston alone. Upon making landfall, the hurricane caused extensive damage in coastal
regions. In Matagorda, storm surge

Cyclone Yasi Recovery
The local government responded to Cyclone Yasi by developing a recovery plan. In a recovery plan
it has to have the preparation plan for the disaster if it is ever to occur again which is likely as
Queensland is a region where there is a possibility for a tropical cyclone to occur. The recovery plan
also includes local knowledge, resources used, skilled employees, plans that will work efficiently to
lead the recovery of future cyclone disasters and financial assistance to assist those who have
become unemployed and provide them with money so that they can get their life back on track with
new jobs. The local government was also working with Red Cross to help people that were affected
by Cyclone Yasi by providing support and resources to needed families. Many local councils around
the affected areas of North Queensland had offered assistance to the victims of Cyclone Yasi as they
gave shelter to those who needed a place to stay.
State Government Response ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These shelters were located in schools and were built to withstand category 5 cyclones such as
Cyclone Yasi and provided a place of refuge during future cyclones. In total there will be 14 cyclone
shelters throughout North Queensland which can resist category 5 tropical cyclones. As well as that,
the state government had appointed Major General Mick Slater who led the Flood Recovery
Taskforce after Cyclone Yasi hit Queensland. He was chosen to lead and work with the Queensland
Reconstruction Authority to rebuild roads, bridges, schools and other infrastructures. Overall, the
state government had helped to boost the recovery process and as well prepared North Queensland
for future cyclones with the extra nine

Hurricane Loloe Research Paper
On September 4, a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa, and by 00:00 UTC the following
day, the system organized into Tropical Depression Eight between Cabo Verde and Senegal.[4][6]
Soon after, the depression moved through Cabo Verde, and it continued northwestward due to a
passing mid–latitude trough. On September 8, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Chloe,
and it quickly intensified thereafter. The Hurricane Hunters observed winds of 86 mph (138 km/h)
on September 9, indicating that Chloe attained hurricane status while the storm was turning sharply
westward. Interaction with Hurricane Doria to the west turned Chloe more toward the northwest on
September 11. Two days later, Chloe reached peak winds of 110 mph (175 km/h)

Hurricane Sandy: The Cause And Effects Of Hurricane Katrina
On October 11th 2012, a tropical wave formed off the coast of West Africa that would soon be
associated with embodying one of the Atlantic's largest and deadliest tropical cyclones. A cyclone so
large that it spanned over 560,000 square miles, and so destructive that the National Hurricane
Center retired it's name, alongside notable Hurricane Katrina and 75 other historical cyclones. A
cyclone known under many aliases such as Frankenstorm and Superstorm, only described the sheer
complexity and oddity of this late October phenomenon. The 18th named tropical cyclone of the
2012 Atlantic Hurricane season, that packed quite a punch, was officially known as Hurricane
Sandy. Sandy affected one of the most populated regions of the U.S mainland, the ... Show more
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Though it hit land as a post tropical cyclone, it packed a punch before it was downgraded from
category one status. Sandy had done most of her damage before she even crossed land. At hurricane
status, Sandy's hurricane force winds extended outward to 175 miles and her tropical storm force
winds extend 943 miles outward. Sandy caused historic storm surge throughout the northeast,
especially in New York and New Jersey as well. Sandy had pushed up water all along the eastern
shoreline communities, along with the gravitational pull of the full moon, this was an astronomical
tide event. New Jersey's boardwalk and iconic carnival were destroyed, along with the Jersey's
coastline which was ultimately reshaped, and left eroded. New York's Metropolitan Transportation
system and The New York Stock Exchange were closed, which hasn't occurred since 9/11. New
York along with the entire northeast experienced mass power outages, displacement of houses,
flooded communities, and ruined livelihoods. Canada and Vermont also experienced strong winds,
and precipitation in snow form, which shows the mass scale of Sandy, and oddities that it brought.
Sandy's damages cost in all 68 Billion, and 65 Billion alone in the U.S, making it the second
costliest hurricane in U.S history, behind Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which costed the U.S 125
billion in damages. In all Sandy had caused 285 direct fatalities,

How Does El Niño Affect The Weather Patterns
El Niño is an anomalous, yet periodic, warming of the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
During an El Niño, these trade winds weaken, and may at times reverse from west to east. The most
persistent thunderstorms will shift from the western to the eastern and central Pacific Ocean in an El
Niño. Day–to–day variability in the weather pattern, including blocking patterns, forcing from
climate change and other factors all work together with El Niño to determine the overall weather
experienced over the timeframe of a few months. El Niño's clearest impact on northern hemisphere
weather patterns occurs from late fall through winter.
The weak El Niño in the winter of 2006–07 provided a totally different story than what we saw in
the very

Tropical Cyclone Essay
Contents of task...
A tropical cyclone is a force of Mother Nature that in most cases can leave towns and cities
extremely devastated from the destruction. Tropical Cyclones are storms that spin in a clockwise
direction and have low–pressure midpoints. In order for a Tropical Cyclone to form there are two
main variables, the earth's revolution and heat. As the ocean reaches at least 27°C, the water then
begins to evaporate creating a storm cloud. The greatest factor being the rotation of the earth, forces
the storm to begin spinning and to move in a forward direction. The centre of the storm is called
"The Eye"; this is where it is completely still. There is system in place to categorized using the
Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale.
SOURCE: http://www.jcu.edu.au/emergency/naturaldisaster/JCUPRD_056756.html
Tropical Cyclones have many secondary effects other than just winds. A major secondary effect that
impacts towns and cities is Storm Surge. A Storm Surge is defined as "a rising of the sea, which is a
result of wind and atmospheric pressure changes associated with a storm". This becomes dangerous
when certain factors come into play, such as; king tides and when such events approach coastal and
unprotected areas. http://www.google.com.au/?
gfe_rd=ctrl&ei=fJQlU8vqFsqN8QfrqIHACQ&gws_rd=cr#q=what+is+a+storm+surge
In this modern era, there are lots of products and technology that's is used to identify and predict
Tropical Cyclone's. In order to give

Severe Weather Events Paper
Severe Weather Events Paper and Presentation
Hurricanes form only in warm ocean waters near the equator. Cumulonimbus clouds are present, the
warm air over the ocean rises and high and low air pressure pushes new warm air. Then air rises and
begin to swirl. Storms north of the equator tend to spin counterclockwise while storms south spin
clockwise. When the storm keeps rotating quickly an eye forms, and when the winds reach 39 mph
it is officially a called a tropical storm. And when the storm reaches 74 mph then it is safe to call it a
tropical cyclone or hurricane. (How do hurricanes form, 2016)
In order for a hurricane to occur the atmosphere must meet certain conditions. The ocean water has
to be warm about 80 degrees Fahrenheit, because

Does Global Warming Effect Hurricane Frequency and Intensity?
Debates over the impact of global warming on weather patterns around the globe have been the
source of intense scrutiny in recent years. One such debate that has seen increased attention in the
scientific community is: What impact does global warming have on hurricane frequency and
intensity? Since the especially intense hurricane season in 2005 that spawned the devastating storms
of "Katrina" and "Rita" this question has spawned a lot of media attention as well. However before
we can even begin to answer the question posed by the title of the paper we must first explore; What
is a hurricane? How it is formed? And we must also examine what is meant by the term global
warming? Firstly hurricanes, otherwise known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Larsen, 2008) In fact many scientific experts seem to agree that there has not been a long term
increase in hurricane activity, instead there is more evidence that suggests hurricane numbers rise
and fall in natural cycles and that people should not believe there is a link in global warming and
hurricane frequency. (Kunzig, 2006) Over the last two decades there have been several studies
trying to prove a link between the rise in global temperature and the storms forming over the ocean.
One such research project was a joint effort that involved researchers from Florida State University
and the University of Wisconsin in Madison. Their research used satellite based equipment to
measure the wind speeds of tropical cyclones forming over the oceans. The measurements came
from a time period between 1981–2006, during that time period the measurements collected showed
that the average wind speed of the strongest tropical cyclones increased by a significant amount. The
average wind speed increase was about 25 km/h with the range being between 225 km/h to 251
km/h. (Larson, 2008) The Florida State & Wisconsin universities research team's data seems to point
to a positive correlation between a rise in SST (Sea Surface Temperature) and an increase in storm
intensity. However there was no supporting data to show any increase in the amount of storms

1999 Atlantic Hurricane Season
The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season had five Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in
a single season in the Atlantic basin, later tied in 2005. The season officially began on June 1, and
ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most
tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. It was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent
La Niña that developed in the latter half of 1998. The first storm, Arlene, formed on June 11 to the
southeast of Bermuda. It meandered slowly for a week and caused no impact on land. Other tropical
cyclones that did not affect land were Hurricane Cindy, Tropical Storm Emily, and Tropical
Depression Twelve. Minor impact on land was caused by Hurricanes

Tropical Wave Research Paper
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on September 14. After
detaching from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on September 18,[7] the wave quickly
developed into a tropical depression about 575 mi (925 km) west of the Cabo Verde Islands.[3]
Moving northwestward, the depression intensified according to ships and satellite imagery,[7]
becoming Tropical Storm Faye on September 19.[3] The cyclone then moved westward and was
unable to intensify further due to increasing wind shear,[7] before weakening to a tropical
depression on September 23.[3] Shortly thereafter, Faye turned to the north, crossing an upper
trough axis over the central Atlantic. Southwesterly flow aloft allowed the system to re–strengthen,
[7] ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The southern portion of the system became stationary near the Bahamas; simultaneously, a cut–off
upper–level low formed in the same region. The disturbance produced scattered convection, until a
tropical wave merged with it on October 23. The system developed into a subtropical depression by
October 24, while located about 100 mi (160 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida. The depression
drifted northward on October 25 and eventually acquired tropical characteristics by October 26. Due
to tropical storm force winds, the system was reclassified as Tropical Storm Hallie, while situated
about 100 mi (160 km) east of Charleston, South Carolina. Hallie accelerated to the northeast
starting on October 26. By the following day, Hallie peaked with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). Later
that day, Hallie merged with a frontal zone and became extratropical offshore

Cyclone Yasi Research Paper
exteriors which can be vast in size. They form over tropical oceans and can create disaster when
they approach the shore. They are formed in the world's tropics and an example of a cyclone that hit
Australian Queensland was cyclone Yasi in 2011. Cyclone Yasi collided with Queensland's Mission
Beach on 3 February. This particular cyclone was predicted to have wind speeds of over 295km/hr,
with a 500 diameter and affected over 2000km worth of land. "It's a serious event. It's the biggest
one that anyone living today has seen in Queensland," stated Professor Jonathan Nott from James
Cook University. "We've been lulled into a false sense of security in Queensland because we've been
through a fairly quiet time of cyclones since the 1970s".
The

Taking a Look at Hurricanes
Hurricanes are first formed when warm ocean water makes energy for the hurricane and causes
evaporation making air and clouds. The ocean water temperature has to achieve at least 80 degrees
fahrenheit for it to provide energy for the hurricane. The winds will then end up colliding and force
the winds upwards. After the winds have flown upward, they will flow outward above the storm
which will make the air rise. Lastly, the light winds outside the storm will let it grow into a national
storm.
There are many tropical stages a storm has to go through before reaching the final hurricane stage.
The first stage is called a tropical wave. A tropical wave storm is basically a low pressured storm
following the trade winds. The second stage is called a Tropical Disturbance. A tropical disturbance
is an area of thunderstorms that will usually form in the tropics area.These storms only last for about
a day at the most and usually produce heavy rain and gusty winds. The third stage is called a
Tropical Cyclone. A tropical cyclone is similar to a tropical wave. It produces a low pressure storm
but they develop usually over tropical and sub–tropical waters. The fourth stage is called a Tropical
Depression. A tropical depression is a medium– pressure storm with winds approximately 38 mph or
less. These storms are one of the first stages when meteorologists are studying a certain storm
forming. The fifth stage is called a Tropical Storm. These storms are very common because they are
the

Tropical Cyclone: Something That You Should Know Before It...
Tropical cyclone is the rapidly rotating storm system that has some unique characteristics of the low
pressure center, strong winds, and spiral arrangement of thunderstorm that produce heavy rain. A
simulation can be done when you blend the ingredients in the blender. Then, why tropical cyclone is
"tropical"? It is because of the geographical origin of the storm system that forms in the tropical
regions, typically between the latitudes of 30° N and 30° S**, while "cyclone" means cyclonic
nature of the storm system with blowing anticlockwise in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in
the Southern hemisphere, which the fixed and opposite direction can be explained by the Coriolis
effect**. Coriolis effect explains the cyclones in Northern hemisphere moves to the North, simply
because of the acceleration imparted by the Earth's rotation, causing the portion towards the poles of
the cyclone to be more poleward, while the equatorward portion is weakened towards the equator
such that there is a net effect that cyclones move poleward. To simplify, it is like two guys having
the competition of tug of war, one having more strength acting the poleward movement while
another one having less strength acting the equatorward movement. In most of the countries, even in
Hong Kong, citizens will treat tropical cyclones as natural disaster, or even a catastrophe when a
hurricane wipes out the American coast. But is it true that tropical cyclones bring disadvantages
only, without any

Rainfall Due to Hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere...
Hurricane Irene affected the Caribbean and much of the United States' east coast and was one of the
most damaging tropical cyclones of the 2011 Atlantic tropical cyclone season. Irene originated east
of the Lesser Antilles from a well defined Atlantic tropical wave in that area, and became Tropical
Storm Irene on August 20, 2011. Irene reached its highest point as a 120 mph Category 3 hurricane.
Irene was ranked the seventh costliest hurricane with damages that cost around $15.6 billion in the
United States. Irene produced record breaking rainfall across the mid Atlantic and northeastern
United States. The highest rainfall recorded during Hurricane Irene's storm run was in Bayboro,
North Carolina at about 15.7 inches of rain. At ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study that was analyzed utilizes a Geographic Information System (GIS) to characterize the
spatial patterns of rainfall produced by Irene and to classify other tropical cyclones that took the
same track as Irene over the United States. A GIS is a system that is designed to capture, store,
maneuver, examine, manage, and present all types of geographical data. In order to use the GIS they
first had to identify analog tropical cyclones that took a path similar to Irene over the United States
which they obtained from HURDAT. HURDAT, or the North Atlantic hurricane database, is the
system that keeps all the records for all tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and
the Caribbean Sea, since 1851. Once similar tropical storms were obtained, then the latitude and
longitude coordinates from the six hourly positions of Irene were entered into the GIS and the points
were then transformed into a line feature. This line feature represents Irene's track and it was
buffered by 200 kilometers to allow for the tropical cyclones to be analyzed in this study region. The
tropical cyclones that were similar to Irene were then imported into the GIS. Once the buffer was
applied there were twenty five tropical cyclones with tracks similar to that of Irene. But the track of
the hurricanes wasn't the only thing being studied here, we still have to take

The Saffair-Simpson Hurricane
What is a hurricane? According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a
hurricane is a type of storm called a tropical cyclone, which forms over tropical or subtropical
waters. A tropical cyclone is a low–pressure rotating weather system that is indeed organized by
different thunderstorms. Every year many catastrophes happen around the world causing major
deaths and tons of destruction.
According to Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained surface winds of less than 39 miles per
hour (mph) are called tropical depressions. Those with maximum sustained winds of 39 mph or
higher are called tropical storms (What). After winds reach 74 mph, that is when it's considered a
hurricane. The Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale is a 1 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was able to respond a lot faster and to some level took it into good hands. A good thing FEMA did
was not stopping the voluntary support and supplies, which came from all over, so they were a lot
more prepared. Comparing city government actions during and after Sandy and Katrina is like
comparing night and day, with one capable of springing into action, the other incapacitated by
systemic breakdowns and leadership vacuums (Citiwire).
Another difference concerns the public housing. Sandy revealed how public housing has been built
on the most vulnerable New York sites, which took damage severe. Katrina, though, became an
excuse for New Orleans leadership, with a more–than–willing federal government, to demolish
undamaged, solidly built public housing from the 1930s. Replacements are privately developed and
economically mixed, with only a small percentage of public housing units.
Both cities suffered a health care crisis, but with a difference. New Orleans closed its public
hospital, considered one of the country's best, even though it was restored and patient–ready. It
demolished a working class neighborhood in order to build a new, oversized, private medical

Research Paper on Hurricane Wilma
Hurricane Wilma
November 24, 2015
Geology 1401
Introducion: Cyclones, Hurricanes, and Typhoons, these cyclonic storms are known by many names
but are all born from the same mechanism: low pressure systems. Also known as depressions.
Thankfully, most hurricanes form only during hurricane season, which is from June 1st to November
30th. Within this season about 85 percent of the most intense hurricanes and 60 percent of minor
Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes originate from African easterly waves (NOAA Cyclone
Report). These waves, which have a wavelength of 2000 to 2500 kilo–meters, originate close to or
from the highlands of Ethiopia, Africa. Not all easterly waves become hurricanes, but the ones that
do travel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thanks to its 213 trillion teraflops, NOAA is able to release fairly accurate 5 day forecasts of
hurricanes. Granted, after 3 days the accuracy of these forecasts declines but they do serve as very
accurate maps within those first 3 days.
Hurricane Wilma On the evening of October 15, 2005 tropical depression number 24 appeared in
Atlantic Ocean, its winds at a mere 35 kilo–meters per hour, pressure of about 1004 mb and heading
West at a pace of 5 kilo–meters per hour. In the next few hours, the winds of depression number 24
gradually increased to 45 km/h and on the morning of October 16, it had reached speeds of 55 km/h.
On the 17nth of October this depression developed into tropical storm "Wilma", with wind speeds at
about 65 km/h and an internal pressure of 1000 mb. At about 10 A.M the Yucatan Peninsula was
issued a warning, alerting them of the possible dangers from Wilma. Following an erratic pattern of
movement, experts were not sure where Wilma was headed. On the morning of October 18 Wilma
was about 810 km from Punta Allen, Mexico. Wilma once again intensified reaching speeds of 120
km/h, by the end of the day it was officially a category II hurricane at 175 km/h. On the 19nth at 4
A.M, about 595 km from Punta Allen, Mexico hurricane Wilma quickly reached wind speeds of 280
km and pression levels of 980 mb, at these speeds Wilma was now classified as a category V. The
rate at which

Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change
Tropical cyclones (TCs) are of the most extreme and dangerous weather phenomena on Earth. In the
United States, landfalling TCs account for an average of $10 billion damages annually (Pielke et al.
2008). Hurricane Katrina (2005) alone caused $81 billion of damages and took more than 1,800
lives away. In developing countries, TC landfalls can be extremely detrimental. For example,
Cyclone Nargis (2008) took more than 130,000 lives in Myanmer (Burma) . Due to the catastrophic
nature of TCs, substantial efforts have been devoted to short–term predictions of TC track and
intensity in an effort to minimize the damages and casualties. In recent years, the relationship
between TC activity and climate change has attracted strong attentions in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At intraseasonal (30–90 day) scale, the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO, Madden and Julian 1972)
has substantial impacts upon retional TC activities in multiple basins; Indian Oceans (Hall et al.
2001, Bessafi and Wheeler 2006), western North Pacific (e.g., Liebmann et al. 1994), eastern North
Pacific (e.g., Maloney and Hartmann 2000a), and Gulf of Mexico (Maloney and Hartmann 2000b).
Association of these modes of variabilities to TC activity has contributed to substantial increase of
understanding in long–term variation of TC activities in different regions. It is also true that the
modulations of seasonal to interannual variations of TC activities by these modes of variability
complicate the separation of natural variabilities and climate change signal. Recent studies have
identified some emerging trends in regional TC activities. Using observed TC track data, Webster et
al. (2005) reported increasing trends in intense (Category 4+ in the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale)
TCs in all TC basins. North Atlantic TC activity over the past 30–years has particularly attracted
strong interest in part due to the availability of more reliable observed TC track data (discussed later
in the chapter) and the noted increasing trends both in frequency and intensity. Increase of North
Atlantic intense storms is reflected to the increasing trend of the overall destructiveness of
hurricanes, as measured by the

Atlantic Hurricane Season: A Case Study
The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 2015. It was a near average season in
which twelve tropical cyclones formed. Eleven of the twelve designated cyclones attained tropical
storm status. Of the eight tropical storms, four reached at least Category 1 hurricane intensity. The
2015 season extended the period without major hurricane landfalls in the United States to ten years,
with the last such system being Hurricane Wilma in 2005. The lack of activity was primarily
attributed to an atmospheric circulation that favored dry, sinking air over low latitudes to the west of
40°W and westerly wind shear enhanced by El Niño. A few notable events occurred during the
season. Ana was the first tropical cyclone to form in the off–season since 2012. Fred was one of the
easternmost tropical storms recorded and made landfall in Cape Verde as a Category ... Show more
The month of June featured one tropical cyclone, Bill, which formed on June 16. Claudette, the only
system in the month of July, developed on July 13. The rate of tropical cyclogenesis increased in
August, though no storms developed in the first half of the month. Danny, the season's first major
hurricane, formed on August 16, followed by Erika on August 24, and Fred on August 30.
September, which is climatological peak of hurricane season, featured five additional tropical
cyclones – Grace, Henri, Tropical Depression Nine, Ida, and Joaquin. The most intense storm of the
season was Joaquin, which peaked as a strong Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds
of 155 mph (250 km/h), just short of Category 5 on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.
Joaquin lasted into October, though no other systems developed that month. The season's final
cyclone, Kate, developed on November 8 and became extratropical on November

The Threat Of The Tropical Cyclone
Introduction
Throughout the nation, natural, technological, and man–made disasters jeopardizes communities as
a whole. Many people rely on their local communities emergency preparedness plans, while they
should be utilizing their knowledge, information provided for them, and using their capabilities to
ready themselves and their families. The outcome that can come from any disastrous event mainly
relies on how you respond to the specific threat, and the steps one takes to minimize the risks of
such a scenario. Being from Florida, I have been subject to several types, and forms, of disasters;
but the most common and the one that can pose one of the greatest threats is the tropical cyclone,
also known as the hurricane. When concerning this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many times, these choices can be based on their previous experience and their knowledge of tropical
cyclones. Many families, including my own, that has been a resident of Florida for a multitude of
years has experienced numerous storms and aware of their capabilities. Over the past quarter decade
alone, there have been severe landings that have stricken the Florida Coast line, such as Hurricane
Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Irene in 1999, and the four storms that landed in 2004, Hurricanes
Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne.
All of these landings have convinced many people to seek further knowledge and to conduct better
preparation standards in the inevitability of another landing. In fact, Chris Landsea, through the
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration Hurricane Research Division states, "For
the U.S., the locations that have the highest chances are the following: Miami, Florida – 48%"(
2014). This means that every year Florida, Miami more specifically, has a forty–eight percent
chance of being hit by a hurricane. With the high percentage of Florida possibly being struck each
year, many residents have possibly become disillusioned about the possible catastrophic damage
these storms can truly cause.
In addition to the residential firsthand knowledge, and reoccurrence of these natural disasters,
another aspect that can affect the decisions

Describe And Evaluate The Causes And Effects Of Hurricanes
A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on October 9. After reaching
the southwestern Caribbean, convection intensified near the center and organized into a broad low
on October 21, possibly due to a cold front that moved into the region. After a marked increase in
convection near and west of the center, a tropical depression developed early on October 23 about
60 mi (97 km) north of Isla de Providencia. The depression moved northward into a weakness in a
ridge near Florida, caused by a broad mid–level trough over the Southeastern United States.
Initially, the depression intensified gradually, becoming Tropical Storm Rina early on October 24.
After a decrease in easterly wind shear, however, Rina rapidly deepened while crossing warm
waters, reaching hurricane status at 18:00 UTC on October 24 and becoming a major hurricane ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While moving west–northwest and northward along the western periphery of the ridge, the cyclone
weakened to a tropical storm on October 27. Later that day, Rina curved northward. Around 02:00
UTC on October 28, Rina struck Quintana Roo about 12 mi (19 km) southwest of Playa del Carmen
with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h). The storm left little impact in the Yucatán Peninsula due to its
weakened state. Rina degenerated into a remnant low late on October 28, upon emerging into the
Yucatán Channel. The remnant low dissipated near the western tip of Cuba on October 29.[96] A
cold front, combined with moisture from Rina, resulted in 5–7 in (130–180 mm) of rainfall across
parts of South Florida in less than six hours, causing street flooding and leaving water damage in at
least 160 homes and buildings in Broward County alone.[97] Farther north, two tornadoes touched
down in the vicinity of Hobe Sound, one of which damaged 42 mobile homes, 2 vehicles, and a
number of

Cyclone Pam, Hurricane Katrina, And Typhoon Usagi: What...
Cyclone Pam, Hurricane Katrina, and Typhoon Usagi: What Makes Them Different?
Illustrious scientists from around the world are in accordance: climate change is happening, and it's
increasing the frequency and severity of our natural disasters. According to the report published in
2012 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the "[a]verage tropical cyclone maximum
wind speed is likely to increase." This has already come to pass, with recent years seeing the
strongest recorded wind speeds of tropical cyclones. Additionally, the rate at which both Category 4
and 5 hurricanes appear around the world has essentially doubled since the 1970s.
What is the difference though? Is a hurricane worse than a cyclone? What about a typhoon? Any

Sci 209 Week 4 Paper
Oceans, Hurricanes, and the Climate
SCI 209
Your Name
March 01, 2010
Introduction
Natural disasters occurring from the climate change could be on the rise. Global warming has been
rumored to be causing more hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones, heavier monsoonal rains that cause
major flooding, mud slides, and other disasters worldwide. A tropical cyclone, also referred to as
hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones, depending on where in the world the cyclone is occurring, are
one of the world's grandest shows of energy provided by nature. Hurricanes are large, swirling, low
pressure storms that have sustained winds of over 74 miles an hour and are formed over warm ocean
waters (NASA, n.d.). The purpose of this paper is to discuss hurricanes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Beta drift is caused by the Coriolis Effect and tends to have more effect on the storm as it grows due
to the increased effect at higher latitudes. Other factors such as high pressure ridges, wind shear,
other hurricanes, land masses, and the jet stream also have a steering effect on hurricanes. With all
the different factors of propagation, the path a hurricane will take is very difficult to calculate.
Ocean Currents and Hurricanes Ocean currents effect hurricanes far more than hurricanes effect
ocean currents. Surface ocean currents carry the warm waters to the hurricane breeding areas and
fuel the storms with warm currents along their paths. Cold water currents also play a major role in
robbing the storms of one of their sources of fuel when hurricanes pass over the colder currents, like
the ones along the eastern U.S. border. Hurricanes with their strong winds cause huge waves, mix
warm surface waters and their currents, with the deeper cooler water. Not much is known about
what happens to that warmer water once it has been sunk into the depths of the ocean but some
suggest that the heat is transported towards the poles via ocean currents (Bettex, n.d.). The Gulf of
Mexico's loop current creates large warm water eddies in the gulf and is likely intensifying
hurricanes that pass over them. These eddies are blamed for fueling some of the worst storms ever,
like Katrina and Rita ("Ocean Motion and Surface Events", n.d.).
Hurricanes, Storm

Hurricane Research Paper
The hurricane began as a tropical wave–a westbound low–pressure area–first observed southeast of
Cape Verde on 29 August.[1] Traversing the tropical Atlantic, the wave retained a minimum
barometric pressure of about 1010 mbar (hPa; 29.83 inHg) and strengthened briefly the following
day.[2][3] By 1 September, however, the wave had become rather weak and indiscernible; it would
remain as such for much of its early existence till 6 September, by which time it had moved past the
Windward Islands. In this region the system became sufficiently organised to be classified as a
tropical depression at 18:00 UTC that same day, about north–north–west of Grenada.[4][5] Some six
hours after its inception the depression strengthened to a tropical storm over the ... Show more
Intensification remained gradual until the hurricane moved into the Gulf of Honduras by 10
September, when the hurricane began to rapidly intensify. At 00:00 UTC on 10 September, the
cyclone intensified into a Category 2 hurricane. The storm strengthened further before reaching its
peak intensity with as a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 135 mph (215
km/h) at 1800 UTC.[5] The strong hurricane made landfall on Belize City at the same intensity two
hours later. A barometer in the city recorded a minimum pressure of 952 mbar (hPa; 28.12 mbar);
this was the lowest barometric pressure measured in association with the storm.[2] The hurricane
substantially weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and had weakened to tropical storm strength by
the time it had entered the Bay of Campeche. Despite moving back over water, the tropical cyclone
continued to weaken in the bay,[5] and made its final landfall roughly 60–70 mi (95–110 km) north
of Tampico, Mexico, with winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) at around 00:00 UTC on 13 September.[2]
Over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, the storm quickly weakened, and dissipated later on 13

Tropical Storm Bret And The Tropical Storm Of Bermuda
On July 17, an area of showers and thunderstorms, associated with the same frontal system that
spawned Tropical Storm Bret, consolidated around a developing area of low pressure about 345 mi
(555 km) west–southwest of Bermuda. Tracking east–northeastward, the system gradually organized
and became better defined. The disturbance produced moderate rains while passing south of the
territory, peaking at 1.16 in (29 mm); gusty winds were also observed. At 06:00 UTC on July 20, the
low developed into a tropical depression east of Bermuda. Embedded within the mid–latitude
westerlies, the depression moved northeast and maintained this general direction for the remainder
of its existence.[38]
Six hours after formation, the system strengthened into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Despite low shear, Don was met with a significantly more stable environment as it emerged into the
Gulf of Mexico.[39]
Convection around the center of the storm gradually diminished as a result of a lack of vertical
instability, and a decrease in sustained winds was observed accordingly. Don weakened to a tropical
depression as it moved ashore in Texas, along the Padre Island National Seashore, and continued
west–northwestward thereafter; the system degenerated into a remnant area of low pressure by
06:00 UTC on July 30. As a tropical cyclone, Don prompted tropical cyclone advisories for the
southern Texas coastline. Due to its abrupt weakening prior to landfall, rainfall totals and wind
observations along the warned areas were scarce; a maximum precipitation total of 2.56 in (65 mm)
was documented near Bay City, Texas, and a peak wind gust of 41 mph (66 km/h) was recorded at
Waldron Field. The storm produced storm surge values lower than 2 ft (0.61 m) as well. Damage, if
any, was minimal.
A tropical wave emerged off the west coast of Africa on July 25. Tracking westward, the disturbance
gradually consolidated as multiple centers of circulation eventually dissipated and a new one
formed. A marginally favorable atmospheric environment allowed for convection to develop, and a
reconnaissance aircraft flight into the system

Climate Change Is Caused By Human Activities
According to the new Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) 2013, in Southeast Asia, temperature has been increasing at a rate of 0.14 to 0.20 degree
Celsius per decade since the 1960s while rainfall from extreme rain days has increased by 10
millimeters per decade. Both of these increments are caused by climate change. In addition to
increase of temperature and extreme precipitations, climate change also increases landslides,
exacerbates soil erosion, causes flooding, and raises the sea level (Barnett et al. 2007). Previously,
climate change was believed to happen naturally. However, over the years, scientists have started to
argue that anthropogenic factors are the main contributor. Scientists have also been more confident
and forthright in informing the public that climate change is caused by human activities. The IPCC
Fifth Assessment Report mentions that "human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history" (2013). In addition, most of
the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid–20th century is very likely due
to the observed increase in anthropogenic Green House Gas (GHG) concentrations (IPCC AR4
2007). In fact, there are many other anthropogenic impacts that cause climate change. In this paper, I
will discuss the impacts of climate change on wetlands, forest fires and tropical cyclones in
Southeast Asia, and the adaptations

The Coriolis Effect On Hurricanes
Have you ever wondered exactly how bad a hurricane can get? Hurricane Andrew was the costliest
hurricane in United States history.
First you should know how a hurricane forms. In order for a hurricane to form, the Coriolis Effect
must be strong enough to initiate the tropical cyclone's rotation. Pre–existing low–pressure systems,
such as ocean temperatures of 80 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, or a slight disturbance in the weather
could cause a hurricane to be formed, but the upper air circulation has to support a thunderstorm
formation first. The vertical wind shear must be low to support the structure of a tropical cyclone,
because if the wind shear gets too high it will break the structure, not allowing the cyclone to form.
Once formed tropical cyclones can support and sustain themselves. As the wind diverges at the top
of the cyclone, the diversion draws more air upwards, resulting in a low pressure at the surface
leading to the further uplift of air. A continuous process of release of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A total of $10+ billion in residential homestead and $16 billion in insured damages was made by the
cyclone. It destroyed 25,524 homes and damaged another 101,241, with 90% of mobile homes
completely demolished, only 9 were spared out of 1,176. It wiped out 9,500 traffic signs and signals,
3,300 miles of power lines, 3,000 water–mains, 59 health facilities, 31 public schools, 32,900 acres
of farmland and 82,000 businesses. 1.4 million people lost electricity and 150,000 lost telephone
service. The cyclone had completely altered the landscape of South Florida and caused a building
code to be instated in Florida. A total of 66 fatalities were reported, with 26 dead directly by the
storm and 40 indirectly.
In conclusion, Hurricane Andrew was the costliest natural disaster in US history. It was small, but
powerful with a diameter of 40 miles wide. It wasn't until 1993 that it was given its

Forecasting A Hurricane Essay
When we hear about hurricanes on the news or how one might be closing in on where we live we
mostly think of how we are going to protect our self. However, there is one thing that I think most
people do not stop and ponder, which is how does a hurricane even get forecast? From the direction
it is going to be headed, to how it is categorized. The group that preforms all forecasting for tropical
cyclone activity is the National Hurricane Center (NHC) and they cover the Atlantic and Eastern
Pacific basins throughout North America. To start it begins with visual observations of the hurricane
using reconnaissance airplanes, satellites, ships, buoys, radars, and an assortment of land–based
equipment. Likewise, most of the storm's projected path and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Another tool that has recently been in use to monitor hurricanes is the NASA Global Hawk, which is
an experimental unmanned aircraft that is used to test possible operational capabilities within a
hurricane. Likewise, once a hurricane is projected to become a threat to land, the hurricane is
immediately monitored by the U.S. Air Force, and NOAA hurricane aircraft, and land stations.
One of the biggest assets that are in use is the Chief, Aerial Reconnaissance Coordination, All
Hurricanes (CARCAH) which organizes tropical cyclone scouting flights. These flights gather data
about the storm and it is sent back to the ground team of CARCAH and thoroughly checked for any
errors, before being given to the NHC and then released to the public. Another asset that is used is
the Automated Surface Observations Stations (ASOSs) and instrumented weather balloons
(radiosondes) which can deliver supplementary measurements as needed.
Overall, a lot of information goes into giving hurricane forecasts to make sure that people that might
be effected are told ahead of time so that if an evacuation is needed it can be done in the needed time

Tropical Cyclones in Australia
Location: Tropical cyclones occur in the northern part of Australia, around the periphery, or in the
tropics. The areas most affected by tropical cyclones are Queensland and Western Australia, with
New South Wales being one of the states rarely affected. The season for tropical cyclones in the
southern hemisphere is from November to April.
What is a tropical cyclone: Tropical cyclones are a type of low–pressure systems which generally
form in the tropics. They are violent storms, which rotate anti clockwise. Cloud and wind rotates a
calm central area, in the tropics (area north or south of the equator) and causes damage to people's
properties, death, destruction of recourses, and leaves people severely injured. Tropical cyclones
occur ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
State/Territory: The responsibilities vary in the different levels of government, the state has to deal
with such issues as schooling (public schools), making sure that each child has an education; if a
cyclone where to hit their responsibility would be also for the repair and maintenance of the schools.
Also policing would be an issue the state/ territory would have to deal with, making sure our
criminal system is in order, and by trying to prevent as little crime if a cyclone where to struck.
Main roads, and traffic would be a very important matter it would have to deal with, due to uneven
roads, no traffic lights, unstable ground if a cyclone where to come.
Federal: The federal responsibilities include the supervising of the local and state/territory, making
sure that they do their job to help people get through the misfortune of a cyclone. They also have the
task of quarantine, and hospitalizing the injured. In the case of a cyclone they would also have to
manage the imports of supplies to the homeless, the Medicare and wellbeing of the people that were
put through that ordeal.
How do cyclones occur or form?
For a cyclone to develop its form, stages take place for this natural hazard to occur:
Stage zero– The temperature of the ocean/sea has to be 26.5°C or over, during this stage a low
pressure system starts to gather clouds and become very stormy. Continuous cloud build up occurs,
during the night and day, due to the sun assisting to heat ocean/sea in

A Comparative Study Of The Integrated Kinnetic Energy In...
Review of "A comparative study of the Integrated Kinetic Energy in the tropical cyclones in the
north east Pacific and the north Atlantic basins"
Summary: The authors compare 2004–2013 TCs in the North Atlantic and East Pacific basins, using
IKE (TC extended best track data set) and rainfall (TRMM–3B42). The introduction defines the
concept of IKE and explains that a comparison of IKE in the EP and AL basins will be carried. The
following analysis provides the seasonal cycle of IKE and TC count, then shifts the focus to: the
relationship between IKE and TC genesis location the differences between the upper and lower
terciles of IKE in terms of:
TC track density
TC location at maximum IKE
TC genesis location the relationship between IKE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why is the analysis focused on genesis (Fig 2 and 5, Table 3)? Is there a hypothesized difference
between AL and EP when it comes to the relationship between location of genesis and maximum
IKE? What would that hypothesized difference tell us? What does the seasonal cycle of IKE and TC
count (Fig 1) tell us that is new? Are there expected differences with Fig 1 from Misra et al. (2013)?
If TC size explains most of IKE, the fact that IKE peaks in the fall should not come as a surprise:
Liu and Chan (1999) and Merrill (1984) have provided analyses of the size of TCs and have already
established that their size peaks in the Fall (Sept–Oct). Note that the direct assertion that IKE is
more sensitive to TC size than peak wind speed is nowhere to be found in either Powell and
Reinhold (2007), Misra et al. (2013) or Kozar and Misra (2015). In fact, Misra et al. (2013) state
that "the peak in TIKE is associated with a corresponding peak in larger sized storms in September"
because they also determined that there is a tendency to larger TCs in September. Kozar and Misra
(2015) note that "IKE is also tied to storm size and the many different processes that govern it."
Besides the geometry of the basin and the climatological atmospheric state, are there any other
effects that could explain the differences between AL and EP? It seems that parts of the analysis
were designed

The Intertropical Convergence Zone Plays a Large Role in...
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is a permanent low–pressure feature that lies on the
meteorological equator. It is characterisied by lots of cloud cover and precipitation (Andrews et al.,
2003). The ITCZ plays a significant role in the climate and weather events in the tropics. The clouds
created by the ITCZ also provide an important form of albedo in the tropics (Waliser and Gautier,
1993),which has an effect on global climate. Tropical events such as monsoon and cyclones occur in
the ITCZ and are products of the unique convection system found around the ITCZ (Yancheva et al.,
2007, Ferreira and Schubert, 1997).The ITCZ is a product of humid trade winds from the northern
and southern hemisphere converging and then rising. This rising of humid air usually results in
precipitation over the tropics(Waliser and Somerville, 1994). This rising of the humid air acts as the
driving force in the Hadley Cell (Waliser and Somerville, 1994). The ITCZ is a product of high
levels of solar radiation and high amounts of latent heat released from the ocean (Andrews et al.,
2003). It is important to realize that the ITCZ moves throughout the year depending on the seasons,
it is likely to be found in the southern hemisphere in the southern hemisphere summer and in the
northern hemisphere during the northern hemispheres summer. However the ITCZ is more likely to
be found in the Northern hemisphere (Waliser and Somerville, 1994). The ITCZ plays a large role in
many of the climatic

Hurricane Dora Research Paper
The 1964 Atlantic hurricane season featured Hurricane Dora, the most recent landfalling hurricane
along the First Coast of Florida. The season officially began on June 15, and lasted until November
30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in
the Atlantic basin. The season was slightly above average, with twelve total storms and six
hurricanes. All of the hurricanes strengthened into major hurricanes, which had not occurred since
1930. The first system, an unnamed tropical storm, developed on June 2, almost two weeks before
the official start of the season. Striking Florida on June 6, the storm brought localized flooding to
portions of Cuba and the Southeastern United States, leaving about $1 million in damage. The next
storm, also unnamed, developed near the end of July; it did not impact land. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The effects of Hurricanes Cleo, Dora, and Isbell combined were devastating to Florida. Cleo also
brought destruction to portions of the Caribbean, especially Guadeloupe and Haiti. After moving
inland, flooding occurred in states such as Virginia. Overall, the storm caused 219 deaths and about
$187.5 million in damage. Dora lashed much of North Florida and southeastern Georgia with
hurricane–force winds, leaving five fatalities and around $280 million in damage. In October, Isbell
brought strong winds and several tornadoes to Florida, as well as flooding in Cuba and The
Carolinas. Isbell killed seven people and left approximately $30 million in

Hurricane: The Most Powerful Storm To Hit The Earth
A hurricane is considered to be one of the most powerful storms to hit the earth. Some hurricanes
take out entire towns. These storms have the power to tear apart homes leaving many devastated.
Also it has the power to sometimes destory food supplies and take out electricity for towns.
Hurricanes are violent cyclones that develope in the Tropics and massive destruction.
A hurricane is a very violent storms. No other storm is as large and powerful as the hurricane, or
orthewise known as a cyclone or typhoon. These storms are some of the strongest(Lauber,19). A
very strong part of the storm is the surge. A surge is a rise of water. In all hurricanes, 90% of the
deaths are caused by these surges. Some surges can be 20 feet in height and 100 miles wide
(environment.nationalgeographic.com). As Treaster said "The greatest killing power is the space of
prehaps 10 to 20 miles between the sleeves, known as the eye wall." (Treaster,19). Another part of
this violent storm is its wind. A category 1 hurricane has winds up to 75–95 mph. But a category 4
hurricane can exceed wind speeds of 131–156 mph. Category 5 hurricane has wind speeds of 157
mph or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also get its name in this stage like Tropical Storm Gustave. If this storm keeps its wind speed of
more than 74 mph for an hour, then it is given the title typhoon, cylone, or hurricane, depending on
what part of the world it is in. Hurricanes get their name when their wind speeds hit around 75 mph.
Hurricanes generally strengthen over warm bodies of water and weaken over land masses.
Hurricanes are placed into categories based on their wind speed. There are five categories of these
storms. Category 1 is the weakest and five is the most powerful. Winds range from 75 to 95 mph in
the category 1. Category 2 is 96–110 mph. Category 3 is when it starts to get major at 111–129 mph.
Category 4 has whopping 130–156 mph, while category 5 exceeds 157

Hurricane Development
Meteorologists have made the lives of the general public as simple as it can be by dividing the
development of a hurricane into four stages: tropical disturbance, tropical depression, tropical storm,
and a full–fledged hurricane. During a tropical disturbance, water vapor from the warm ocean water
condenses to form clouds, which in turn discharges heat into the air. Additionally, the heated air rises
and is pulled into the column of clouds. The continued evaporation and condensation is what
constructs the cloud columns to be higher and grander. Nevertheless, a pattern develops whereby
wind begins to circulate around a center (much like water going down a funnel). The moving
column of air continues to combat more clouds, which in turn becomes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This results in the air at the top of the cloud column to cool and become volatile. Not only does heat
energy release from the cooling water vapor, the air at the top of the clouds becomes warmer.
Furthermore, air pressure increases and causes winds to move away from the high–pressure area,
which causes pressures at the surface to drop. After this chaos, the air at the surface moves towards
the lower pressure area, rises, and creates more thunderstorms. A tropical storm, which is the last
step before becoming a full–fledged hurricane and/or tropical cyclone, is when the wind speed
reaches thirty–nine miles per hour. At this point in the formation of a hurricane, the storm is finally
assigned a name. During a tropical storm, winds simply begin to blow faster and turn around the eye
of the storm. It is during a tropical storm when a phenomenon known as the Coriolis effect, the
opposite direction of circulation, is recognizable. In the northern hemisphere, wind direction is
counterclockwise (west to east), while in the southern hemisphere, wind direction is clockwise (east
to

Tropical Cyclones Essay
Geography
Natural hazards: tropical cyclones
Year 9 assessment task 3
Sam borron
Year 9
Mr Hine
Tropical cyclone Larry
Geographical processes associated with tropical cyclones
Tropical cyclones form over warm oceans (above 26.5˚ C) as low pressure systems and gradually
build up intensity. They have clockwise wind circulations and produce gale force winds. These
winds can extend hundreds of kilometers from the cyclone center
Tropical cyclones can persist for many days and many follow quite erratic pats. they usually break
up or dissipate over land or cooler oceans the circular eye or center of a tropical cyclone is an area
carctorise by light winds and often by clear sky. The diameter of the eye is usually aprrox 40 km but
can rang ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The high winds caused enormous damage to infrastructure
Approximately 40% of homes were damaged
Social impacts
Cyclone Larry took no human lives
A lot of hospital police stations and fire stations were damaged
A few people after cyclone Larry hit were psychologically damaged
Environmental impacts
Cyclone Larry destroyed 80–90% of the bananas
Scientists have calculated that around 30% of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area was impacted to
some extent by Cyclone Larry.

(1) 'Cyclone science' shows rainforest impacts and recovery
Reference: 07/44
A year on from Cyclone Larry research into the environmental impacts of the category 4/5 storm is
starting to deliver interesting results. This suite of projects involving 25 scientists from 5 institutions
was set up shortly after the cyclone hit to investigate its effects on the rainforests of the Wet Tropics.
20 March 2007
"This is probably the most comprehensive study of the environmental impacts of a tropical cyclone
ever done anywhere in the world," said the Director of the CSIRO/JCU Tropical Landscapes Joint
Venture, Professor Steve Turton.
Scientists have calculated that around 30% of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area was impacted to
some extent by Cyclone Larry.
"Fragments of remnant rainforest in otherwise cleared areas appear to have been the hardest hit," he
said.
"Cyclones are a natural process that tropical rainforest plants

A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, with winds that reaches...
A hurricane is a tropical cyclone, with winds that reaches over 74 miles per hour. In the Southern
Hemisphere a hurricane circulates clockwise, and in the Northern Hemisphere it circulates
counterclockwise. Hurricanes usually occur during the summer and fall seasons because that is
when the water temperature is at its warmest. There are various stages that a hurricane goes through
to become one and there are also various ways to track down a hurricane too.
The first stage of a hurricane is called a tropical disturbance. The wind speed is less than twenty–
five miles per hour, with a slight open circulation going on. The tropical disturbance consists of
clouds, showers, and thunderstorms, which remain intact for twenty–four hours or more. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The eye is located in the center of the hurricane. An eye wall surrounds the eye, and is the most
intense region of rainfall and winds. Hurricanes are the Earth's strongest tropical cyclones, which
can cause a significant amount of damage. It is rated according to their wind speed on the Saffir–
Simpson scale. The ranges of the scale go from one to five, with one being the weakest and five
being the strongest. When the hurricane reaches to cooler land or water, it rapidly loses its intensity.
There are many different ways to track down a hurricane and one of the ways is by a satellite. In
1960, the United States sent the first satellite to monitor the weather conditions. Technology made
launching and developing the satellite easier to track down hurricanes. Before it was hard for
meteorologist to track down hurricanes when they didn't have the technology to do so. Satellites are
constantly taking photos. These photos can help meteorologist gather information by putting the
several hours of the pictures together and predict where the hurricane is heading.
The Doppler radar is another way that meteorologist can track down a hurricane. The Doppler radar
can detect rain that is associated with the tropical cyclones. It is 200 to 250 mile distance radar
coverage. The radar estimates the amount of rain that has fallen, and it estimates the movement, and
wind speed during a

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