Cartesian And Platonic Philosophical Themes In The Matrix...

Cartesian and Platonic Philosophical Themes in The Matrix...
This essay will examine the philosophical questions raised in the movie The Matrix. It will step through how the questions from the movie directly
relate to both skepticism and the mind–body problem, and further how similarly those problems look to concepts raised by both Descartes' and Plato's
philosophies. It will attempt to show that many of the questions raised in the movie are metaphor for concepts from each philosopher's works, and why
those concepts are important in relation to how they are presented in the film. In this analysis, we will examine the questions of skepticism and the mind
–body problem separately. Part one will examine how the film broached the subject of skepticism, and in doing so how it ties in to ... Show more
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Simply put, the Matrix represent a system of complete and utter deception and cradle to grave control of those minds trapped within, all sharing the
computer generated complex illusion. The Matrix as the evil genius or malicious demon should not be difficult to grasp. The parallels are there, near
the surface, as Descartes surmises that an all–powerful malevolent entity has focused all its energies on to him to deceive him on every level of his
existence (Descartes, 49). The Matrix as a system represents that very concept; as it can change the layout of buildings and the nature of things
inside the Matrix within on a whim, it can manipulate events to influence the outcome of all of the lives contained inside, and that it shows one what
it wants one to see in order to hide the fact that they are all just dreamers trapped in capsules full of goo with cables hooked to every nerve bundle
tying the subjects nervous systems to the false reality of the Matrix (Sanders, 215). References to the Cave are not very deep below the surface either,
perhaps more prevalent than the hints of Descartes. At the same time that the Matrix is
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Understanding The Mind Body Concept
Many philosophers agree that consciousness provides a very difficult problem in understanding the mind–body concept; this is why from a materialist's
point of view, the problem is not sufficient enough for giving one's attention. Thomas Negal on the other hand, finds the problem rather interesting.
Negal's "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?" proposes a number of arguments, one of them which states that the subjective approach to the mind–body
problem should be abandoned for a more objective approach (Nagel 1974, pp. 436). The purpose of this essay is to show that Negal's arguments are
sufficient in describing whether it is indeed possible to know what it is like to be a bat, portraying his arguments in an orderly fashion, and ultimately...
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Assuming that one has to be in a conscious state of mind in order for one to understand what it is like to be something, Nagel starts off his argument
with an idea for consciousness. He criticizes the concept of functionalism for disregarding the subjective view of the mind into a purely objective
view. Taking into account what he had just stated, Nagel makes his claim: "The fact that [a bat] has conscious experience at all means, basically, that
there is something that it is like to be [a bat]" (Nagel 1974, pp. 436). This "what it is like" is the subjective aspect of Nagel's theory. He suggests that
previous theories on the mind–body problem did not capture this "subjective character of experience" (Nagel 1974, pp. 436). The "subjective
character of experience" can be defined as the idea that a certain organism can only have conscious experiences that only it can feel. Using the
subjective aspect of consciousness, Nagel explains that consciousness cannot be defined through only objective means. I agree in Nagel's stance that
the subjective experience is "not analyzable in terms of any explanatory system of functional states, or intentional states" (Nagel 1974, pp. 436).
Nagel's argument is convincing; when people feel an emotion such as pain, no one really knows how to describe it, for one person's pain might be
completely different from another's. What is there to say that feelings such as pain could be described purely through objective means? In other words,
the

What Are The Psychological Concepts Of Ryan's Subconscious...
The college years are the most influential years in a person's life. Not only do they help determine a person's future, but they also help mold and
shape a person's beliefs and personality in a way that could stick with them for many years to come. With this in mind, picking a college can be a
strenuous and time consuming task. Ryan, (a high school senior) is having especial difficulty choosing which college he should apply to. However,
whether Ryan realizes it or not, many psychological concepts are being drawn upon in his subconscious mind as he is beginning his decision making.
These concepts include, but are not limited to availability heuristic, the hippocampus, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, and self–fulfilling prophecy.
Altogether, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First of all, extrinsic motivation is occurring when a person performs a behavior or task to "...earn a reward or avoid punishment."(psychology
.about.com). In contrast, intrinsic motivation occurrs when a person performs a behavior or task because it is "...personally
rewarding..."(psychology.about.com). In other words, an example of extrinsic motivation is a child playing a sport in order to get praise from their
parents. However, an example of intrinsic motivation would be a child playing a sport because they find the activity enjoyable. Intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation pertain to the motives Ryan has for applying to a college. For example, if Ryan decided to go to the college where both his
parents went to in order to receive praise from them, that would be an extrinsic motivation. However, if Ryan decided to go toFlorida Southern College
not because both his parents went there, but because he loves the ambiance of the campus, that would be a intrinsic

Phineas Gage Dualism
In the discussion of the human mind and how it actually works, there are a few distinct philosophical concepts that many believe to be an accurate
diagnosis. Three of these views are Dualism, Physicalism, and Functionalism. They each portray a different view on how the mind functions in some
cases physically or even mentally and separate from the actual human brain. perfect way to exam these approaches is to take an in depth look at the
interesting case of Phineas Gage. Gage, born in 1823, was a railroad construction worker in the northeastern region of the United States. On
September 13th in 1848, Gage was working on a railroad project in the state of Vermont and was filling a whole with explosive gunpowder and was
packing the power in powder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These three Body–Mind views present possible ways to examine the accident that Phineas Gage suffered an entire change in personality from.
Physicalism presents the best argument for explaining the Gage case. If everything is physical it is certainly logical for the personality and thought
processes of a human to change after enduring an entirely physical injury. Physicalism suggests that everything about human beings can be explained
just by looking at the pure physical processes of the body and specifically the brain, so clearly it presents a sound argument for why Gage endured
such a drastic change in who he actually was. Gage according to dualism may have had the same mind, but according the physicalism certainly did not
have the same brain and therefore, to quote his coworkers, "was no longer

Identifying Subconscious Visual Response From Brain Signal
Identifying Subconscious Visual Response from Brain Signal Bhuyain, Md. Jahangir Hossain ID:14–26407–1 American International University
Bangladesh jahangir407@outlook.com Abstract. In our life time all of the things we do, see or listen, save in our subconscious mind. And retinal
response from subconscious mind is one of the ways to retrieve data from the subconscious memory. But it is difficult to identify the correct
subconscious trigger which causes the retinal response. (It may response by outsource like light, air, sound etc.). With these subconscious response
many important application can be built such as rapid search, analysis human behavior after all it changes the human communication system.
Though it has a great significant on our life but there is still lack of knowledge, resource and technologies. There is limited research on this topic. .
1 Introduction Subconscious mind is like a huge memory bank of virtually unlimited capacity. The function of subconscious mind is to store and
retrieve data. Its job is to ensure that we respond exactly the way we are programmed. Your conscious mind commands and your subconscious mind
obeys [9]. On the other hand, we are considering the eye to be the origin of visual perception, but are generally unaware that almost all of our body
systems are regulated in some way by what we see around us subconsciously. There are also specialized pathways from the retina that regulate hormone
secretion, our body clock and many other

Book Review Of Mind Maps For Kids By Tony Buzan
Review of Mind Maps for Kids: An Introduction by Tony Buzan Since 1974, Tony Buzan, a psychology author and educational consultant, has been
developing and promoting the concept of using diagram which representing ideas in colorful branches, keywords, and images. Mind Maps for Kids:
An Introduction, first published in 2003, is his first book written especially for younger readers aged 7 to 14 years old. Despite writing the book as a
guide for parents to help their children, Buzan writes this colorful work book with step–by–step guidelines and examples for children to use the book
by themselves for learning school subjects, remembering things, and unlocking imaginations. Buzan introduces the concept of Mind Maps in the first
chapter of the book. Starting with the concept of left and right brain in simple... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Buzan also shows that they can create a future planning with Mind Maps in "Your Dream Shop" section. In the end of the book, Buzan emphasizes
to the readers that they can apply the Mind Maps anytime, anywhere, for everything. He also encourages the readers to share their Mind Maps and
the stories of their success with him: a way to motivate children to explore the ideas in their minds and be as creative as they can. Mind Maps for
Kids: An Introduction is a simply useful book for students. The easy language Buzan provides in the book makes it easier for young readers to
understand his explanation. The colorful pictures attracts them to take interest in the contents. A 10–year–old child will likely find this book
interesting, not only for the pictures, but also the "motivational words" Buzan uses to encourage the young readers. For children who have lack of
self–confidence, this book is an enjoyable self–helper as it shows that every person can do something great if they use this "magic

Causal Completeness Research Paper
The point of this essay is to explain the concepts of Causal Completeness, Dualism, and Downward Causation. Also I will explain why these three
concepts cannot be true all at once. Lastly, I will indicate my position of those three concepts. Causal Completeness is the concept that a physical event
has a physical explanation. Every physical effect has an immediate and sufficient physical cause (Papineau 2008, p53–54). If you believe in this then
every movement and thought can be traced back to a physical event. For instance, you decided to open the door. The door is being opened by your
hand which is a physical event. The action of your hand moving is also a physical event. What causes your hand to move can be led back to another
physical... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We all have thoughts and perceptions; according to Dualism those events are not part of our bodies. Our bodies mainly focus on our actions such as
movement. But your thoughts and beliefs are stored in your mind and movements are coming from your body. Lastly, Downward Causation is when
the mind can influence physical events to occur. Our thoughts, wills, and perceptions are all connected to our minds. Every one of those can affect
our bodies to produce an action. If you believe in Downward Causation every physical movement produced is because of a mental event. For example,
deciding to sit down rather than stand up Downward Causation says the mind produced that action. You see a chair; your mind has these thoughts
which are to either sit down or stand up. Once you decide the action it goes to your body which produces your action. The fundamental trilemma of the
mind creates a problem combining all concepts Causal Completeness, Dualism, and Downward Causation. Such as, believing in Causal Completeness
and Downward Causation would eliminate Dualism. Combining those two would simply mean that the mind is physical. If Dualism were to come into
the picture it would cause a contradiction. Dualism says that mind and body are separated from one another. Physicalism states that there is a mind but
it is just part of the body another physical

The Concept Of Imagination, By Giambattista Vico And...
The concept of imagination is classified to be highly significant within the presence of our contemporary generation as it is construed from diverse
forms of perspectives. The role of imagination is defined to be imperative within the cognitive spectrum as it allows individuals to understand the
functionality of the human mind within the world (Pern 162). Furthermore, the concept of imagination is fundamental within the study of cultural
psychology, as well as apprehending the objective behind the study of semiosis (process of signs) (Pern 162). In addition, philosophers and thinkers
have centralized various forms of explanations and theories regarding the source that stimulates imagination and how it is a critical part of
understanding human behavior within society (Pern 163). For example, famous philosophers and thinkers Giambattista Vico and Thomas Hobbes
emphasized the significance of imagination and semiotic activity within their respective theories (Pern 162–163). Additionally, Vico and Hobbes
addressed similar and divergent ideologies regarding the process of imagination conceptualizing how the concept of imagination is imperative to
understanding the human experience. Giambattista Vico established his ideology concerning imagination on the grounds of independence as
imagination does fulfill the function of rationality and logical thinking. However, Hobbes held a contradictory viewpoint on the different concepts
driven by the human mind such as sensitivity,

Comparing Hume And Leibniz's Pre-Established Harmony
God is not important in the philosophy of Hume and Nietzsche given that their works refer to the tenets of naturalism rather than focusing on whether
actions are right or wrong. In fact, Nietzsche believed that God is dead. As such, he does not ascribe to the views from Kant that God's commandments
are ingrained in the rationality of human beings. According to Nietzsche, there is no such thing as moral facts. Accordingly, Hume was a naturalist
whose work was not base on deontological maxims. Both Hume and Nietzsche believed that no human belief is based on rational justification. In this
regard, the two philosophers argued that humans could not believe in morality given that none of their beliefs has a rational basis.
Leibniz's "Pre–established Harmony" refers to a philosophical theory relating to causation whereby every substance affects only itself, but every
substance interacts casually with each other because God has programmed them to complement each other. Leibniz's uses the Pre–established Harmony
to explain how the mind interacts with the body. With regard to the Pre–established Harmony, Kant would have termed it an unjustified fantasy.... Show
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However, Hegel questions the authenticity of Leibniz's assertion by asking why God could not choose any other means if he merely uses evil to
achieve good. Hegel's seeks to understand the appearance of evil in humanity and the justification of wickedness that offends humanity. Leibnitz
discusses three forms of evil namely natural evil, Moral evil, and metaphysical evil. Hegel interprets Leibnitz metaphysical evil in order to understand
how the world is and how it ought to

The Human Mind In William Golding's Lord Of The Flies
Many have looked at Freud's description of the human mind as something that describes people and the way of their behavior. Freud's division of
the human mind consists of three things: the ID, the Ego and the Superego. In William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies, these Freudian concepts
can be compared to the characters of Jack, Piggy, and Ralph. Jack fits into the concept of the Id that overpowers the Ego and Superego, as is seen in
his violent urges, carrying out of killing things and the negative steps he takes in getting there. Piggy fits into the concept of the Superego, in the
sense that Piggy is logical and follows the rules. And Ralph fits into the concept of the Ego, as he is caught between pleasing the Superego (Piggy) and
the Id (Jack).
BODY 1 In Freud's behavioral concepts, ID is the concept in which the part of the mind that exert our instinctual impulses and is the only element of
the three that is present at birth. It's what we pleasure and strive based on observation ("Id, ego, and super–ego"). In Golding's novel, Jack best
represents ID as he's always doing as he pleases, not listening to what others have to say, and seeking pleasure in torturing Ralph and Piggy, as well as
hunting. One example of this is when Jack leaves with a group of littluns to go hunting instead of tending to the fire. This shows that he does as he
wishes without looking at the consequences or letting Ralph know of his doings. Another example would be when Jack, along with his band

Differences Between Plato And Aristotle
When discussing the theory of knowledge between Plato and Aristotle, it comes to no surprise that these two men have contributed such tremendous
ideas, concepts and information pertaining to the field of philosophy. We constantly are seeking to find out more information on how these two men
have opened up such an interesting and educational concept, and how we can apply these theories and information to better understand our own lives.
We as scientists and psychologists are constantly asking ourselves the question of Nature vs. Nurture, and how we can come close to some form of an
answer to it. Plato believed that the mind and the soul were one in the same, and believed in more of concepts and theories to ensure and prove his
ideas. However, Aristotle believed that the mind and the soul were two separate entities entirely and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thankfully, we are able to access the world of how Psychology and philosophy really began, and how these two men were able to create a basic
understanding of their world around them and how they contributed to it. Without these astonishing Men giving their perspectives in the line of
philosophy and psychology, we may never been able to ask ourselves questions like "how do the mind and body contribute to one another?" or "How
is the mind separate from the soul?" Or any of the other questions that keep psychology alive and thriving. Unfortunately there are no right or wrong
answers to the question of Nature vs. Nurture, except that both of these concepts can be it. Both Nature and Nurture of a human being will influence
the behaviors and outcomes of individuals. Allowing us to accept this answer allows us to take both of these philosophers' concepts into consideration
and really have a definite answer as to why humans behave and act like they

The And The Modern Education System
If the body and the mind are considered as a unity, it would be unwise to ignore the importance of the body. However, that is exactly the case with
the modern education system. To prepare their students for tomorrow's world, many schools and teachers try to develop students' minds by
increasing the required course work and the amount of standardized tests. However, they worsen a student's body condition by depriving him/her of
the time to play and exercise. In "The Play Deficit," the Dr. Gray believes that "the decline in opportunity to play has been accompanied by a decline
in empathy and a rise in narcissism" (Gray). Playing is a physical experience that develops the body and the mental capacity to understand other
people. The lack of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical education enhances the mind through giving students a healthier body, but many schools have overlooked this fact. Carlson's and Gray's
ideas are also well connected to the concept of mindful learning. In "Mindful Learning," Langer discusses how applying mindfulness to learning
processes can free our brains from forming a mindset that limits our ideas. We can justify Dr. Gray's argument using the ideas of mindful learning.
Dr. Gray believes that playing is learning, as children can learn many life lessons when they are enjoying their time. Langer explains mindful
learning by suggesting that "tasks are inherently good or bad. To get through the bad ones, we should look forward to the good ones, or perhaps
'add a little sugar to help the medicine go down'" (222). If having fun is the good task, and learning academic lessons is the bad task, then playing is
exactly the "sugar" that helps the learning process. When people are doing what they like, engagement in these tasks leads to mindful learning. In
addition to Gray's ideas, we can also see how Carlson's argument is closely related to mindful learning. Carlson suggests that lack of exercise can lead
to passive experience in learning. Meanwhile, Langer suggests that, contrary to mindfulness, the process of mindless learning occurs in passive learning
as

Rene Descartes Meditations: Distinction Between Mind And Body
In this paper I will focus on some Meditations from the book First Philosophy, more particularly chapter Meditation VI entitled "The existence of
material things, and the real distinction between mind and body". The work of this is by the philosopher Rene Descartes, who analyses the
fundamental difference between mind and body, which is a dilemma that has been the subject of philosophical studies for decades, and is yet to be
understood completely. Through this essay I will also speak upon the strengths and weakness of Descartes concept and some of the consequences
within. Lastly, I will give my personal insight on this philosophy.
Rene Descartes(1596 – 1650), was considered to be one of the fathers of modern philosophy. He also happens to ... Show more content on
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I was greatly influenced by the argument that there is no concrete evidence that the mind and body are separate from one another. I believe this, as
the argument about if the physical aspect of the mind, a.k.a the brain, is compromised through some form of trauma than the mind is
compromised as well. If the body and mind are two separate beings than that would mean the damage of one would not affect the other, which is
not the case through a medical perspective. Descartes theory fails to thoroughly dsphere the roles of the mind and body on how they are
essentially connected. This does not satisfy the purpose of explaining the reasoning to why the mind is different from the body. Descartes
arguments are simple and logical but they are infallible. One argument that i disagree with is that he claims that the mind is different from the
body because the mind is indubitable and the body is dubitable. He considers the mind as indubitable due to its ability to think. He considers the
body to be dubitable due to his beliefs that the existence of the body can be doubted, meaning it may or may not exist. This concept lacks proof as
the mind has never been seen without the brain. The second argument I would like to arise to why I feel as if Descartes concept is not significant is
because in regards to the distinction of the mind and body, the mind is seen as the main outlet, and the body is merely seen as the extension of the
brain. Furthermore, I reject Descartes concept as I think the mind and body are simply connected and that the mind aids the brain by responding to
neurological and chemical receptors in the brain. This can be seen when one takes certain drugs, as the the drug

The Human Mind Applies The Concept Of Beauty
The human mind applies the concept of beauty to the objects it perceives. Without a spectator, a creation has no value. Does art require an audience in
order to be branded 'beautiful'? A recent exhibition at the Talbot Rice Gallery titled 'Beholder' aimed to answer the contemporary opinion of 'what is
beautiful?' In this exhibition an artist Anthony Schrag wrote a brief essay that accompanied his work. In it he wrote: "I think we forget that art objects
are just that – objects, paper, pigment, wood and glue, canvas or glass: it is only a thing. But it is us and our human interactions that give these
objects meaning, power and beauty." [1] This statement reconsiders the outlook on how individuals place the term beauty upon. Taking into
consideration how taste and life experiences would impact the way the viewer felt towards the artwork before them. The exhibition as a whole
displayed various use of subject matter and media, from historic artworks to contemporary internet film pieces. This vast range makes the collection
appealing to every audience's interest. Overall the chosen pieces hung harmoniously together within the gallery's white walls. All individual in their
own right but as a unit create a balanced display of visuals, which mirrors not only the theme of the exhibition but perhaps societies generalised
notion of beauty as well. Situated centrally on the wall of the gallery is a piece by Edward Summerton, 2wit 2woo and RSPB. It is titled 'Flock of
Starlings' (2010).

Analysis Of The Article ' The Bounds Of Cognition '
This paper will make critiques of arguments made by Fred Adams and Kenneth Aizawa in their article The Bounds of Cognition, as well as Sean
Allen–Hermanson's Superdupersizing the Mind: Extended Cognition as the Persistence of Cognitive Bloat. The purpose of this paper will be to
address a few of the attacks in defence of Clark and Chalmers' extended mind theory (EMT) by critiquing each author's respective arguments. To
preface this paper, a brief introduction of Clark and Chalmers' extended mind theory is in order . The essential core of EMT is that the mind extends
beyond the skin into the environment. This implies that various facets of the environment can be incorporated into the mind when interacted with in
certain situations. For ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Their example of the relationship between kidneys and the circulatory system seems to hold some merit, it shows that although there is a coupled,
causal system, in which the kidneys are interacting with the circulatory system to complete a task that could not be done by a single part of the system.
The kidneys require the circulatory system to filter toxins, but the kidneys are not the circulatory system, they are two distinct entities within the
relationship. This implies that an individual's interactions with the environment are not extended, however this does not apply to language.
Language is incorporated into the internal processes of the mind even when not coupled to a tangible subsystem within the environment. How is it that
parts of the environment can be symbolized through words, and interact causally within the mind to represent concepts and think without the extension
of the mind into the environment? At any given time, I can think of the Grand Canyon, a small town in Italy, or my Christmas coffee mug without
having the physicality of that thing in front of me. If my mind is not fully extended into the cognitive tool that is language, what is the distinct
subsystem that my mind is coupling with to conjure these representations? To phrase this

Strawson Dualism
A more contemporary version of dualism is property dualism. P. F. Strawson, in the papers "Persons" (1958) and "Self, mind and body" (1966) explore
the concept of person, and he is not agree with the Cartesian view, that a person is just 'a mind'. As a result, Strawson leadership a view of the person
comprise of a body and a mind equally applicable to an individual, not just as two separate substances. But how this new view of the person derives
in a new kind of dualism? The answer can be found in the Strawson's definition of a person; Strawson proposes that there are two predicates that are
equally applicable to the concept of person. Strawson (1958/1991) explicitly said that:
What I mean by a concept of person is the concept of a type ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Strawson's views describe the subject in terms of physical and mental, and this view may present and advance in substance dualism
(Strawson suggest that the concept of mind should depend on a material base), it is not clear how the M and P predicates interact, in other words how
the mental that seems to be is not physical –even if its ascribe to a physical subject– makes part of the physical reality of the subject. Moreover,
Strawson (1966/1981) seems to suggest that both are independently: "During a lifetime of a human being, two of these things, one of each kind, are
peculiarly intimately related; but the intimacy of their union does not count against or diminish the essential independence of their nature" (Strawson,
1966/1981, p.58). And how those two properties are related is not clear, in other words if the P–properties are non–physical properties of physical
subjects how that non–physical properties appears and how something non–physical interact with the

Incognito: The Secret Lives Of The Brain By David Eagleman
Incognito: The Secret Lives of the Brain by David Eagleman is a book that explains what role we play in how our brain functions. There is no main
story to the book, however, there are seven chapters with seven different themes. Each theme relates to different ways that the brain functions. The first
chapter, 'There's Someone In My Head, But It's Not Me', Eagleman discusses the complexity of the human brain. He explains how our conscious mind
is only a small part of the vast inner workings of the mind. In the second chapter, 'The Testimony of the Senses: What Is Experience Really Like?',
Eagleman goes on to explain how our perception of the world is extremely limited to what our brain wants us to see. The billions of neurons in the
brain convert light into images and the only images that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While a person may not understand why they make certain decisions, they are usually correct to blame their unconscious. In 'The Kinds of Thoughts
That Are Thinkable', chapter four, Eagleman explores the relationships between the thoughts that people think and natural instincts. For example, a
man may be attracted to a younger woman because younger women are higher in fertility levels. The man's instincts control his thoughts. Eagleman
goes further into this and says that the conscious mind–– the personality of the brain–– has the least say in the thoughts thought in the mind. Eagleman
explains how the brain is controlled by competing parts in chapter five, 'The Brain Is A Team of Rivals'. Specifically, Eagleman discusses the battle
between the logical and the emotional thoughts of the brain and many other sub battles beyond that. For example, Eagleman explains how one can
understand what a secret is. "When there are competing votes in the brain – one for telling, and one for withholding – that defines a secret.

The Mind Body Concept Of Healing
The mind–body concept of healing is not new. What is now called Hypnosis has been known to exist in almost all societies in the past, although its
nature has hardly been understood.
Although the term "hypnosis" has been used only since the 1840s, priests, shamans, healers and medicine men began using this technique, or some
form of it, centuries earlier. Evidence of hypnotic–like phenomena appears in many ancient cultures. There are written records about hypnosis going
back 5,000 years in Mesopotamia and Egypt and 2,500 years ago in ancient China and Greece.
In ancient Greece, Asklepius the Divine Physician became the focus of a widespread cult and sleeping temples were erected to him all over. In
those sleeping temples the sik people would enter a dimly lit stone room called "Abaton" and recline on a stone bench that was elevated on one end,
much like a chaise lounge. This bench was called a "Klini", which is the origin of the modern word "clinic." The patients were prepared for several
days in advance with purifying waters, baths, and fasting. They learned to relax into a peaceful calm.
Then, on the day of their treatment they would enter the Abaton. They were instructed to recline on the klini, to enter their calm reverie and silently
await the attending physician. He would then come into the chamber and whisper his intention to them, based on their illness or condition. He might
say, "I'm going to take your headaches away," or "You can eat anything you want now,

Examples Of Archetypes
Carl Jung described archetypes as important recollections of the past human experiences that are present in the unconscious mind in a combined form.
Here, we describe these archetypes as patterns and images, which are actualized by the conscious mind in a number of forms, when viewing the outside
world.
One needs to remember that common archetypes in this regard include the concept of the trickster, the flood, the child and the mother. These are the
examples, which we observe in different cultures around the world. Archetypes however, can also occur as symbols and not necessary become
available in a real object or concept.
Jung described archetypes as belonging to different categories. First, there are archetypal events, such as birth, marriage, ... Show more content on
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Here, we will go on to further explain these important archetypes that are named above.
There are various archetypes that Jung described. These are divided into the ego, the soul, the persona, the shadow, the animus and the self archetypes.
These types are further explained here, and the important archetypes are then defined after them.
The Ego
There are four ego archetypes that we are going to discuss here. There can be a lot more of them, as this is a fluid concept, and different archetypes
often transition into one another, as well as represent new archetypal identities. First, it is essential to understand the concept of ego, and then we will
be understand how these archetypes fit into this particular type.
The concept of ego can be defined as the main consciousness, which is a complex quantity and is constituted through the inputs of the unconscious mind
that provides impressions and certain agenda items.
Psychology defines ego as the constituents of one's character, in terms of behaving on the presence of external factors, as well as internal images,
which are described by Jung as primordial concepts built into the collective human unconscious

Analysis of O'Hear Anthony's Article 'Philosophy, Biology...
Is the mind and body one cohesive unit, or are both components mutually exclusive? This issue of mind and matter, as the article illustrates, has been
a pervasive problem for centuries. How does matter, such as a combination of cells, develop the ability to reason? Our brain is a combination of cells
generating a conscious being. How does this transition occur? This contentious issue has plagued generations and has yet to be adequately solved. As
the article illustrates, the inability to solve this problem originates from man's tendency to apply a narrow discipline to a complex issue. During the
17th century civil war for instance, the concept of mind and body was reduced to a more convenient answer. During this period, philosophers and
thought leaders were prone to find simple solutions to many of societies more complex issues. Thought leaders during this period believed that all
things were comprised of both mind and matter. In many instances, the concept of the mind was very vague and difficult to define. These solutions
however were inadequate as they didn't take into account the interconnectedness of many of the variables in which they used. In many instances,
thought leaders of the period simply attempted to isolate one variable in hopes of finding a solution to the problem of mind and matter.
During the 20th century however, the though processes of philosophers changes. During this period, thought leaders where not barred by tradition and
political culture that

Mind Maps For Kids Summary
Review of Mind Maps for Kids: An Introduction by Tony Buzan Since 1974, Tony Buzan, a psychology author and educational consultant, has been
developing and promoting the concept of using diagram which representing ideas in colorful branches, keywords, and images. Mind Maps for Kids:
An Introduction, first published in 2003, is Tony Buzan's first book written especially for younger readers aged 7 to 14 years old. Despite writing the
book as a guide for parents to help their children, Buzan writes this colorful workbook with step–by–step guidelines and examples for children to help
them in learning school subjects, remembering things, and unlocking imaginations which can be done by themselves. Tony Buzan introduces the
concept of Mind Maps in the first chapter of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tony Buzan also shows that the Mind Maps can be used for future planning in "Your Dream Shop" section. In the end of the book, Buzan
emphasize to the readers that the Mind Maps can be used for everything, anytime, anywhere. He also encourages the readers to share their Mind
Maps and the stories of their success with him. This can be a motivation for children to explore the ideas in their minds and be as creative as they
can. Mind Maps for Kids: An Introduction is a simply useful book for students. The easy language Tony Buzan uses in the book makes it easier for
young readers to understand his explanation. The colorful pictures attracts them to take interest in the contents. I remember reading this book when I
was about 10 and I was very excited, not only because of the pictures, but also because of the "motivational words" Tony Buzan uses to encourage the
readers. For the younger me, who had a lack of self–confidence, this book is a good self–helper as it shows that even I could do something amazing if I
used this "magic

Psychology : Mind Body Problem
Topic 1
Mind body problem tries to explain the states of the minds, occurrence of events, and action of processes. For instance, thinking is related to other
processes and events of the mind. The fact that the mind is not physical in nature and the body is physical attests to this explanation. Mind body
problem relate to some of the scientific concepts in different kind of ways. The relationship between the mind body problem and the concepts of
neurophysiology, psychophysics and theory of evolution is discussed below.
Neurophysiology
This concept majorly deals with how the nervous system functions. It comes from the concept of neuroscience. The processes of physiology also
contribute to the concept of neurophysiology. The nervous system controls all the functions of the body. It also contributes to how the mind operates.
With regard to the explanation of the mind body problem, it is quite evident it has a relationship with the concept of neurophysiology. Neurons are
microscopic cells that compose the human brain. The functions of the nervous system involve the operations of these neuron cells. The mind, for
instance, is controlled by the activities of the nervous system. The activities of the nervous system of an individual will be determined by processes
like thinking in a human being (Christensen, 2013). Thinking is always a mental issue and therefore will result into a series of many activities in the
brain. This in turn leads to strain in the brain since it is quite

Way Of The Peaceful Warrior Sparknotes
Way of the Peaceful Warrior
For my book project I read the book Way of the Peaceful Warrior, by Dan Millman. Set in Berkeley California, Dan Millman a college student
struggles to find the part of himself that has always been missing. One night while out walking from his dorm, Dan comes across a gas station and a
strange man that is soon to turn his life upside down. This man, known as Socrates, shows Dan a side of existence that only few people had ever seen.
To become a warrior like Socrates and have the mind to not allow the regular struggles of life to control a single part of you. Socrates takes Dan in and
tries to create a warrior from a young star athlete with the ignorance of every other human on this earth. Through his ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This way of separating these two simple words allows one to think about what the book is saying, and to figure out if there is truth to what the book
says. The difference between the mind and brain is not something most think about in their regular lives. But as I read each word I found truth to
what Socrates was saying. You read this book and try to realize the hidden messages being put across. The message between the mind and brain is
to not let your brain be attacked by random useless thoughts. In other words, to not let your, `mind', get in the way of your brain. People think
millions of useless thoughts each day. Without these thoughts a persons brain would be clear and their emotions would be easier to control. Dan
tries to explain to Socrates that he will control his mind and change himself in the process. The main character is a young man who has been set to
see the world the way most have. He is ignorant when it comes to seeing the other side of the picture. Readers can relate to him because they share a
lot of the same qualities and ignorance. After reading this book I looked at class notes which might represent this book and I found a relation between
almost all the concepts and people. The first being Ludwig and his interpretation on language. When Ludwig talks about language and how it limits
our mind and keeps us from looking outside the box is a prime example of how

St. Anselm Of Canterbury
For centuries, philosophers have been concerned with proving the existence of god, and from this has sprouted many arguments attempting to prove or
disprove god's existence from a wide variety of different perspectives. St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury has proved a true pioneer in the study of
the philosophy of religion. Anselm provided one of the most crucial and influential solutions to solving the mystery of god's existence, the Ontological
Argument. While there were many different arguments (along with their originators) discussed during the religion presentation, it will be Anselm's that
we focus on. While Anselm's ontological argument is seen as one of the most influential arguments created about god's existence, it is not... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.Thus, if God exists only as an idea in the mind, then we can imagine something that is greater than God (that is, a greatest possible being that does
exist).
5.But we cannot imagine something that is greater than God (for it is a contradiction to suppose that we can imagine a being greater than the greatest
possible being that can be imagined.)
6.Therefore, God exists.
The ontological argument described by Anselm is a purely logical argument. It sets out to prove the definition of god by using justlogic and abstract
reasoning to plead its case. Essentially Anselm's argument is the same type of argument as saying 2+2=4. It relies not on experimentation or
observation to reach its conclusion. The main strength in Anselm's argument is that he demonstrates that the concept of god is not illogical. He shows
that even the most non–believers have some concept of what god is in their mind – an all mighty being, the most powerful being, etc. Anselm's
definition of what god is, "...a being than which nothing greater can be conceived", further strengthens his argument because it suggests that the idea of
a perfect being implies all aspects of perfection. Existence is seen as an element of perfection. It is also agreed by many that it is more perfect to exist
than not to. Therefore, god must exist. Anselm elaborates on this logical conclusion by stating that "...than which nothing greater can be conceived,
cannot exist in the

Growth Mind Concept Essay
Our children are the future of our country. The education they receive is crucial. Our children should always be taught, at home and at school, that they
have the potential to succeed and accomplish whatever they dream of. A growth mindset concept will benefit these children early on by coming into
the classroom and flooding them with positivity. Phrases like "I can't", will be in the past if this concept can be implemented early on. This concept can
transform these students' mindsets both at home, and at school to teach them to achieve any level they desire. What exactly is a growth mind concept?
Carol Dweck, Ph.D., professor of Psychology at Stanford University, and author of the book Mindset, defines a growth mind concept by saying, "In ...
This system did cost money, however, and many schools are currently lacking that. Schools today don't absolutely need this curriculum to be taught a
growth mindset concept. The understanding of Carol Dweck's concept and the dedication to use it is what is needed most. Teachers can utilize this
concept in every classroom without schools spending a penny. In Fiske's case study, posted by Mindset Works, they discussed changingpraise from
performance based to effort based. This challenging, but highly effective tactic is a step our schools can use to get the growth mindset concept thriving
in our children's schools. Also, it doesn't cost any money at

Immanuel Kant Vs Nietzsche Essay
When comparing the works and philosophy of Immanuel Kant with that of Friedrich Nietzsche, it is apparent that they had very different views on
the ideals of God, moral absolutism and any form of a priori knowledge. Over the course of this essay, a comparison of the similarities and disparities
between Kant and Nietzsche's critical works will help us to find the commonalities in their views of metaphysics as well as some interesting
differences. It will also be shown how Nietzsche took the Kant's ideas on dogmatic metaphysics and applied them to the practical world. Nietzsche is
a polarizing figure, as much in modern day society as he was in his own time. His radical argument for the way the world should be viewed is of the
upmost importance in the philosophical arguments of philosophers and theologians alike. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immanuel Kant expanded from the previous work of David Hume in the ideas of constructivism, in that the mind is a repository that stores and sorts
ideas by categories. Kant's expansion involved the mind being an active part of the perception of the raw data that was being sensually experienced.
He counted the mind as living part of the sensual experience, instead of something resembling a file system. (Baird 520) Friedrich Nietzsche held
similar ideas on the concept of constructivism, but felt that reality was a construct of the individual's perspective and not based in any absolute
perspective. Nietzsche's lack of faith in the idea of absolutism is key to his entire genre of philosophy and will continue to be prevalent in this
comparison to Kant. (Baird

Essay on Gilbert RyleвЂ™s The Concept of Mind
Gilbert Ryle's The Concept of Mind
Gilbert Ryle's The Concept of Mind (1949) is a critique of the notion that the mind is distinct from the body, and is a rejection of the philosophical
theory that mental states are distinct from physical states. Ryle argues that the traditional approach to the relation of mind and body (i.e., the approach
which is taken by the philosophy of Descartes) assumes that there is a basic distinction between Mind and Matter. According to Ryle, this assumption is
a basic 'category–mistake,' because it attempts to analyze the relation betwen 'mind' and 'body' as if they were terms of the same logical category.
Furthermore, Ryle argues that traditional Idealism makes a basic 'category–mistake' by trying to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are no mental processes which are distinct from intelligent acts. The operations of the mind are not merely represented by intelligent acts, but
are the same as intelligent acts. Thus, an act of remembering, dreaming, knowing, or willing is not merely a clue to some hidden mental process or
intellectual operation, it is how that mental process or intellectual operation is defined. A logical proposition is not merely a clue to a particular mode of
reasoning, it is that mode of reasoning.
Ryle rejects the doctrine that the will is a faculty within the mind, and the doctrine that volitions are mental processes which the human body
transforms into physical acts. Ryle explains that this doctrine is an example of the myth that mental acts are distinct from physical acts, and of the
myth that there is a mental world which is distinct from the physical world. This doctrine of separation between mind and body is referred to by Ryle
as 'the dogma of the ghost in the machine.' Ryle argues that there is no ghostly, invisible entity called 'the mind' inside a mechanical apparatus called
'the body.' The workings of the mind are not an independent mechanism which governs the workings of the body. The workings of the mind are not
distinct from the actions of the body, but are conceptualized as a way of explaining the actions of the body.
Ryle argues that, according to the traditional theory of the mind, mental acts are regarded as causing and

Understanding The Mind Body Problem
Section one, question two
2.) Discuss how the following concepts relate to the mind–body problem: * neurophysiology * psychophysics * theory of evolution.
For each, be sure and: (1) describe the area of study, (2) discuss the views of at least ONE major thinker associated with that area of study, and (3)
explain what that area of study contributed to the attempt to reconcile the mind–body problem.
The mind–body problem tries to explain the states of the minds, occurrence of events, and action of processes. For instance, thinking is related to other
processes and events of the mind. The fact that the mind is not physical in nature and the body is physical attests to this explanation. Mind body
problem relate to some of the scientific concepts in different kind of ways. The relationship between the mind–body problem and the concepts of
neurophysiology, psychophysics and the theory of evolution is discussed below.
Neurophysiology
This concept majorly deals with how the nervous system functions. It comes from the concept of neuroscience. The processes of physiology also
contribute to the concept of neurophysiology. The nervous system controls all the functions of the body. It also contributes to how the mind operates.
With regard to the explanation of the mind body problem, it is quite evident it has a relationship with the concept of neurophysiology. This topic
attracted many scientists who were greatly interested in conducting further research and studies to

Organ System: Mind Map
Source: Mind Map
Describe the source
A mind map is a diagram used to visualize information. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image on a blank page, associated
with representations of ideas such as words, main ideas, key words. The main ideas are connected directly to the central concept and other ideas branch
out from those.
State which concept it has helped you with
The mind map has helped me gain further understanding of the 'Organ System'.
Discuss how it has helped you gain a better understanding of the concept
The way in which this mind map has assisted me to obtain a greater understanding of the concept is by the visual image of the tree branch form. It
identifies organ structures that is included in one system but may also be included in another. For example, the testes and ovaries produce hormones
and are therefore part of the endocrine system; however, these same ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
YouTube clips assist me in understanding the work with a direct perception. My perception of learning off YouTube clips is like having a one
–on–one
class. Being able to listen and visualize what is being said gives a much broader and finer explanation of what is being taught. Allowing pausing and
writing down what is being said has also helped me gained a better understanding of the concept. Throughout Mr. Rasmussen's video clip of the 'Organ
System of the Human Body' he relatively linked back to how the organs work together to perform one or more functions. As well as, functions of the
body's organ systems overlap considerably and your body cannot function without the co–operation and of all of the organ system. One failure of an
organ can lead into a disability or even death. How he describes and identifies each 11 organs and how they function together to secure the body has
given me a comprehensive explanation of how organs systems work and the effect to our body of a failure of one

Kant and Priori Synthetic Truths
Transcendental aesthetic deals with objects that can be perceived only as far as the mind can perceive it, the mind can only know of those things that
we are capable of sensing and feeling. A synthetic judgment is one that connects the concept of B and A, but is not contained within each other.
Synthetic truths are those that that are true by virtue of empirical a fact that is to say that its meanings and truths are determined by intuitions which
can be representations of something that we hold in our mind. Synthetic a priori truths are necessarily true and underdetermined by sensory
impressions, its truths are not determined by truth functional factors alone, and these truths are based on intuition. Synthetic priori knowledge occurs
when our mind organizes experiences so that they become necessary and universal facts of our experience, since we don't experience causation this is
how the mind distinguishes between events, it helps us gain knowledge about the world. A priori judgments are those that actually exist in the sciences
and along with pure a priori judgments in mathematics. A priori knowledge is that which is independent of experience like mathematics. A priori
knowledge is known through reason and through an understanding of how something works instead of observing it. Two types of a priori cognition are
space and time. This type of cognition is from transcendental aesthetic because it deals with receptivity and how objects can actually be perceived; it is
what is

Concepts of Terrorism in Terror in the Mind of God by...
Concepts of Terrorism in Terror in the Mind of God by Juergensmeyer
The reason I picked this book is because I have always been curious about terrorism. Truthfully, I really didn't expect the book to take the stance it
did, which focused mainly on the religious implications of what influences people to commits acts of terror. I liked the fact that the book takes new
angles in approaching the search for truth, by focusing on case studies and performing interviews with the people who have committed terrorist acts.
This is like getting the insiders view of the inner workings and frame of mind people have before, during, and after they have unswervingly performed
the acts of violence.
In the first chapter, Juergensmeyer states, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
in the field of political science from U.C. Berkeley with an emphasis on South Asia and comparative politics. He has also taken the liberty to study the
following languages, Hindi, Panjabi, Urdu, German, and Latin.
Because of this mastery of multiple languages I feel it has provided him an advantage on getting insight on the different cultures he has studied since
knows the language. The reason I say this is due to the fact that all languages have different meanings and innuendoes built that none speakers might
not pick up. One example of this in the English language is sarcasm. Also, it has always been said that little things get missed through translation,
because not all languages translate verbatim with each other. For this book, he elected the help from several sources. He spent a page and a half
listing out people such as Ehud Sprinzak (Israel), Zaid Abu–Amr (Hamas movement), Warden David Rardin (prison interviews), and many more to that
could be listed. The basic argument that Juergensmeyer makes is that religious terrorism differs from other kinds of terrorism, and does religion plays
the justification role in introducing terrorism to the 'evils' of the world. At first glance, the wealth of information, and sources that are presented, such
as the one–on–one interview with Mike Bray and Rev. Paul Hill. Throughout the book he makes different points differentiating between political
terrorism and religious terrorism. For instance,

What Is The Haudenosaunee Concept Of The Path To A Good Mind
For the Haudenosaunee people, the path to a good mind is one of the key factors in their great law. The novel 7 Generations by David Robertson
represents the Haudenosaunee concept of the path to a good mind. 7 Generations represents the concept of a path to a good mind through peace,
power, and righteousness. One of the first representations of the path to a good mind in 7 Generations is the concept of peace. The key element to the
Haudenosaunee concept of a good mind is peace. In the novel 7 Generations by David Robertson the Haudenosaunee concept of the path to a good
mind is represented through peace. Edwin's father James is telling him about his time at Residential school, "It's not the same though, there it's
loneliness, here it's peace." (Robertson 82). This line... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the novel 7 Generations by David Robertson the Haudenosaunee concept of a path to a good mind is represented through righteousness. Edwins
father drops Edwin off near the woods but before Edwin goes, he turns to his father, " I want you to have this as you continue on your journey."
(Robertson 127). This line represents Edwin returning his father's necklace, by returning his necklace this shows how Edwin is being righteous
because it was the morally right thing to do. This would bring righteousness into his life setting him down the path to a good mind. White Cloud,
his uncle and his men have came across a girl in a teepee with smallpox, they decide to leave her due to the fact she is infected, "Nobody should be
left to die. They'll understand." (Robertson 53). This line represents White Cloud heading back during the night to find this girl. By going back for
this girl it shows he cares and he wants to do the right thing by saving this girl, a very righteous move. This would bring righteousness into his life
setting him down the path to a good mind. Righteousness is a key element in the path to a good

Management
Definitions[edit]
Although there are different definitions of brand positioning, probably the most common is: identifying and attempting to occupy a market niche for a
brand, product or service utilizing traditional marketing placement strategies (i.e. price, promotion, distribution, packaging, and competition).
Positioning is also defined as the way by which the marketers attempt to create a distinct impression in the customer's mind.
Positioning is a concept in marketing which was first introduced by Jack Trout ( "Industrial Marketing" Magazine– June/1969) and then popularized by
Al Ries and Jack Trout in their bestseller book "Positioning – The Battle for Your Mind." (McGraw–Hill 1981)
This differs slightly from the context in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many individuals confuse a core idea concept with a positioning concept. A Core Idea Concept simply describes the product or service. Its purpose is
merely to determine whether the idea has any interest to the end buyer. In contrast, a Positioning Concept attempts to sell the benefits of the product or
service to a potential buyer. The positioning concepts focus on the rational or emotional benefits that buyer will receive or feel by using the product
/service. A successful positioning concept must be developed and qualified before a "positioning statement" can be created. The positioning concept is
shared with the target audience for feedback and optimization; the Positioning Statement (as defined below) is a business person's articulation of the
target audience qualified idea that would be used to develop a creative brief for an agency to develop advertising or a communications strategy.
Positioning Statement As written in the book Crossing the Chasm (Copyright 1991, by Geoffrey Moore, HarperCollins Publishers), the position
statement is a phrase so formulated: For (target customer) who (statement of the need or opportunity), the (product name) is a (product category) that
(statement of key benefit – that is, compelling reason to buy). Unlike (primary competitive alternative), our product (statement of primary
differentiation).
Differentiation in the context of business is what a company can hang its hat on that no other business can.

Rene Descartes: The Personalist vs. the Naturalist Viewpoint
We can use the word history in so many ways and it can have so many meanings and usages. We often find that using the term history without
considering the underlying concepts can be troublesome at best. In some instances we use the word history to articulate an actual event that has
happened prior to today. We can also say history to show a timeline that includes a group of events or actions. We try to learn from history but often
find ourselves repeating the patterns depending on if we have learned anything previous history, sometimes repeating because we did learn effective
uses of past history. We want things to be consistent, in our minds we want to repeat those things that went well and avoid the things that did not. So
many... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He separated the mind and the body into two separate and very different parts. The mind was considered a non–material object. This concept of mind
did not follow any of the laws of nature. He viewed the body as the material part of the person which contained tubes that would carry thoughts from
the mind, almost as a rope on a marionette would to help the body move. Ironically, Descartes who was credited with mind body separation has been
buried with his head/mind in one place and his body in yet another due to his coffin being too short. (Thorne, 1999)
Sometimes referred to as the "great man" theory, the personalistic theory states that there are few individuals that we deem different or unique and
that they are created with an extraordinary inner quality that gives them abilities to perform extraordinary tasks. From a scientific perspective or
history this ability would then give them the ability to change history, to create new things with nothing more than just their mind. They can shape the
way we think and the way we do things with little more than ideas or concepts. As a society we may consider them "genius". That individual shapes
not only his life by his individulal behaviors but also the lives of others (E.G. Boring, 1950). We often refer to things as someone's idea, theory, or
belief and this personalistic view shows that personalism vs. naturalism still exists in today's society. Great leaders like Martin Luther King, Hitler,
Freud,

Self Theory And Self Concept
Self concept is closely related to self efficacy, which is one's capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce or achieve
in life. This is how one sees themselves. These beliefs about oneself are defined as an individual's self concept. In other words, a person's self concept
is that person's perception of him or herself. These perceptions are formed through a number of avenues including experience, reinforcement,
evaluations from others, and one's explanation for behavior. Self concept is especially influenced by reinforcements or evaluations from one's self
or from the people that they associate with (Bong, 2003). A simple example of self concept would be a small child who is trying to hit a baseball
for the first time. If the child swings and misses and his father reinforces by saying the pitch was too fast, the child might form an opinion or self
concept that he cannot hit a fast pitch. So when faced with another situation where he is given a fast pitch, he may question his ability to hit the ball
(Shavelston & Bolus, 1992). This example only touches the surface of self concept formation as it can be much more complex than a simple comment
from a parent. It can take an child many experiences before their self concept solidifies. Self concept can be formed through an individual's evaluation
of his or her behavior in certain situations (Shavelston & Bolus, 1992). Self concept has seven critical features: It is organized or

Dualism And Dualism
Julia Hartmann
November 30, 2017
Essay #2 Leibniz's law
TA: Jordan Bell
A Dualist's Point of View: How Mental States are distinct from Physical States The mind and the body are very controversial entities that has caused
philosophical debate between dualists and physicalists. Common knowledge states that the mind inevitably will affect what the body does. The mind
and body issue is a question of what the nature of the mind is and how it relates to the body. The mind is the psychological aspect of your being as
in your mental state. The body is all physical parts of you: your height, weight, color. With all this in mind, we can use Leibniz's Law to make an
argument supporting either a physicalist or dualist point of view. I will be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Physical states are investigated by the sciences and mostly are measurable. Physical properties include but are not limited to color, shape, weight,
smell, and opacity. In the eyes of a dualist these states are completely different but a physicalist would argue that they are equivalent. The argument
that physical and mental states are in fact distinct and can be made valid is shown through Leibniz's Law also known as the notion of sameness. To
understand Leibniz's Law we must first master identity. This identity is not in terms of qualitative identity like twins but numerical identity.
Numerical identity is the notion of "being the same thing as" and that Everything is identical with itself. The structure for Leibniz's law is if X
equals Y then all aspects of X must equal all aspects of Y. Leibniz's Law can be used to compare physical and mental states depending on if a dualist
or a physicalist is making the argument. The structure for a dualist is as follows: premise 1: mental states have property X, premise 2: physical states
lack property X, therefore mental states and physical states are different because one has while the one lacks a certain property. Here is my argument
for a dualist: mental states have the properties that include emotion, physical states lack emotion. Therefore mental states and physical states are not the
same. In premise one I argue that mental states have properties that include emotion.

Definition Of A Right?
Definition of a Right A right is a concept in which a person has ownership of a metaphysical aspect pertaining to one's self. That is, a right is a
concept that first exist in the mind. Accordingly, where rights are concerned, it is similar to property; however, it cannot be taken away. A right first
must be reasoned by the mind, where "the mind has the capacity to gain knowledge of some principles through reason alone" (Snyder, 1986, p. 727).
The human mind is able to reason out certain concepts; of these concepts the idea of ownership over something comes into play. Further, the ability to
reason out a concept such as right, or rather innate ownership of something is known. For example, the mind is able to reason out that there exists a ...
Where life and liberty are concerned, these are metaphysical concepts in which the mind has reasoned out to be distinct from the body, but are still
part of personal property. Meaning, we have reasoned out that the concepts of life and liberty are our property, and as property we have a duty to
ensure that it is kept intact with all things capable of reason. Further, because we have this duty, we also have a right to these concepts. Where there is
a duty, there is to give someone rights; then they have a claim. Thus, all beings that can reason have a claim to rights because all beings have a duty
to give these rights to other rational beings. Therefore, a right is simply the metaphysical concepts a person is able to reason out to be district in
things that can reason, and are in conformity with natural law. Natural law is "a point of intersection between law and morals... what naturally is, out
to be" (Wacks, 2015, p.15). Natural has given us our bodies and minds, morals are subjective. When parried with our reasoned–out rights, we then have
moral concepts that are our property. Simply, there are concepts that can be morally justified as being innate to human existence. These concepts are
what natural law has given to us. A right is then the sum concepts of duties owed to natural law, our moral concepts, reasoned out concepts, and then
rights given by nature. We have a duty to obey nature, nature as certain

Thirteen Ways Of Looking At A Blackbird Essay
Awe and confusion of reality is prevalent in human nature. Subconscious attitudes which affect the perceptions of one's waking life are brought into
judgement when questioning reality. Surrealism examines the creativity of the subconscious mind, along with its reaction to perceived reality. Poet
Wallace Stevens uses his surrealistic writing style to express his questioning of reality. Themes of ordinariness, found in Thirteen Ways of Looking at a
Blackbird and Disillusionment of Ten O'clock, bring forth the questioning of society's definition of normality. Through his abstract writing, Stevens
further questions the validity of the concept of normality. Nonetheless, ordinariness as a subject suggests that the questioning of reality is universal....
Stevens' Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird uses imagery pertaining to black birds in order to examine the alternate versions of reality.
Scrutinizing the many possible interpretations of ordinary blackbirds challenges the concept of normality. Associating these overlooked creatures with
great power, such as being able to move a river, certainly brings a shift of perspective. Furthermore, the acknowledgement of each blackbird's unique
perspective represents variations of reality: "I was of three minds, like a tree in which there are three blackbirds" (II, Stevens). Each of the blackbird's
minds contains different perspectives, therefore different variations of reality. Abstract and surreal focus on the mundane blackbirds makes them
no–longer seem ordinary, thus bringing the concept of normality into question. Additionally, Steven's Disillusionment of Ten O'clock uses surrealism to
explore the connection between lifestyle and the subconscious mind. Wallace explores the concept of shunning normality when he describes the
standard white night gown as haunting. Living a conventional lifestyle is seen as an indicator of a bland

The Paradox Of Perfection
Using ontology, the conclusion of God's existence is that God is unique because he is omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent, which leads to his
moral perfection. Some qualities of being morally perfect include being loving, benevolent and just. God has been thought to be the ultimate and sole
creator, creating and conceptualising the world and everything in it. There are painfully unfair amounts of suffering in the world. In Australia alone,
forty– seven thousand people will die of numerous variations of cancer. Over 40 million people are in poverty. Every 21 seconds, a child dies from
thirst. Suffering is everywhere, and millions of innocent people are affected every single day. And that's just statistics from this year alone. Suffering,...
The definition supports that perfection is not only, practical (real) but a theoretical concept. Taking a realist view on ontology, we cannot know
everything in the cosmos. Anti–realists believe however, our perception of the world is dependent on our own mind and experiences and therefore, it
is impossible to know what is real. To Greek philosopher Aristotle, perfect meant complete, and something "incomplete" could not be labelled as
such because of the levels of unknown qualities and so the "Paradox of Perfection" problems began. Living in a world where views constantly
change and shift, it is impossible to know everything, leaving incompleteness. Psychiatrist Greg Miller believes this is how the concept of
ontology was created. People saw God as a saint with perfect morals to be their saviour. According to Miller, our mind subconsciously creates
concepts we want to be true, and our perception is not fully trustworthy. Perfection is an undefinable concept, the definition can be applied to any
person, object, place, concepts eg, because it is opinionated and easily justifiable. Perfect= personal opinion, not a worldly agreeable concept. A red
dress might be perfect to one girl for her event, but to colour blind people red isn't real, it is an incomplete concept, therefore they cannot judge its
levels of perfection. The ontological argument states God is perfect, but how we can really see it as that, if it is such an incomplete

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