The document discusses various Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used to model different aspects of a system. It describes structure diagrams like class diagrams and deployment diagrams. It also explains behavior diagrams like use case diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and communication diagrams), state-chart diagrams, and activity diagrams. Specific examples are provided to illustrate sequence diagrams, state machine diagrams, and activity diagrams. Key concepts like objects, messages, states, transitions, events, and swimlanes are defined in the context of these diagram types.

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‫ر‬َ‫ـد‬ْ‫ق‬‫ِـ‬‫ن‬،،،‫لما‬‫اننا‬ ‫نصدق‬ْْ‫ق‬ِ‫ن‬‫ر‬َ‫د‬
Faculty of Engineering - Helwan University

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 Structure Diagrams (Class diagrams) are used to describe
the static composition of components/Objects (i.e.,
constraints on what instances may exist at run-time).
 Deployment Diagrams are used to describe the mapping
between software artifacts and deployment targets.
 Why do objects exist?
 To perform an activity to help fulfill a system’s purpose
 What about modeling dynamic behavior?

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 Interaction diagrams model how groups of object
collaborate to perform some behavior
 Typically captures the behavior of a single use case
 Behaviour Diagrams are used to describe the behaviour
 Of the whole application.
 Of a particular process in an application.
 Of a specific object in an application.
 The behavioral diagrams are categorized as follows:
 use case diagrams,
 interaction diagrams (Sequence & Communication),
 state–chart diagrams, and
 activity diagrams.

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 Use Case: Manage Course Information (UC_ID1)
 Participating Actors: Course Administrator
 Entry Conditions: Course Administrator is logged into
Courseware
 Exit Conditions: Course Administrator has received an
acknowledgement from the system that the selected
transaction is complete, or if not complete, a message
explaining the failure
 Quality Requirements: (Performance) Course
Administrator receives a response from the system in less
than 3 seconds
 Related Requirements: Create, Modify, and Delete Course
 …

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 Use Case: Order Entry
1) An Order Entry window sends a “prepare” message to an
Order.
2) The Order sends “prepare” to each Order Line on the
Order.
3) Each Order Line checks the given Stock Item.
4) Remove appropriate quantity of Stock Item from stock.
5) Create a deliver item.
 Alternative: Insufficient Stock
3a) if Stock Item falls below reorder level then Stock Item
requests reorder

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 UML Specifies a number of interaction diagrams to
model dynamic aspects of the system
 Dynamic aspects of the system
 Messages moving among objects/classes
 Flow of control among objects
 Sequences of events

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 Interaction Diagrams: Set of objects or roles and the
messages that can be passed among them.
 Sequence Diagrams:
• Illustrate object interactions arranged in time sequence
(Emphasize time ordering)
 Communication Diagrams (Collaboration Diagram):
• Illustrate object interactions organized around the
objects and their links to each other (Emphasize
structural ordering).

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 Describe the flow of messages, events, actions between
objects
 Show concurrent processes and activations
 Show time sequences that are not easily depicted in
other diagrams
 Typically used during analysis and design to document
and understand the logical flow of your system
Emphasis on time ordering!

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Objects: aStudent is a specific
instance of the Student class
Specific instance
of an Object
Generic (unnamed)
objects
Generic (unnamed) objects of
class type Seminar and Course

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TimeIncreasing
All lines should be horizontal to indicate instantaneous actions.
Additionally if ActivityA happens before ActivityB, ActivityA must be
above activityB
Lower = Later!

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Execution
or
Activation Box
Life Line

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Return value
Method call

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c : Client
: Transaction
o : ODBCProxy
create()
setActions(a, b, c)
setValues(a, 3, 4)
setValues(b, c, 7)
(committed)
destroy()
Synchronous message
Asynchronous message
create()
destroy()
Return message

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Synchronous message
Asynchronous message
Return message
There are problems
here… what are they?

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 Rarely use options, loops, alt/else
 These constructs complicate a diagram and make them
hard to read/interpret.
 Frequently it is better to create multiple simple diagrams
 Create sequence diagrams for use cases when it helps
clarify and visualize a complex flow
 Remember: the goal of UML is communication and
understanding

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 How to construct an SSD from a use case:
1. Draw black box and a life line, for every System object
(Sub-system) include as on right side
2. For each actor that directly operates on the System, draw
a stick figure and a lifeline.
3. For each System events that each actor generates in use
case, draw a message.
4. Optionally, include use case text to left of diagram.

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 Sequence diagrams model object interactions with an
emphasis on time ordering
 Method call lines
 Must be horizontal!
 Vertical height matters!  “Lower equals Later”
 Label the lines
 Lifeline – dotted vertical line
 Execution bar – bar around lifeline when code is running
 Arrows
 Synchronous call (you’re waiting for a return value) – triangle
arrow-head
 Asynchronous call (not waiting for a return) – open arrow-head
 Return call – dashed line

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 To give an exam, an instructor first notifies the students
of the exam date and the material to be covered. She
then prepares the exam paper (with sample solutions),
gets it copied to produce enough copies for the class,
and hands it out to students on the designated time and
location. The students write their answers to exam
questions and hand in their papers to the instructor. The
instructor then gives the exam papers to the TAs, along
with sample solutions to each question, and gets them
to mark it. She then records all marks and returns the
papers to the students.
 Draw a sequence diagram that represents this process.

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 Objects are rectangular icons
 e.g., Order Entry Window, Order, etc.
 Messages are arrows between icons
 e.g., prepare()
 Numbers on messages indicate sequence
 Also spatial layout helps show flow
 Which do you prefer: sequence or collaboration diagrams?
 Fowler now admits he doesn’t use collaboration diagrams
 Interaction diagrams show flow clearly, but are awkward
when modeling alternatives
 UML notation for control logic has changed in UML 2 but
Fowler isn’t impressed

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 A statechart diagram - shows the behavior of classes in
response to external stimuli. This diagram models the
dynamic flow of control from state to state within a
system.
 State machine diagram - event-ordered behavior that
specifies the sequences of states an object/instance (of
class/interface/collaboration/…/system) goes through
during its lifetime; events trigger transitions and cause
responses.
 UML statecharts show states, transitions, events.

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 A state diagram is a graph consisting of
 States (a mode of the entity).
simple states
composite states (nested state diagrams)
 State transitions connecting the states.
including events and actions.
 State – Constraint or condition or situation during which an
object/instance may perform some activity; The state of
an object is characterized by the value of one or more of
its attributes.

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 Start state: State transition is executed immediately
during the creation of the object.
 Only possible event: create(parameter)
 Java: constructor (new)
 Final State: destruction of the object

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 A transition connects two states and shows the flow of
control.
 A transition can include a triggering event, a guard and
actions to be executed.
 Transitions without event and guard are executed
immediately when an activity is finished respectively all sub
states were passed through.

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 An event is a phenomenon in space and time significant
for the modeled system.
 An event can appear synchronously or asynchronously.
 Synchronous events:
• Call event: triggered by call
• Exception event: triggered by called object at return
 Asynchronous events:
• Signal event: signal sent by other object
• Change event: triggered by side effects on object
attributes
• Time event: spontaneously triggered by Boolean guard
over time
 An event can trigger state changes.

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 Signals are asynchronous, i.e., the sender does not wait until
the receiver received the signal or reacted on it.
 A call event is triggered by a (synchronous) operation call.
 Call events are synchronous, i.e., the sender waits until the
receiver reacted on the event.
 In the state automaton signals and call events are
indistinguishable from each other.
 The receiver can:
 ignore the event (the event is lost),
 execute its trigger event or
 execute an operation.

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 Represents the dispatch of an operation
 Name and parameter of the event must be compatible
to methods of the class.

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 A time event appears after the expiration of a time
period.
 A change event occurs if a specific constraint is fulfilled.
The constraint is a Boolean
 Expression on the attributes of the actual object.

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 Signals can be sent to other objects during a transition.

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 Possible actions:
 send signal
 perform call
 perform access

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 A state can be refined hierarchically by composite
states.

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 In a state several sequences of sub states described by
own state machines can be performed concurrently.

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 This simple microwave has a switch to select full or half
power, a numeric keypad to input the cooking time, a
start/stop button, and an alphanumeric display.
 I have assumed that the sequence of actions in using the
microwave is:
1. Select the power level (either half power or full power).
2. Input the cooking time using a numeric keypad.
3. Press Start and the food is cooked for the given time.
 For safety reasons, the oven should not operate when the
door is open and, on completion of cooking, a buzzer is
sounded.
 The oven has a very simple alphanumeric display that is
used to display various alerts and warning messages.

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State Description
Waiting The oven is waiting for input. The display shows the current time.
Half power The oven power is set to 300 watts. The display shows ‘Half power’.
Full power The oven power is set to 600 watts. The display shows ‘Full power’.
Set time
The cooking time is set to the user’s input value. The display shows the
cooking time selected and is updated as the time is set.
Disabled
Oven operation is disabled for safety. Interior oven light is on. Display
shows ‘Not ready’.
Enabled
Oven operation is enabled. Interior oven light is off. Display shows
‘Ready to cook’.
Operation
Oven in operation. Interior oven light is on. Display shows the timer
countdown. On completion of cooking, the buzzer is sounded for five
seconds. Oven light is on. Display shows ‘Cooking complete’ while
buzzer is sounding.

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Stimulus Description
Half power The user has pressed the half-power button.
Full power The user has pressed the full-power button.
Timer The user has pressed one of the timer buttons.
Number The user has pressed a numeric key.
Door open The oven door switch is not closed.
Door closed The oven door switch is closed.
Start The user has pressed the Start button.
Cancel The user has pressed the Cancel button.

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 The problem with state-based modeling is that the number of
possible states increases rapidly. For large system models,
therefore, you need to hide detail in the models. One way to do this
is by using the notion of a super-state that encapsulates a number
of separate states. This super-state looks like a single state on a
high-level model but is then expanded to show more detail on a
separate diagram.

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 Activity Diagram – a special kind of Statechart diagram,
but showing the flow from activity to activity (not from
state to state).
 Can be attached to classes, interfaces, component nodes,
use cases, collaborations, and operations
 Is similar to a Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
 Activity state –non-atomic execution, ultimately result in
some action; a composite made up of other activity/action
states; can be represented by other activity diagrams
 Action state –atomic execution, results in a change in state
of the system or the return of a value (i.e., calling another
operation, sending a signal, creating or destroying an
object, or some computation); non-decomposable

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action state
: CertificateOfOccupancy
[completed]
object flow
Select site
Commission
architect
Develop plan
Bid plan
Do site work( ) Do trade work( )
Finish
construction
initial state
sequential branch/decision
[not accepted]
[else]
final state
concurrent fork
activity state with submachine
concurrent join
triggerless transition
guard expression
optional
0..*
AND
one incoming, several outgoing

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 A swimlane is a kind of package.
 Every activity belongs to exactly one swimlane, but transitions may
cross lanes.
 Object flow – objects connected using a dependency to the activity
or transition that creates, destroys, or modifies them

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 A shorthand notation: use input pins and output pins (parameters).
Invoice inv;
inv = new Invoice;
FillOrder(inv);

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<<precondition>> Order complete
<<postcondition>> Order closed
activity
parameter
node =
object node

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 An interruptible activity region surrounds a group of actions that can
be interrupted.
 The Process Order action will execute until completion, then pass
control to the Close Order action, unless a Cancel Request interrupt
is received which will pass control to the Cancel Order action.

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