Chicano Stereotypes In Films

Chicano Stereotypes In Films
In recent years, talking animals have been an entertainment for children and parents to enjoy, but
this pleasure has shown some concern of what these animals portray in films. American films and
television displays stereotypical representation of minorities on screen, but not only in reality on
screen, but as well as animation. Therefore, one of the stereotypical representations is Chicanos and
their connection with Chihuahuas. In the article Being Edward James Olmos: Culture Clash and the
Portrayal of Chicano Masculinity, Nohemy Solózano–Thompson states that Chicano's are seen as a
"... male, heterosexual, lower class, angry, and forced into violent behavior," (Solózano–Thompson,
2008, 14). Yet, that is what people see in films, Chicanos being stereotyped as these characteristics,
but when animation is created, Chihuahuas are the ones that are being stereotyped with these
characteristics as well. In animation, Chihuahuas have an accent, quick to respond to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This Chihuahua has the stereotypical representation of Mexicans eating tacos. As the commercial is
running, it seems that the Taco Bell Chihuahua is going after a beautiful Chihuahua girl dog but at
the end of the commercial, he is going after a Taco Bell meal. This is part of the characteristic of the
stereotypical representation of Chicano. However, this Chihuahua gave a face for the Taco Bell
franchise because of their south of the border meals that made it appealing for customers. However,
Nericcio states that Mexicans are always looking for a free hand or free food because of the
combination of food and animal (Nericcio, 2011, 131). Yet, the animal Chihuahua and Mexican food
give a feel for the stereotypical representation of Mexicans because of the combination of the two
gives a view of what Mexicans stereotype is presented in
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24 Hours Scientific Meditation Essay
What is a 24 hours Scientific Meditation? Meditation is known to human since time immemorial
and it is prevalent in almost all religions. However Religion is not the jurisdiction of meditation
although It can go well together. Knowingly or unknowingly everyone does meditation. A scientific
explanation of Meditation is 'communication between consciousness to the cells and genes of the
body'. A 24 hours Scientific Meditation can be described as using scientific evidence based
knowledge for practicing to improve the communication between consciousness to cells and genes
and also between cells to cells. Understanding, exploring, and practicing A 24 hours Scientific
Meditation can help guide our thinking and desires, can enable body to cope ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When we get up in the morning normally we may feel to urinate. This appears to us nothing, very
normal, a daily routine work, nothing noticeable. But in fact the very amazing body and
consciousness communication system are at work at this moment. The body is communicating to the
consciousness... that is you that your bladder is full of urine and you need to empty your bladder.
You...the consciousness, receive this message from your cells/genes, and you feel to urinate. You
can control for a while or decide to go to urine. When You pass the information to your body about
your decision to empty your bladder, only then your cells and genes work to obey your command
and the bladder is relieved of urine. Now you do not feel to urinate any more this information is
given to you by your cells and genes...the body. A. Another example is feeling hungry and eating.
What happens in our body that lets us feel hungry? The cells and genes notice that our body needs
energy then they talk with themselves and take a decision to make us feel hungry. The cells and
genes for making us craving for food, use the various cellular communication network system called
( say broadly,) A. The endocrine system for Harmonal message which are chemical

The Proud Family Tv Show Analysis
I watch an episode of the television shows Kim Possible, Recess, and The Proud Family. These three
shows are targeted to the children of the ages of 7–11. They all focus on a set of friends and the
adventures and challenges they face in a day to day life. All of the shows acknowledged the subject
of school in some fashion, which shows that the show is targeted for school aged children. Although
it does not portrait the school setting correctly, school aged children would think that is what school
should be in some way.
The show Kim Possible is about a girl in middle school named Kim Possible. Kim is not like every
average kid her age, she saves the world from villains, her biggest rival is Doctor Drakken. Kim's
best friend and sidekick

Essay On Scientific Meditation
Meditation is known to human since time immemorial and it is prevalent in almost all religions.
However Religion is not the jurisdiction of meditation, although It can go well together. Knowingly
or unknowingly everyone does meditation. A scientific explanation of Meditation is 'communication
between consciousness to the cells and genes of the body'. Understanding, exploring, and practicing
A 24 hour scientific meditation can help guide our thinking and desires, can enable the body to cope
with stress, to heal and protect itself from diseases, improve our day to day performance, making
higher achievements in all spheres of activities of life to live in health, peace and happiness To
understand and practice a Scientific Meditation, we all will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If our decision is correct, timely, the body will perform the task optimally efficiently, and then they
Reward us (we feel happy, satisfied). But when our decision is not correct, untimely, then we may
suffer instantly or later. Body Punishes us... that is.. we feel sorrow and guilt. Question: What is
consciousness? Answer: Here we are discussing consciousness, not to postulate a new theory,
contradict or support the present awareness on consciousness. We will investigate consciousness for
the purpose of understanding and practicing the 24 hour Scientific Meditation for improving health,
and using meditation as therapy to stave off diseases, to find the possibility of remedying the
ailments, for achieving success and finally to improve quality of life. Consciousness When you
wake up from your slumber and begin to feel yourself, feeling about where you are, your
surroundings, and you probably hear the sound of birds chattering /singing. This is you.....the
consciousness. . How consciousness work with the cells and genes (Let us quote your cells and gens
collectively as

Hairless Hypothesis
Why do humans have no fur?
The question of why humans became hairless has been a highly debated topic for centuries. Many
theories and hypothesis have been produced to account for why humans have no fur; some are
supported whilst others have been heavily criticised, none have been generally accepted. Questions
surrounding the subject include "why have humans retained head and pubic hair?" and "why do
females have less hair in comparison to males?"
Three leading theories include the body cooling hypothesis, the aquatic ape hypothesis and the
parasitic hypothesis. In this essay, I will present and evaluate some of these theories and attempt a
conclusion as to why humans shed their fur.
Introduction
Humans possess a unique and unusual trait found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Parasites not only cause irritation and discomfort, but also carry viruses and diseases which could
prove to be fatal. Hairlessness would reduce parasitic load therefore reducing the likelihood of
diseases, viruses, infections and discomfort brought on by the parasites. This theory was first put
forth by Belt. However Charles Darwin (1888) rejected this hypothesis because it doesn't explain
why only humans lost their hair as ectoparasites are a problem to all primates.
Human intelligence grew as humans evolved, enabling humans to build fires, make shelters and
produce clothes, which could be washed or changed if infested with parasites. This meant that
humans were able to shed their hair, reducing ectoparasites while avoiding exposure to the sun, cold
and other weather conditions.
The only other example of this theory is the naked mole rat, which is the only other mammal that
has no fur and that doesn't live in an aquatic environment. The naked mole rat lives underground so
has no threat from exposure to sun and UV radiation. There is expected to be a high number of
parasites living in these colonies of naked mole rats however, their climate tends to regulate the
negative effect this would have on them; making hairlessness feasible for this

Persuasion-Personal Narrative
The sky was overcast. It appeared that this day would be just like any other day, but this notion was
surely mistaken.
In the humble village of Pequot Lakes, workers and students ran to and fro, busy as ever completing
the day's duties. Suddenly, there was a deep rumbling noise. Nobody thought much of this at first,
but suspicion and worry began to arise as it continued on for over three hours. It was as if it were
Mexican Monday already, but it was only Wednesday today.
As the city grew worried, there was only one man brave enough to get to the bottom of what was
going on; and his name was Jon Thorson. At least, that's what everyone called him. No one really
knew his true identity, as he maintained his alias quite well. Occasionally, though, he would let bits
and pieces of his past life slip out. A cold, biting sense of sarcasm that was probably only used
against the most dastardly of foes, or a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tumbleweed consisting of old english assignments and Smuckers uncrusted circular sandwiches
billowed past his feet. This was the modern equivalent of a desert wasteland.
Thorson pressed on, determined to figure out where the low rumbling sound was coming from. He
reluctantly approached the Woods Room; it seemed that the sound was coming from inside. He
looked into the little window on the door, and saw a chubby boy pressed up against the glass,
breathing heavily. He was keeping watch, and immediately rushed to warn his comrades when he
saw Thorson approaching. Moments later, two gangly teenagers ran out of the doors, covered in
sawdust and screaming. They were berserkers!
With a single swift kick, Thorson knocked both of them unconscious. The chubby boy stood in the
doorway, petrified with fear. His gaze, which had previously been fixed on the motionless bodies of
his fallen comrades, now turned towards Thorson. Their eyes met, and the boy nearly soiled his
homemade

My Very Detailed Trip to the Wildlife Zoo in Arizona Essay
My family and I went on a road trip to Phoenix, Arizona in late October. This is going to be a little
description of what went on during this trip and all the different things I saw. Most of this will be
about my trip to the Wildlife world zoo since that was the biggest thing that happened during the
trip. The first thing I should mention, Since of course it was the first thing we saw, Is the amazing
scenery on the way up here. We passed through parts of Oklahoma, Texas, And New Mexico that
I've never seen before – Although going to all three places previously! Since it was late in October
when the road trip was taking place it was quite chilly all the way until we hit Phoenix – But the
scenery was great, As I mentioned before. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I'm going to name and give a brief description of a few notable animals from the Aquarium first.
One of the most strange and different animals I saw there was an Axolotl, A Mexican Salamander
that lives in the water although they aren't fish, But amphibians. The Axolotl is classed as critically
endangered due to the fact that they were sold in Mexico as food and the polluted water. The Axolotl
is a really special animal and very different from others due to the fact that it can regenerate its own
limbs and their rarity. Another really strange animal is the Blind Cavefish, A fish that is born with
eyes but as they age skin grows over their eyes, Making them blind. They are warm water fish that
like the deep and dark caves of Central America. Although they can't see, They can sense light and
swim away from it, Naturally preferring the dark. I think this fish really suites its name and they are
very interesting to watch. Poisonous Dart frog: Tiny bright coloured frogs that seemed very active.
These frogs like moist, humid places, Including the tropical parts of Central and South America.
Many species of these frogs are endangered, And overall they are some pretty cool little frogs with a
huge sting! The Stonefish is another remarkable fish that I saw. They are the most poisonous fish
known, Having 13 venomous spines on its back that can be released into prey if

Genetically : Genetically Modified Food
Samuel Lubin
Dr. Lambert
1102
May 7 2015
Genetically Modified Food
What are genetically modified foods? They are plants and animals whose DNA has been altered or
change to suit the needs of humans. There are three types of genetically modified food (GM) first
generation, second generation, and third generation crops. Each type is focused in different types of
yields and crops so they can have a system that allows to keep production and value up. To pick up,
the first generation is a type of GM but not to be confused with a method of GM. the technique
according to Keith R. Schneider (2002) Food Science and Human Nutrition Department types of gm
foods A genetically engineered (GE) organism is one where its DNA is modified using techniques
that permit the direct transfer or removal of genes in that organism. Organisms that undergo genetic
engineering are sometimes referred to as transgenic. Originally transgenic referred to an organism
that had a gene from another (different) organism inserted into its genetic material; however,
especially in news articles a First generation food crops have enhanced input traits, such as herbicide
tolerance, better insect resistance, and better tolerance to environmental stress. enhanced input traits
allow for less work with higher yields, clean lands, and value per unit of land. Plants infused with a
natural pest resistance and herbicide resistance helps to increase yields. There are also the
environmental benefits produced that can survive

Animal Experimentation For Scientific Research
Animal Experimentation for scientific research is a contentious issues and the subject of much
debate. On one hand it is considered morally wrong to use animal solely for human benefit. On the
other hand, removing animals, completely from the lab would impede any understanding of health,
disease and consequently affect the development of new and vital treatments. Two essential
questions needed to be asked is does it work and is it ethical?
The first is easy : yes it works. However some would say there are alternatives to animal research ,
such as magnetic resonance imaging, computer models and work on isolated tissues and cell
cultures and that animal testing is not necessary. Where there are reliable alternatives such as these,
we use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Currently, the law in the United Kingdom states that any newly developed drug or cosmetic product
must be tested on two mammals, one of which must be a large non–rodent. However, since the
Animals Act of 1986 the law insists that no experiment may be carried out if a suitable alternative is
available. Animal Experiments now requires three Home Office Licenses– one for the institution,
one for the scientist and one for the project. The scientists must clearly state the potential benefits of
the experiment that is being carried out and that there is no other beneficial alternative available for
the specific experiment. Random inspections to the site and scientists are mandatory to evaluate the
intention of the institution undertaken by leading authorities which are mainly the Home Office.
There is little talk of experimentation these days in the media and press even though they are
continuing at a rapid rate and if they are mentioned at all, they are expressed as doing no harm to the
animals.
Animals are not affected by human illnesses caused by man 's unhealthy lifestyle such as alcoholism
and drug addictions which plague our society. Consequently, each animal used in experiments must
be first made ill with the desired disease. Diabetes is caused by injecting poison to kill the cells of
the pancreas. Heart Attacks are caused by constrictions of the coronary

Social and Reproductive Monogamy in Vole Rats
Social and Reproductive Monogamy in Vole Rats
Reproductive monogamy is defined as an exclusive sexual relationship between a female and a male
based on their sexual interactions. Social Monogamy refers to male and female's social living
arrangement without sexual interactions. It refers to the living patterns, raising offsprings, and
obtaining food. Monogamy is common in birds, but also occurs in invertebrates. Why would a male
mammal choose to mate with one female when he can mate with more than one? Why would the
male stay around instead of finding another female to live with? Many researchers have attempted to
answer this question of why some mammals prefer monogamy over polygamy. Vole rats, one of the
species that perform monogamous mating, demonstrate pair boding. Male and female pairs of vole
rats have been observed together over several months, and the males stay with females even when
the female is not reproductively active. A typical vole family in the wild is almost always consisted
of one male, one female, and their offspring. In addition, unlike other species in which females are
the only ones taking care of the offspring, vole rats share parental roles and even build nests
together. Because they show these monogamous behaviors, they have served as a good
species/model to learn about monogamy for neuroscientists. In this paper, monogamy, specifically in
vole rats, will be explained along with its proximate and ultimate causes of this adaptation.
There are two

Annoy People By Aisha Dachas Analysis
By Aisha Dachas Annoying people are like bugs. They're all different types of creepy, nasty, and
weird. Take a cockroach and a naked mole rat–both are disgusting, but one is just more so than the
other. Ugh! My skin is crawling. That's a strange thing to say. Just imagine that your skin is moving
in little waves, crashing onto the shore of your innards. Teehee – seriously, don't imagine that.
Anyway, what were we talking about? Oh right! Annoying people. Well, my biggest annoyance of
modern life is probably high school when kids, mostly the younger year levels, would just stand
right In the middle of the corridor and talk to their friends. We have a fairly large school (here at
Roma Mitchell Secondary College), and only take 5 minutes to

Naked Mole Rat Essay
Transferring A Naked Mole Rat Gene To A Bacteria To Create a Treatment For Cancer
Host Organism: Bacteria (V ibrio natriegens)
Name of Gene: Naked Mole Rat INK4 locus
Name of Protein: pALT(INK4a/b)
Name/Description of Trait: The trait is the ability to prevent oncogenesis (the formation of a cancer,
whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells)
World Problem: Cancer of all types.
Rationale/Ethics: V ibrio natriegens is the world's fastest growing bacteria, doubling every 10
minutes. This trait makes it optimal for the mass–production of the gene that codes for the
pALT(INK4a/b) protein, which could be used for cancer treatments. It is inexpensive and creates a
lot of the necessary protein. The pALT(INK4a/b) protein found in naked mole rats that would be
inserted into this bacteria is able to prevent tumors from developing. Cancer is the second most
common cause of death in the US and is responsible for 1 of every 4 deaths. If a lot of this gene (and
consequently the protein) is created by these transgenic bacteria, researchers could find new ways to
incorporate this protein into cancer treatments. It is ethical as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
While the majority of the world does not suffer from cancer, many humans face the risk of acquiring
it. The naked mole rat has an immunity to cancer. This is due to many factors, one of which is the
naked mole rat's production of the pALT(INK4a/b) protein. By taking this protein and placing it in a
fast–replicating bacteria, the protein would be in abundant supply and can be used to help develop a
myriad of treatments for cancer. A cancer vaccine is one possibility, as the protein prevents
oncogenesis from occurring. There would be no shortage of the protein, since the transgenic
organism would just keep multiplying and copying the protein, making acquiring it inexpensive and
ensuring that everyone would have access to the

Naked Mole Rat Research Paper
The Naked Mole Rat
The naked mole rat is a very fascinating little creature. "Naked mole–rats are more closely related to
porcupines, chinchillas, and guinea pigs than they are to moles or rats and are the only species of
mole–rat that has practically no fur" (Zielinski). It's not very cute to look at. They are pinkish–tan,
with wrinkled skin, and a tail. They do not have fur, hence the name naked. They do have very fine
hairs on their body to help them feel what's around them. They are also known as a sand puppy. It's
closely related to the blesmols (Hagan). The have big, strong sharp incisors. These are used for
digging tunnels and gnawing on roots and tubers that grow underground from trees and plants.
They also eat their own poop, to

Naked Mole-Rats
The purpose of this research was to determine the mechanisms in naked mole–rats that restricts cell
proliferation and tumor formation. Contact inhibition is a mechanism observed where cell
proliferation stops when two cells come in contact with one another. This process is caused by
elevated levels of p27 cyclin–dependent kinase inhibitor which stops cells in the G1 phase from
dividing. The cylcin–dependent kinase inhibitor p16 is also thought to regulate contact inhibition but
its levels do not change in mice or human samples. Tumor–suppressor genes Rb and p53 are present
in high concentration during contact inhibition to help control cell proliferation and apoptosis
respectively. It was hypothesized that the naked mole–rats' cancer resistivity ... Show more content
The next experiment that must be performed is to determine the cause of the naked mole–rats'
hypersensitivity. A study searched for the signal that leads to early contact inhibition and determined
it to be hyaluronan. Hyaluronan is a key part of the extracellular matrix and has a high molecular
mass in naked mole–rats. The hyaluronan in naked mole–rats represses signaling for mitosis as well
as having anti–inflammatory properties(Tian et al., 2013). An alternative explanation for the naked
mole–rats' cancer resistance could be its ability to use telomerase to regulate chromosomal length.
Compared to the use of senescence in humans, telomerase makes cells immortal in culture by
preventing cells from becoming too short leading to cancerous cells or apoptosis. Another possible
alternative explanation is the number of copies of p53 that the naked mole–rat has. In a study in
which the cancer resistance of large mammals was compared to their DNA damage response, the
results showed that elephants have at least 20 copies of p53 compared to humans 1 copy. This is
believed to be the cause of elephants' high cancer resistivity(Abegglen et al., 2015). These copies
allow elephants to have a backup tumor suppressor in case of damage to another

Tokyo Ghoul
1. a. In "John Wick", the main character seeks retribution against Iosof Tarasov, a man who broke
into his house, stole his car, and killed his dog. Iosof's father, the head of a Russian crime syndicate,
sends assassins after John to stop him.
In "The Witness", someone has been kidnapping young women. The main character, Lu Xiaoxing, is
nearly the victim of one of these kidnapping attempts. She escapes, but the kidnapper is out to kill
her before she leads the police to him.
b. In "Tokyo Ghoul" by Ishida Sui, Kaneki Ken discovers that he has become a ghoul after getting
into a construction accident. A ghoul is a human–like being that can only eat human flesh.
Throughout the story, Kaneki constantly struggles with his human morals and his ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In "Into the New World", one group of humans developed psychokinesis. This caused a power
imbalance that led psychokinetic humans to enslave powerless humans. Sometime between then and
the story's present, powerless humans were genetically modified with naked mole rat DNA. They
became "Queerats" or "Monster Rats" and were forced to serve psychokinetic humans. One Queerat
discovers the truth of their history and stages a rebellion to take revenge.
3. a. My mother and I have always had a rocky relationship. It has become worse after she began
living with me and my father. We have conflicting views on many things.
b. I sometimes find myself insulting others in my head or dismissing their arguments out of pride or
for petty reasons. This is a habit I am trying to break. I know it is unfair and wrong most of the time,
so I try to rectify it by thinking from the other person's perspective.
c. My father and I have very different political views. This often leads to arguments and frustration,
which is difficult when we live in the same house.
d. My conflict with nature is with the sun. I tan very easily, I do not like heat, and I have acne scars,
so I try to avoid the sun as much as possible. However, I need vitamin D, so I am required to have
some direct exposure every once in a

Analysis: The Immortal Life Of Henrietta Lacks
PART 1
SCIENTIFIC PROCESS– the scientific process is a way to make sure that your experiment can give
a good answer to your question. We use observations, hypotheses, predictions, experimentation, and
conclusions.
SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT– Scientific advancement is an achievement that advances the range
of knowledge in specific parts of science and other aspects of science. An invention that takes
science to a whole new level would be an advancement. Most are recognized by the Nobel Prize.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY– It is kind of like a patent. The ownership of an idea by the person
who came up with that idea is called intellectual property.
BIOETHICS– It is the principals of a new scientific discovery or advances. An example would be
drug research ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was interested about this topic and found very little information on it. She searched everywhere
to find relatives of Henrietta Lacks. She found Deborah Lacks but she wouldn't talk to her nor will
her relatives. Deborah Lacks was Henrietta's daughter. She kept trying and she finally succeeded and
extracted all the information she needed. I think the main theme of this book is scientific ethics. Can
people take what others own and say that it is theirs? I think the Lacks were mad about the doctor
taking Henrietta's cells without the permission of anyone. Why was it mostly poor black patients
who were unknowingly used for research? That is what happened to the Lacks family. Another
theme is informed consent. Before they did surgery on Henrietta's tumor they made her sign a
consent form, allowing the doctors to "perform any operative procedures ... that they may deem
necessary" (p.31). After her death, her husband signs an autopsy permission form, having been told
that the doctors will run tests that may one day help his children. Neither Henrietta nor her husband
had any idea of what they were agreeing to or what the consequences would

Igbo Dictionary
onaryDictionary of Ònìchà Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope
Press, 1972. Kay Williamson (†) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench
Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044–(0)1223–
560687 Mobile worldwide (00–44)–(0)7967–696804 E–mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk
http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This
printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:
................................................................................................................................................. 2 Editor's
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
12 5.1 Alphabet
............................................................................................................................................... 12 5.2
Double vowels ......................................................................................................................................
13 5.3 Syllabic nasal
....................................................................................................................................... 13 5.4
Tones.....................................................................................................................................................
13 5.5 Word division
...................................................................................................................................... 13 5.6 A note on
'y' ......................................................................................................................................... 14 6.
Grammatical sketch
.................................................................................................................................. 15 6.1 Parts of
speech ..................................................................................................................................... 15 6.2
Verbs.....................................................................................................................................................
17 6.2.1. Types of verbs

The Impact Of Social Behaviors On Human Behavior
Introduction Group behaviour, also known as gregarious behaviour, occurs in a wide variety of
animals including, but not limited to, invertebrates (Ritz, 1994), fish (Shaw, 1970), birds (Lack,
1968), wildebeests (Gueron and Levin, 1993), lions (Bertram, 1975), and primates (Nakagawa,
1990). Benefits of group living include improved reproductive success, increased foraging success,
and improved predation survival (Hamilton, 1971; Reluga and Viscido, 2005). Social behaviours
evolve when the benefits of group living outweigh the costs (Fleagle, 2013). Predation risk is
lowered in social groups by confusing the predator so the predator's success decreases (Hall et al.,
1986; Smith and Warburton, 1992), by providing improved vigilance – more ... Show more content
Group living in animals can be an act of selfish behavior, one of the reasons being the reduced risk
of predation (Morrell and James, 2008). Species that show this behaviour include sticklebacks
(Krause and Tegeder, 1994), banded killifish (Hoare et al., 2004), toad tadpoles (Watt et al., 1997;
Spieler and Linsenmair, 1999) and ocean skaters (Foster and Treherne, 1981). By keeping close to
others and forming a group, an animal can benefit from collective vigilance, predator confusion, and
the dilution risk, all which reduce the chance of predation to that individual (Morrell and James,
2008; Krause and Ruxton, 2002). Selfish herd theory The selfish herd theory was developed by
Hamilton and is widely excepted as a explanation for the selfish grouping of animals (Morrell and
James, 2008). The Selfish herd theory states that individuals within a population attempt to reduce
their predation risk by putting other individuals between themselves and predators resulting in
groups of animals (Hamilton, 1971). Hamilton's proposed theory contrasted the hypothesis that
evolution of such social behaviour was based on mutual benefits to the population (Hamilton, 1971).
An animal may join a group for its own selfish reasons, seeking to push the risk of being a victim of
predation onto other members (Breed and Moore, 2011). In groups, predation risk is greatest on the
outside edge and lower towards the

Compare And Contrast Dr Jay Wile And Robert Martin
"The origin of the universe, the Earth and man is a topic that is still debated today, over a hundred
years after Darwin published his work, On The Origin of Species, in which he presented his theory
of evolution." (Trudeau, 1). This is seen in so many of the scientific debates that have taken place.
One instance where a debate relating to this topic occurred was between Dr. Jay Wile and Dr. Robert
Martin. They were on entirely opposing sides; Dr. Wile was on the creation side whereas Dr. Martin
was on the evolution side. Dr. Jay Wile and Dr. Robert Martin each stated their views boldly and
respectfully.
Dr. Jay Wile was at the standing point of a creationist view. Creationists are people who "believe the
basics of a Christian worldview: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Martin rebutted a majority of Dr. Wile's points as well, but the rebuttal that had the most support
was his rebuttal against mutations being harmful. Dr. Wile made the claim that mutation erode
genetic information and do not enhance it. The only mutation that worked was a type of corn. Dr.
Martin, however, state that some simple point mutations do not have effects on the functions or
other things. He did admit, however, that some are lethal, but the possibilities of it being lethal isn't
that high. He backed up these claims with three examples: hoax genes, naked mole rats, and birds in
the Galapagos. The hoax genes are in every living thing, and are responsible for the symmetry of
genes. He admits to this that if there are changes in these genes, they can make bad changes or good
changes in an organism. Also, a naked mole rat and the birds with small wings both are surviving
mutates, and will continue to survive as long as they remain in their particular

Hyaluronan Lab Report
Hyaluronan (HA) is an extracellular matrix component that is secreted by fibroblasts and also works
in inhibiting cell division. In a research article by Dr. Tian et al., They propose a mechanism for the
cancer resistance exhibited by naked mole rats. They observed that in naked mole rats, there are
greater levels of high molecular weight HA excreted from their fibroblasts. This high molecular
weight HA accumulates in the tissues of the naked mole rat because the enzyme that is responsible
for degrading, hyaluronan synthase 2, has decreased activity. When experiments are performed to
remove HA, by the two methods, knocking down HAS2 or causing the overexpression of the
enzyme Hyal2 which is responsible for the degradation of HA, the cells of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
High molecular weight HA has properties that work to repress mitogenic signaling and also has
anti–inflammatory properties. The anti–cancer mechanism in naked mole rates is termed early
contact inhibition (ECI), which is a process that causes the arrest of cell growth when cells come in
contact with one another, and therefore these naked mole rats exhibit contact inhibition and in turn
this is what makes them less susceptible to malignant cells forming. There are two different
mechanisms present that contribute to the accumulation of high molecular weight HA in naked mole
rats, the first being more vigorous synthesis and the second slower degradation. The authors showed
that HA signaling triggers ECI by means of the CD44 receptor by culturing cells from naked mole
rats in the presence of an antibody that blocks the function of the CD44 receptor. From this they
show that the ECI signal from high molecular weight HA is in some way transmitted by the CD44
receptor (Tian, 2013). CD44 interacts with NF2, which is responsible for contact inhibition. When
cells from the naked mole rat are grown in the presence of HAase, NF2 is in its phosphorylated,
growth promoting form, while on the other hand, when the naked mole rat cells are grown in the
absence of HAase, NF2 is mainly in unphosphorylated and in its growth–inhibitory form. Therefore
for their results they demonstrate that ECI is controlled by the HA/CD44/NF2 pathway and this is
how HA inhibits cell division in the naked mole rat (Tian,

Cancer And Its Effects On The Human Body
Mole Rats Cancer Immunity
Daniel Howard
Bio 4920
10/15/15
One of the deadliest diseases known man, cancer, is responsible for every one out of every four
deaths in the United States. Worldwide, there are more than 10 million new cancer cases per year,
and cancer is the cause of approximately 12% of all deaths (Silvera & Rohan, 2007). This count is
rising and will continue to do so as scientists and researchers claim that there is no cure yet, just
treatment. So, what exactly is cancer and how does it work? Cancer can arise virtually anyplace in
the human body, which consists of trillions of cells. Generally, human cells mature and divide to
create new cells as the body needs them. Whether it is from damage or aging, cells eventually die
and new cells take their place. However, when cancer develops, this systematic process becomes
disrupted. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells live when they should
die, and new cells form when they are not needed (Doll & Peto, 1981). These new cells are able to
divide without stopping which can eventually lead to abnormal growths called tumors.
Many cancers form tumors. Tumors are essentially just masses of tissue that can arise throughout the
majority of the body. There are two different types of tumors that are important when in comes to
cancer. There are malignant tumors and benign tumors. Benign tumors do not typically spread and
when removed, they do not normally grow back.

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