The Structure Of Dn Cooperation And Competition

The Structure Of Dn Cooperation And Competition
The Structure of DNA: Cooperation and Competition
PRACTICAL PROBLEM:
The question "How do living things pass on their traits to offspring" had long been on the minds of
researchers.
CURIOSITY:
Curiosity was a trait of all those who wondered about that question. Gregor Mendel was just one of
those people leading up to the four who discovered the structure of DNA.
The four people who discovered the structure of DNA built upon the EXPLORATION AND
DISCOVERY of others:
At the time of this discovery, the groundwork in DNA research had been prepared, beginning with
the work of Gregor Mendel in the 19th century.
NEW TECHNOLOGY:
Later, in the decades of the 1940's and 50's, the understanding of DNA grew because of new
technology.
DISCOVERY:
It was learned that DNA is made of phosphates, sugars, four bases and discovering that those bases
are stacked .34 nanometers apart and that the DNA bases always occur in the same "A=T, C=G"
ratios.
PERSONAL MOTIVATION:
Part of the motivation for those who discovered the structure of DNA is that there were other
individuals and groups interested in answering the same questions about the way life works. It may
have added a little pressure and excitement to the process.
MAURICE WILKINS, Nuclear physicist

Maurice built his career by becoming educated regarding the contributions and discoveries of
others.
MOTIVATION:
Maurice wanted a change.
INSPIRATION:
He felt inspired with the same question, "How do living things pass on their
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The Double Helix Report
In "The Double Helix" by J.D. Watson he tells the story as to how he and Francis Crick discovered
the structure of DNA. After reading this book I was able to see how the structure of DNA was
discovered since I didn't really have a lot of knowledge as to who discovered DNA besides what the
biology book briefly talked about. During this time there was not a lot of people interested in DNA
but for the people that were it was almost like a race to see who could discovered it first. Through
the book one of their most fierce competition would have to be Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind
Franklin. Thanks to their research Watson and Crick were able to discover the structure of DNA
first. Even though Maurice and Rosalind were on the same team they could ... Show more content
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Watson and Crick were able to work great as a team because they both had something to contribute
to the discovery of DNA. Crick did a lot of the mathematical work and was normally found in the
lab first before Watson. On the other hand Watson did a lot of the research, he would often go to
different conferences to hear any new discoveries concerning DNA in order to stay on top of their
game. After each conference Watson would report his findings to Crick and use that in their
advantage. This is one of the things that made them extremely successful were as Rosalind and
Maurice would share their ideas and accepted any criticisms and opinion. For example we are able
to see how much Watson values Francis opinions when he says " Another fifteen minutes' fiddling
by Francis failed to find anything wrong, though for brief intervals my stomach felt uneasy when i
saw him frowning. In each case he became satisfied and moved on to verify that interatomic contact
was reasonable" (pg 406). In this statement we are able to see how Francis frowning shows that they
relied in each other for support and approval. Watson and Crick also shared their findings with other
scientist because they knew that they would need the input of skilled chemist and biologist to help
them in the process of the discovery of

Dna, The, And The Law Of The Independent Assortment
Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is what makes up every living thing, big or small. It
can be thought of as a set of instructions, which tells cells what to do. DNA determines whether a
person is female or male, their skin and eye color, as well as the color of their hair.
The first person to begin discovering the complexities of DNA was Gregor Mendel, an Austrian
monk who lived in the 19th century. In 1865, Mendel was studying heredity in pea plants. For eight
years, he grew over ten thousand pea plants, looking for patterns that would show him how certain
traits were passed on from parent to child (DNA Learning Center, n.d.). After completing his
research, Mendel postulated three laws to describe inheritance; they are: the Law of Dominance, the
Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment. These laws determine the likelihood
of the child receiving a specific trait from the parents (Science Clarified, n.d.). Mendel's discoveries
where groundbreaking, especially since it was done prior to the discovery of genes and
chromosomes.
Since Mendel's time, our understanding of DNA, genes, and chromosomes has grown immensely,
and much of this understanding and discoveries were influenced by Mendel's research on pea plants.
In 1928, Frederick Griffith, a medical officer in the army, was trying to find a vaccine that would
cure streptococcus pneumoniae; also known as strep throat (C. O'Connor, 2008). Griffith conducted
experiments using different strains of

Watson And Crick What Is Life Summary
The quest for deoxyribonucleic acid was a search that had drawn out for quite a long time. The fame
for the discovery of the structure of the double helix belonged to Watson and Crick, for they had
debunked the mystery in 1953. Their finding denoted a milestone in the history of science. It also set
the path for future biology studies. This study like all others, began with a solitary idea, a single
experiment, which sparked future generations to follow the same path. This follows the fact that the
scientific method is not linear, it is circular. Utilizing this, the two researchers, Watson and Crick,
began with a purpose, collected background research on the topic, and created a hypothesis which
led them to results that may or may not have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While both John Watson and Francis Crick did not start out the task of uncovering the structure of
DNA, they both eased into it. "At the time of my arrival, Francis' theories spread far beyond the
confines of protein crystallography. Anything important would attract him"(9). "A major factor in
his leaving physics and developing an interest in biology has been the reading in 1946 of What is
Life? by the noted theoretical physicist Erwin Schrȍdinger"(13). This demonstrates that while Crick
did leave physics, he did it for a reason. After reading the novel, he was inspired to start a new
science life. Instead of focusing on protein crystallography, the book's ideology moved Crick's
attention to DNA. "It was Wilkins who had first excited me about X–ray work on DNA... My
interest in DNA had grown out "(21). This indicates how Watson commenced his search on DNA.
Although not stated outright, Watson got his ideas from Wilkin. He had observed Maurice's words
and from this, he began to question and became intrigued. The same is applicable to Francis. He
embarked on the path of DNA because of the book What is Life?, which shows that it must have
sparked inquiries, since he 'developed an interest in biology' and then acted upon it with Watson
alongside

Historical Discoveries Of Dna And Genetic Material
When most people think of DNA, scientists, laboratories, and twisted ladders come to mind. In
reality, DNA makes up genetic material, which makes up proteins that form much of the body and
perform vital tasks. The study of DNA and genetic material is something more people should be
aware of. As a society, knowing how powerful genetic research and technology are holds the
possibility to help, or possibly hurt, people now and in the future.
The study of deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA, sounds modern, but in reality has been
around for over 150 years. In 1856, Gregor Mendel performed his famous pea plant experiment.
This experiment helped determine dominant and recessive traits. Mendel's work faded for more than
30 years. Based on his research, Reginald Punnett developed Punnett Squares. Punnett Squares
predict which traits offspring will inherit based on their parents. In 1885, scientists found
chromosomes in cells.
Even though there were many contributing factors, one of the most important discoveries about
DNA was made by Francis Crick and James Watson. Francis Crick was born in 1916, in
Northampton, England. Early in his life, he studied physics but later turned to biology. He attended
University in London and earned his Ph.D in molecular biology in 1954. James Watson was born
April 26, 1928, in Chicago, Illinois. He enrolled in the University of Chicago when he was just 15
years old. He earned his Ph.D. when he was 22 by completing studies on bacteriophages.

Charles Crick And James Watson On The Structure Of The...
In 1962, the Nobel Prize was awarded to Francis Crick and James Watson for formulating the
structure of the complex molecule known as DNA. These discoveries were a direct result of the
accumulation of many scientists' earlier analyses and findings of the DNA. Before Watson and Crick
had developed the double–helical structure of DNA, indication of this genetic material had been
revealed around the 1850's. During the century following the first evidence of DNA, subsequent
researchers had been eagerly examining the physical and chemical components of this molecule.
Moreover, scientists such as Erwin Chargaff and Linus Pauling established a scientific foundation of
research for future experts like Watson and Crick to analyze and interpret. The history of science
acknowledges Watson and Crick's findings as an exclusive discovery of their studies. However, the
knowledge required to expose these innovative ideas are a culmination of "human events in which
personalities and cultural traditions play major roles" (Watson and Stent, 3). Watson's personal
account within The Double Helix introduces the significance of these scientific influences on his
research and discovery of the DNA molecular structure. Without major scientific figures, such as
Max Perutz, Rosalind Franklin, and Linus Pauling, the conceptualization of Watson and Crick's
DNA structure would not have successfully developed as it did in the 1950's.
Intrigued by Linus Pauling's discovery of the alpha helix, Watson

Jean Watson Influence On The Structure Of Dna
Sixty–five years ago, the structure of DNA was unknown. In contrast to other sciences such as
chemistry, which dates to around the time of the Egyptians, and physics, which came into vogue
during the 1600s, molecular biology is truly a modern phenomenon. Until 1952, many biologists
continued to believe that proteins carried genetic material. The next year, In 1953 James Watson and
Francis Crick published their findings on the structure of DNA. Their proposition states that DNA
consists of a double helix with alternating deoxyribose and phosphate molecules in the backbone.
While many may attribute the structure of DNA to other scientists, it was Watson who formulated
the model. To complete this, he synthesized data uncovered by his colleges, the most famous of
which was Rosalind Franklin. Her understudy, Raymon Gosling, captured the iconic Photo 51, an
X–ray diffraction photograph of DNA. This image confirms the double–helical structure of DNA.
Also seen in the image is the sugar phosphate backbone. Another influence on Watson's conclusions
was the work of Erwin Chargaff, who suggests that there are four ... Show more content on
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Debates rage on whether Rosalind Franklin would have come to the same conclusion about Photo
51. Watson also brought in information from Chargaff, among others, to polish his formulation.
From his work and mindset, one sees that a scientist must be curious about an unsolved problem and
strive to complete it. For example, after meeting Maurice Wilkins and hearing about his X–ray
refraction technique, Watson believed in the possibility that he could deduce the structure of DNA,
and he pushed after his new–found goal. Of equal importance is the ability to integrate data from
different sources into a coherent argument. This integration is why James Watson was the most
influential in discovering the structure of

The Characters In James Watson's The Double Helix
The Double Helix Essay In James Watson's The Double Helix, there are four main scientists that all
work towards the discovery of the double helix. These four people discovered the double helix and
forever changed biology. Their names are James D. Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and
Maurice Wilkins. The winners of the Nobel prize in real life were James D. Watson, Francis Crick,
and Maurice Wilkins. Rosalind was ineligible to receive the reward because she died prior to the
award being given. As the Nobel prize committee I choose James D. Watson to win the Nobel Prize.
There was no doubt that Watson was the most important person towards the discovery of the double
helix. The first person being analyzed will be Maurice Wilkins. ... Show more content on
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I believe they would've been better off just not being partners. Both of their main downfalls were
each other. Another problem of his was on page 56 when he handed over to Rosy all the good
crystalline DNA used in his original work and had agreed to confine his studies to other DNA,
which he afterward found did not crystallize. Although Maurice Wilkins did many great things, I
feel that he was held back by his lab partner. If he did not have as many problems, he would have
been able to accomplish more. That is why Maurice Wilkins did not win the nobel prize. The next
person I will be analyzing is Rosalind Franklin. Rosalind Franklin had one of the biggest
accomplishments, but was put down my list because of her difficulties. Rosalind Franklin's strongest
accomplishment was Watson and Crick saw some of her unpublished data, including the beautiful
"photo 51," shown to Watson by Wilkins. This X–ray diffraction picture of a DNA molecule was
Watson's inspiration (the pattern was clearly a helix). Using Franklin's photograph and their own
data, Watson and Crick created their famous DNA model. Franklin's contribution was not
acknowledged, but after her death Crick said that her contribution had been critical. Without that
data and the photo 51 the double Helix never would've been discovered. Another pro was, "Rosy
had had evidence for a new three–dimensional form of DNA" (167). This was just another example
of Rosy having information that the team

Rosalind Franklin Research Paper
Rosalind Elsie Franklin was a British chemist that discovered the structure of DNA, along with
many other things. Rosalind was born into her family on July 25, 1920, in London, and passed away
at the age of 38. Her mother's name was Muriel Frances Waley and her father's name was Ellis
Arthur Franklin. Rosalind was one of five children in her family, and her siblings names were
Jenifer, Colin, Ronald, and David. Ever since the age of 15, she knew that being a scientist was how
she wanted to contribute to the world. Her father disagreed because he knew that it was hard for a
woman to pursue a science career, and the cost of tuition was expensive. During Rosalind's studies,
she attended multiple schools, including London Collegiate School, Newnham College, and St.
Paul's Girls' School, where she was a stellar student. After her schooling was over, she began
working as an assistant research officer at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association. This is
where she researched coal. In 1946, she was taught about X–Ray diffraction, which is how her ...
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In 1951, she decided to take some pictures of X–Ray diffraction DNA, which showed a helical
appearance. The photographs that she took evidently showed that DNA was a double helix. This did
not match the theory that the formation was made of three chains. Other scientists such as James
Watson and Francis Crick contributed to the findings as well. Soon after Franklin made her
discovery, Watson and Crick used her data and information to benefit themselves, by producing an
accurate model, which they could not do before. Shortly after Rosalind Franklin passed away,
Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discoveries. There are many people that
believe Rosalind did not receive the amount of credit that she deserved, and that Watson and Crick
got unearned credit. In 1953, they published "their"

Charles Crick And James Watson
"A potential key to the secret of life was impossible to push out of my mind" (Watson 35). Without
Crick and Watson's development on the anatomy of DNA, the foundation for modern day
knowledge on genetics and inheritance would have never existed. Francis Crick and James Watson
were two scientists who discovered and deciphered the structure and different parts of DNA.
Subsequently, if they never conceived the whole idea of a human genome, the entire maintenance of
life's code would remain a mystery. Throughout the race where the men were aiming to be the first
ones to unscramble the DNA code, Crick and Francis encountered and exchanged ideas and
hypotheses with other scientists in order to produce the structure and function of the DNA ... Show
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The men exemplified exploration by looking into the works of Linus Pauling, a scientist who had
released his discoveries of the proteins found in DNA, during the mid 1930s. In addition, the x–rays
of DNA photographed by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin in the early 1950s contributed in
the finalized DNA structure (Cobb). From Francis and James' article, Genetical Implications of the
Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid, it describes how genes can carry specific chromosomes onto
later generations. They supported their hypothesis by including the information gathered from
Franklin, Wilkins, and Pauling. If it weren't for their earlier exploration of other people's ideas, these
two men would never have been able to conduct enough experimentation in order to actually
construct a model of DNA.
Nonetheless, Crick and Watson did not simply go online and search up other's information. These
men had to encounter people and exchange ideas with them. Along that line, conflicts were
encountered. By the end of January of 1953, Watson went to King's college to meet with Wilkins in
order to obtain x–rays taken of DNA. This picture that was shown to Watson is known as the
famous Photograph 51, which when Watson saw it " my mouth fell open and my pulse began to
race." Since a slight glance of the picture certainly was not beneficial, Watson decided to

James Watson Critique
Another method that scientists do when they are researching is discussing and comparing your
experiment results or models with other scientists' data or even your own to confirm or contradict
your idea. For example, in section 27, Watson and Crick finished building the next double helix
DNA structure model after a long wait for the metal bases that were required in order to continue
constructing it. In section 28, they found out that the data that both he and Rosy had supported the
structure that James and Francis had built. Rosy's idea that there had to be an outside backbone and
middle bases also worked hand in hand with the double helix model. By using others' already
existing data, they were able to confirm that the model was strongly supported ... Show more
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The very first man who is mentioned, is Francis Crick. In the beginning, Watson didn't know much
about crystallography and was unable to progress faster without the knowledge, so Crick taught him
about it. All throughout the adventure, Crick and Watson were constantly jamming their heads
together, working hard towards the discovery. This included gathering data, discussing theories
with, and even building model structures. Without Francis, the discovery of the structure of DNA
wouldn't have happened as soon as it did. Another important scientist mentioned is Maurice
Wilkins. In the first place, Wilkins was who inspired Watson to study DNA. When he presented his
photograph of crystallized DNA in Naples, that is what first caught Watson's attention and drew him
to the topic. Maurice was also someone who Watson and Crick shared their information and
discussed theories with. When Watson went to Maurice's lab to tell him about Linus Pauling's
incorrect paper, Maurice showed him the copies of X–ray photographs that he had copied from
Rosalind Franklin. Speaking of Rosalind, she also played an important part in the discovery. She
was Maurice Wilkins' assistant in the lab, someone who Maurice had gripes about because of her
moodiness and seemingly stubborn attitude. Despite this, no one can deny that her contribution was
just as necessary as the other scientists in

Character Analysis Of James Watson In The Novel The Double...
James Watson– James Watson is both the narrator and author of the novel "The Double Helix." The
reader begins to understand this character by the actions and ways this character is treated. He is at
the time 19 years old and graduated from the University of Chicago. James Watson is a character the
reader can relate to with events such as James not just focusing on science, but enjoying parties and
meeting the girls at Cambridge University. He is portrayed as a very determined scientist as he
throughout the novel. He shows this when he studies RNA, bacterial sextuality and most
importantly DNA. He dreamed of achieving scientific glory through genetics and microbiology.
Watson uses most of his time working and struggling with Francis Crick to create a DNA model.
Him and Crick work well together even through some road blocks and bumps. Along the way
Watson also works with Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. Rosalind Franklin provides
conflict because she has difficulty at first working and getting along with the others. This group of
scientist navigates a new world of discoveries as they race other scientists to the DNA structure.
They are motivated by this competition and they use the mistakes of the other scientist to their
advantage. For example when they get hold of a draft of Pauling's most recent breakthrough on
DNA. They are shocked and disappointed to find out it looks as though he has cracked it, however it
turns out he has made some very noticeable mistakes. The

David Miescher Essay
Deoxyribonucleic acid or its more common name DNA is the hereditary material that makes up all
humans and living organisms. DNA is an incredibly complex molecule that acts as an instruction
book for cells. This molecule was discovered in the late 1800's by a Swiss biochemist named
Friedrich Miescher. Miescher isolated analyzed and recognized DNA as a unique macromolecule.
Johannas Friedrich Miescher was born in 1844 to a distinguished scientific family. In college,
Miescher studied medicine but after his graduation in 1868, he decided to pursue physiological
chemistry. This was due to a hearing impairment caused by a severe attack of typhoid fever. In
1869, he stayed at the laboratory of Felix Hoppe–Seyler. By combining his knowledge of medicine
and organic chemistry he isolated and chemically characterized DNA. At the time of this discovery,
many believed that cells were largely made of proteins. Miescher contradicted this opinion by
noting that the presence of something that "cannot belong among any of the protein substances
known hitherto". He showed that this substance was derived from the nucleus of the cell alone and,
therefore, named it "nuclein". He then went on to prove that nuclein was present in many cells and
contained phosphorous carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. These findings were so revolutionary that ...
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During the time of Chargaff's birth World War I was at its peak causing his family to move to
Vienna. He spent his high school and college years in Vienna studying chemistry. Though his
education was not limited to the confinements of Vienna and he attended Yale for 2 years before
returning to Europe. Sadly in Europe, the Holocaust had begun and Chargaff, being from Jewish
descent, could not find work in the scientific field causing him to return to America where he was
able to secure a position in the biochemistry department of the Columbia

The Characteristics Of Rosalind Franklin
2. To what extent did the personalities of each of the three scientists affect the way in which they did
their research? (10)
Rosalind Franklin.
Rosalind Franklin was a very independent woman, and was very stubborn. This led her to be a loner
in her scientific research. She had some close friends in Paris especially, but she did not form the
argumentative relationships and did not benefit from the constructive criticism that James Watson
and Francis Crick could. (Robinson A, 2012)
Franklin was intelligent, assertive, and directly confrontational, which made it difficult for her to
work with other scientists should they make mistakes or be slower than her in finding solutions.
This was one of the reasons why her relationship with Maurice Wilkins deteriorated at King's – she
was highly critical and he was shy and submissive. (Elkin L, 2009)
According to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How did the structure of DNA identified by Watson and Crick differ from the model previously? Do
you think Rosalind Franklin received enough acknowledgement for her work from Watson and
Crick? Give reasons for your answer. (5)
Linus Pauling proposed a structure of DNA before Watson and Crick, in 1952. He suggested that the
structure of DNA was a three chain helix, bonded with hydrogen bonds. His model had placed the
sugar and phosphate components of the nucleotide in the centre of the triple helix. He also believed
that the nitrogenous bases were facing out of the helix and not inside. (Paulingblog.wordpress.com,
2009) The problem with this model however, was that it was impossible to have so many negatively
charged phosphates in the centre of the helix without it blowing itself apart.
(Paulingblog,wordpress.com, 2009)
The Watson and Crick model of the structure of DNA differed from this in the sense that it was a
double helix, the nitrogenous bases were on the inside of the helix and the phosphate and sugar
groups were on the outside of the helix. These were all bonded with hydrogen bonds.
(Biography.com,

Argumentative Essay On Rosalind Franklin
The fact that many people probably have not heard of Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Lise Meitner, Esther
Lederberg, Chien–Shiung Wu or Rosalind Franklin, is not surprising. These women, among many
other female scientists, have been robbed of their recognition due to sexism. Female scientists have
a reputation of being ignored, in a sense that they did not receive enough, if not any, credit for their
ideas and work. If you ask people who were responsible for the discovery of DNA, most people
would answer Watson and Crick. However, there were some scientists that made key contributions,
and are not properly acknowledged. Rosalind Franklin is seen as one of the most discredited
researchers of all times. She had played an important role in the development of the model of the
DNA molecule, but the other male scientists took all the credit, and, received the Nobel Prize for
'their' discovery.
Rosalind Elsie Franklin was born in London, in July 1920. Her family was a wealthy and well–
connected British Jewish family. As a child she was already a very bright ... Show more content on
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Nonetheless, today, she is more and more acknowledged – especially due to the recent rise of
passionate feminists. Also, historian's and archivist's work over the past few decades has promoted
Franklin and she has become more widely known. Numerous books and articles have been written
about Franklin and the lack of credit she has received. In 2004, a university in Illinois, US, was
renamed to Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science in dedication to Rosalind
Franklin. The university states "One thing is certain – she died without ever knowing the true
magnitude of her contribution to the science of life". Finally, one could say Watson actually did
Franklin a favour, by portraying her almost villain–like in his book. Had he not done this, she might
had been forgotten

Research Paper On James Watson
Who Was James Watson?
Of the entire amazing scientist that changed our understanding of what we know, James Watson was
one of those scientists. James Watson, born on April 6th, 1928, discovered important unknown facts
about genes.
Who and What Did Watson Study With? James Watson studied zoology and biology. During his
studies, he worked with two men, first biochemist Herman Kalckar and then microbiologist Ole
Maaløe, as stated on https://www.biography.com/people/james–d–watson–9525139. Herman
Kalckar and Ole Maaløe helped James prove and discover the answer to his work.
The Discovery On the spring of 1953 Watson made a discovery of the double–helical configuration.
The double–helical configuration is a DNA molecule is a twisting ladder, which

Francis Crick 's First Impression
Francis Crick's first impression as per Watson's view, possessed a "quick, penetrative mind" and
frequently sought after for advice yet not oft valued. (page 3)
Watson also attributed Crick with fast paced and loud converser and possessor of such a
boisterous/buoyant laughter that "his location within the Cavendish was obvious". (Page 4)
Watson of opinion that anything that Crick would touch would eventually be regarded as the Gospel
of that field due to his brilliant insights into someone's work. (Page 4) This the very first impression
of Watson that Crick who was merely meagre in his own experimental work for his Ph.D as
represented by him flooding the hall way with water because he had neglected to prepare his
experimental equipment properly. Whereas he was extremely quick in intervening on other's lab
work and providing insights on as to how should the experiments proceed going further. This is my
opinion is the start of this coalition between sketchy Watson and intrusive Crick alliance that
obtained and used works of many prominent scientists such as Chargaff, Donohue, Wilkins,
Franklin yet failed to give proper credit due to each one of them with a marginal exception of
Wilkins.
Watson mentions British sense of fair play would not allow Francis Crick to move into the structure
of DNA that was the subject of his friend Maurice Wilkins.
Watson did not like Franklin from the very start as he painted a picture in his mind through the
portrayal of Maurice

Francis Crick Research Papers
Denise Rendon
Mr.pinto
Biology H
4–15–16
Francis Crick
Francis Crick was a Biophysic born in Northampton, England(1916). He helped create new
technologies during World War II.After the war, he began investigating the structure of DNA with
the Research Council of the University of Cambridge Medical at its Cavendish Laboratory with
James D. Watson. He received a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1962 which he shared
for his work and he continued coordinating investigation until 2004 when he passed away.
Francis Harry Compton Crick who was born on June 8, 1916 and was educated at Northampton
Grammar School and later went on to Mill Hill School in London. He went to University College
London, where he focused on material science, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in
1937. In the midst of the war, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Utilizing X–shaft diffraction examinations of DNA. Watson and Crick developed an atomic model
tending to the known physical and substance properties of DNA. It included two interleaved
winding strands, taking after a twisted wandering stool. They speculated that if the two sides split
from each other, every side would change into the explanation behind an outline for the headway of
new strains misty to their past extras.
This theory resulted in examination incited a clarification in the strategy behind the replication of a
quality and, unquestionably, the chromosome. Watson and Crick circled a paper depicting their
DNA twofold helical structure in the trial diary Nature in April of 1953. Another social event at
King's College had been trying to open the structure of DNA also, and the work earned Crick,
Watson and Maurice Wilkins, one of the King's College authorities, the 1962 Nobel Prize for
Physiology or

Reflection Of The Double Helix
The Double Helix, written by James D. Watson, is an autobiographical portrayal of the race to
discover the molecular structure DNA. The characters throughout the book consist of Francis Crick,
Maurice Wilkins, Linus Pauling, Peter Pauling, Rosalind Franklin, and Erwin Chargaff. Crick was
Watson's partner in the discovery of DNA. Maurice Wilkins worked at King's College in London
and made Watson's interest in DNA more prominent. Linus Pauling was a chemist at Caltech in
California and was intensely close to beating Watson and Crick to the figuring out the structure of
DNA. Rosalind Franklin worked under Maurice Wilkins at King's College faced gender bias as a
woman. Sir Lawrence Bragg was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge and the
superior of Crick and Watson. Erwin Chargaff at Columbia University was the scientist who
discovered the rules in the bonding of base pairs. Lastly, Peter Pauling gave Watson and Crick their
last piece of evidence to identify the double helix. The story was narrated by James Watson, who
earned his PhD in Zoology at Harvard.
The book began by Watson explaining his co–workers by giving his experiences with them. He
explains how he himself ended up at the Cavendish Lab in Cambridge and met Francis. Watson is
only interested in studying things he finds fascinating, with little to no education or interest in
mathematics or chemistry, and he refuses to do so. After attending a lecture by Maurice Wilkins,
Watson becomes invested in the

James Watson's The Race For The Double Helix
In "The Race for the Double Helix" there were five major characters that helped make the discovery
of how DNA looks. The first, James Watson, was one of the more major and important characters.
He and his partner, Francis Crick, made the final model for DNA. Watson however was always
trying to find pieces to the puzzle by scavenging from over scientists discoveries. He would travel
the world just to meet up and talk to different scientists. He would go to dinner parties and even
parties and talk to all kinds of people about DNA. He was very enthusiastic in the way he worked
and collaborated with different people. All he wanted was to be the first to make a correct model of
DNA and he had some help from his partner Francis Crick. Francis Crick, partner of James Watson,
was on the same mission for DNA model just like most scientist were. Towards the end of the movie
the partners were almost finished with the model but Watson was thinking so complex, Crick ended
up finding the solution to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was treated very unfair because she mostly worked with all men and she was the only women.
She was very independent but at times she felt lonely and wanted to quit because she thought that
this process would take forever and she did not want to miss out on her family and friends. When
Watson came to talk to her and was very unwelcoming because she knew he was trying to find
answers and she did not want to be taken advantage of. She was very hardworking and drove herself
to success. She seemed to always be in the lab trying to find a breakthrough but would get so
aggravated she would have to take a break and come back to it. When she saw the model Watson
and Crick had created she seemed to be relieved yet upset because her life's work was right in front
of her but yet she was not the one who had created the model even though she had helped the boys
by giving them some

research studies Essay
Irahani, Shara–aisa A. BEEd–I EdSci 102–A Feb. 18, 2014
"Race for the Double–Helix"
What were your first impressions of the main characters?
James Watson: An American biologist man who has a research about the DNA. For me, James
Watson at first was a bit weird guy because of the way he stared and looked at people around him.
He is a mysterious guy and a bit naughty to the ladies he has seen. As one of the character said, he is
the "boy–wonderer". He is also a very eager to know the research and very observant.
Francis Crick: He does the same research with Watson, they are both teammates. He is also eager to
know what is in DNA and the relationship of it with the double–helix.
Rosalind ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What were your later impressions of the main characters?
James Watson: Watson has the wit and capabilities to do the research he is doing. Once he wants to
do something, he wishes and grants to finish the research heartily. He is one of the awardees of the
Noble Prize.
Francis Crick: Similar with Watson, Crick is also eager to finish the study as soon as possible. He is
also one of the awardees of the Noble Prize.
Rosalind Franklin: She wanted to do the research on her own. She studies alone and makes it well.
She also contributed to the discovering of the double helix but kept the study herself.
Maurice Wilkins: He is one of the awardees of the Noble Prize. And he also contributed his previous
researches to Watson and Crick.
Why this movie is called "Race for the Double–Helix"? Do you think scientific research should be a
race? Why? Why not? In my opinion on why was the movie called "Race for the Double–Helix",
because at the middle of the presentation, although Franklin and Wilkins find it difficult to work
together, the possibility of their collaboration heats up the race to discovery, as Watson and Crick
see it. Watson and Crick knew that there was someone who is also doing the discovering for the
Double–Helix, the American chemist Linus Pauling, whom is closing in on a solution. They tried to
hurry and do the research as fast as they can. It is also because they wanted to have an award

Yu Sun Park. Dr. Murphy. Lab Section 4. Discovery Of Dna
Yu Sun Park
Dr. Murphy
Lab section 4
Discovery of DNA double helix: Related to both Scientific and Humane Aspects
DNA, the molecule of life that carries genetic information in humans and almost all other
organisms, has been considered as one of the greatest discoveries until now. If DNA could not have
been discovered, we would not be able to do or test numerous things such as paternity test and
pathological confirmation. There are four main scientists who contributed their lives, knowledge,
and ambitions to find out the DNA double helix, a DNA molecule that has two strands winding
around each other: James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin.
Throughout historical backgrounds and environments, their discovery of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1952, Linus Pauling, who was eager to know the shape of DNA, had published a paper about his
proposal of a triple–helical structure for DNA (Watson 54). Following Pauling, Watson and Crick
also worked on the triple–helical model, but according to the X–ray data, the theory for the triple–
helical structure, where phosphates form the helical core with the bases pointing outwards, was
failed to show the correct structure of DNA (Watson 54).
It was Franklin's diffraction photograph "Photo 51" that finally showed the helical structure of DNA
to Watson and Crick. The photo that had been crystallized under moist conditions shows a fuzzy X
in the middle of the molecule with a helical structure. She also found out that DNA exists in two
different forms, A and B. A is drier crystal in that contain 20 percent water, whereas B is less
ordered and fully hydrated (NOVA). However, the mistake that Franklin made was that she thought
X–rays were the only way to find the structure of DNA (Watson 69). She thought making models of
DNA and playing with them were not that efficient and were a waste of time (Watson 69). In
addition, she also thought the method of Watson and Crick using light beam to take a picture of
DNA and calculating the lines was ineffective because she thought calculations take too long
(NOVA). Also, in "Photo 51," Franklin did not notice about the helical structure and how the
nitrogenous bases are paired (Elkin 44). If she thought of different methods

The Competition for the Secret of Life in James D....
With a competitive spirit, people are driven to act in ways that they would not otherwise and the
results can be drastic. In the case of James D. Watson and Francis Crick, in Watson's novel the
Double Helix, this sensation of competition leads to one of the greatest discoveries in biology. But
the actions of Watson, Crick, and their competitors may or may not be justified for the results that
they yield; the powerful conflict of rivalry has beneficial, detrimental, and questionably moral
consequences that shaped the pathway to DNA's structure.
At times, regardless of the setbacks, rivalry can be advantageous by giving people the inspiration to
continue. Debating on whether to give up the race, Watson realizes the full implications this ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What could have been a successful collaboration becomes a large setback for Watson since he and
Crick now had to basically start from the beginning. As the search continues, each scientist in this
rivalry is finding a possible solution but then being disproved by another since they suspend crucial
pieces of the puzzle from each other. Although Franklin places them in a state of near defeat,
Watson and Crick find the information they need in a questionable manner.
As Watson and Crick become a few steps away from discovering DNA's structure, the actions they
take are arguably justifiable and they realize the significance of this rivalry. After Maurice Wilkins,
who works in the same lab as Franklin, gave away Franklin's work to Watson, and notes: "...that if
we could all agree where science was going, everything would be solved," (170). Maurice brings a
good point; if they worked together, DNA's structure could have been discovered sooner as well as
other important mysteries of science. However, certain events would not have occurred and there is
an equal chance nothing would have been uncovered. As everything falls into place, every action
taken in order for Watson and Crick to reach the answer is reasonable considering that it lead to
biology's greatest structures. In the end, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins receives the Nobel Prize but the
reality of what they did to get there is not as straightforward.
The race for DNA's structure was full

The Origin Of The Word Dna And The Science World Is Well...
Introduction The acronym DNA in the science world is well known. Many would even be able to
say what it stands for: "Deoxyribonucleic Acid". What is not as well known is who discovered DNA
and what went on behind the scenes. Early life and Education Born in London on July 25, 1920 to a
well–known Jewish family, Rosalind Franklin was noted for her cleverness and outspokenness. She
was sent to St Paul's Girls' School which was known for its strict and demanding academics, which
included amongst its subjects, physics and chemistry. School friends later recalled that she was "best
in science, best at maths, best in everything." http://www.livescience.com/39804–rosalind–
franklin.html Rosalind''s father wanted her to go into the line of social work, but at age fifteen, she
had decided to become a scientist. In 1938, aged 18, she graduated from Newnham College at
Cambridge. Career leading up to major discovery Rosalind's first job (1938) was with the British
Coal Utilisation Research Association. Her work there contributed to the war effort as she did
investigations into the structures as well as uses of graphite and coal. Her discoveries were used to
develop gas masks which helped in the safety of Britain's soldiers. In return for her efforts in this
line of study, Cambridge University in 1945 conferred on her a Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry.
Rosalind next worked in Paris at the Laboratoire Central with Jacques Merling honing in on the
science of X–ray

What Is The Role Of Women Reflected In King's College?
King's College: Franklin arrived at King's college in 1951. She worked at King's college and
discovered the structure of DNA at the college.
Gender: Being a female made her life difficult. Her colleagues would not associate with her at times
because she was a woman. Women weren't allowed to enter the senior common room to eat lunch,
only men were allowed.
Upper class background: Franklin was born into a socially well–connected family. Her father was an
investment banker and her mom was the daughter of a lawyer.
X–ray crystallography: Franklin used this technique to discover the 3D shape of molecules. She
started out using this on carbon and coal and then later moved onto biological subjects.
DNA: Franklin and Wilkins contributed to the discovery

James Watson Research Paper
When and where they were born, studied and worked.
James D. Watson was born in 1928 on April 6th in Illinois, Chicago. He attended Horace Mann
Grammar school and South shore High School and spent most of his childhood there. After he won
a scholarship and enrolled at the age of 15 to the University of Chicago. He then attended the
Indiana University in Bloomington after receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in zoology. Then he
received his PhD in zoology in 1950.
When he worked at the University of Copenhagen, Watson started his investigation on the structure
of DNA and later Watson moved to the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory where he
met Francis Crick and continued his work.
Francis Crick was born in 1916 on June 8th in Northampton, England. He attended Northampton
Grammar school and Mill Hill School in London. We then went to University at University College
London and studied Physics. In 1937 he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree. In 1939 his
path was interrupted because of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What did they discover?
Watson and Crick along Maurice Wilkins won the 1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine because of their
amazing Discovery of the Structure of DNA. They published the news of their discovery in April
1953, a molecular structure of DNA based on all its known features– the double helix. Their model
explained how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded onto it. This was one of the
most significant discoveries of the 20th century. They also received a lot of other prizes for their
astonishing work.
After the discovery Crick worked on genetics a bit more and later moved into brain research when
he became a professor at Salk Institute of Biological Studies in California.
Watson directed the Human Genome Project for the American National Institutes of Health from
1988 to

Is Microbiology Important In History
One of microbiology's historical discoveries was in 1953, when Francis Crick and James Watson
determined the double–helix, twisted–ladder structure of DNA. Crick and Wilkins were able to
achieve this discovery with the help of an x–ray crystallography of DNA made by Rosalind
Franklin, along with contribution from another colleague, Maurice Wilkins. In 1962, Crick, Watson,
and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize for this major discovery (Microbeworld, 2006). Franklin
had passed away from cancer before the Nobel Prize had been given.
This DNA discovery began to develop as early as 1943 when Oswald Avery proved that DNA can
carry genetic information (PBS, 2001). Many other scientists soon began to believe that DNA must
have had a simple structure to store genetic information for making living organisms. By 1950,
Crick and Watson were on a mission to figure out how DNA worked. The two together, combined
their scientific backgrounds for 18 months and were able to establish that DNA had a complex
structure, but was intriguingly simple enough to be the molecule of life (National Library of
Medicine, 2015). During the same time in London, Franklin and Wilkins were also studying DNA,
but by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There has been the genetic fingerprinting, human genome mapping, and gene therapy, all due to the
work influenced by Watson and Crick. Not only has it affected the scientific world, but it has
become a cultural icon in society. The double helix can be seen as sculptures, jewelry, or even toys
(National Library of Medicine, 2015). As well as in today's modern times, women are being
acknowledged more and appreciated for their contribution to the science fields. Men and women
cooperatively work together better now than they used

Double Helix Research Paper
Francis Crick asked, "Well, what do you observe?" It was then in late January 1953 that we made
the discovery. My heart was racing, I knew that this picture that Crick held up in his hand, now
known as photo 51, was the key that led to the discovery, the discovery that revolutionized science
and changed it into a state that it had never seen before. The photo, though still grainy, was the best
we saw and portrayed a diffraction pattern of DNA that would forever revolutionize science. "This
is the best proof that DNA exists in a double helix structure, though it only shows it qualitatively." I
responded. It had long been a mystery at how DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, was regarded, and
how it was able to perform actions, like translating, replicating, etc. on a large scale with minimal
error. This was just the spark that we needed to finally comprehend the structure of DNA. Not long
after, Crick and I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I started to write, writing about the discovery that my colleagues and I had made in a book that I
titled, "The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA." I had
thoroughly taken into account of the actions that occurred throughout 1953, when we made the
discovery, which felt so long ago. I made sure to include everyone that participated in this discovery
in this book, including Franklin. Though some of the readers may conclude, when they read this
book, that I had a sexist attitude towards Franklin, but I don't. I was only trying to paint the best
picture of what I was living through at the time of the discoveries. In an attempt to make sure that
Franklin was properly receiving the credit she deserved, I wrote an epilogue dedicated to her and
her vital contributions to the project, and I also owned up to my wrongdoings towards her in the
past. As I read my draft a final time in 1968 before it was sent off to the publishers, I said to

Linus Pauling: A Narrative Analysis
When James Watson and Francis Crick explained their DNA molecule to Wilkins and Franklin, they
both knew something was wrong. Watson had tried to remember what Franklin had said in one of
her lectures on the DNA molecule, but he was going off just his memory so most of it was wrong.
Linus Pauling was on his own race against time to try and beat Franklin and Wilkins, they had been
waiting to see what Pauling had come up with, but as they read his report they knew it was wrong.
Franklin was a very "careful scientist," she wanted to look at more photos before she shared what
she had found. What Franklin didn't know was in the spring of 1953, Wilkins had shown Watson
one of her best x–ray photos. Watson had asked if they could start to work on

The Discovery Of The Dna
Scientist Who Co–Discovered the DNA Says Our Genes Were Brought Here by Aliens
Francis Crick (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was an English scientist who was most noted for being a
co–discoverer of the structure of the DNA molecule in 1953 alongside James D. Watson.
Francis Crick Watson and Maurice Wilkins were jointly awarded the 1962 Nobel Prize for
Physiology for Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids
and its significance for information transfer in living material."
He was clearly a brilliant scientist who unfortunately, like many other brilliant minds who came up
with theories that challenged the accepted frameworks at the time, wasn't given much 'press.'
In his book published in 1982, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After all, theories like this aren't just born out of nowhere and this gentleman won the Nobel Prize
for the study of DNA. Thoughts like this should not be taken lightly and evidence should be
examined to see if it's a plausible hypothesis.
Please keep in mind while reading this article that, although we've discovered much, we have yet to
identify the biological functions of large portions of our DNA.
There is so much mystery wrapped in what could possibly hold the answer to life itself and the
origins of the human race.
A few years ago, Chandra Wickramasinghe, the Director of the Buckingham Centre for
Astrobiology at the University of Buckingham in the U.K., published a paper regarding their
supposed findings of the first–ever evidence of extraterrestrial life found in a celestial body.
At the time, Wickramasinghe pointed out to Huffington Post how, in 1962:
"Hoyle and I pioneered the theory of carbon grains in space to replace the old ice grain theory. This
was vehemently resisted by the astronomical community at the outset, but with the dawn of infrared
spectroscopy, the ice grain theory gave way to the carbon dust theory.
"Over a few years, after a great deal of model–fitting, we came to the conclusion that material
similar to biomaterial fitted all the available data in astronomy. We considered the possibility that

microbiology had a universal character, and no observations in astronomy or new information from
biology

Rosalind Franklin Research Paper
Rosalind Franklin Is a lady who originally came up with the structure cells of DNA but her
information was stolen by people who got the credit. She was one of many female scientist robbed
for credit for a major discovery. Her work was stolen from James Watson and Francis
Crick, who was also trying to make the discovery of DNA structure. Her bestfreind Maurice
Wilkins leaked her photos that she took while looking at DNA cells under a X–ray. Wilkins showed
Watson and Crick, who used Franklins photo to use to "discover" it. Franklin's Image was used for
the credit of Watson and Crick who later got the nobel peace prize . Franklin also provided an article
that helped Watson and Crick "discover" DNA structure. Franklin published more info on the

1950's DNA Research
During the 1950's DNA research was focused on the physical properties, extraction and the contents
within differing organisms. At the time the double helix was discovered, 1953, most scientist believe
DNA was a conjugated protein. DNA is a nucleic acid, a polymer consisting of many nucleotide
monomer and is the blueprint for proteins and cells, which is why they believed it to be a protein.
The discovery of the double helix structure and the pairing of the bases to the function of DNA.
James Watson and Francis Crick are accredit for the discovery of the double helix as well as the
pairing of the bases, adenine with thymine and guanine with cytosine. The pairing advocated that
DNA played a role in the copying of genetic material. The theory

Rosalind Franklin Dna Replication
Because of her discovery of the B–form of DNA, recognition that two states of the
DNA molecule existed and defined the conditions for the transition, essentially being literally only
two steps away from discovering the structure of DNA herself, Rosalind
Franklin deserved to be a co–winner of the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize Nobel Prize in
Medicine for elucidating the structure of DNA in such a way that the mechanism for genetic
replication was revealed. The x–ray, or photograph that James Watson, Francis
Crick and Maurice Wilkins used, and was extremely viable in all three of their research, was a direct
result of work carried out by Rosalind Franklin while at King's College in
London. Instead, the three men received the recognition and Rosalind ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From these photographs, or x–rays, she was able to draw a logical conclusion to the basic
dimensions of DNA strands. Rosalind actually presented these findings at a lecture in King's
College at which one of the eventual Prize winners, James Watson, were in attendance. Franklin
tried to figure out how the double helix worked but wasn't able to. Without her permission,
Franklin's co–worker, Maurice Wilkins, secretly showed her photos to the American scientist
Watson. He and Francis Crick, his British research partner, were trying to build a DNA model.
When Watson saw the photographs, he realized that DNA is a double– stranded helix and the two
were able to complete the model.
In 1953, the same year Rosalind left Cambridge, both Wilkins and Franklin published papers on
their X–ray data in the same journal issue with Watson and Crick's paper on the structure of DNA.
Neither published paper gave credit to the photo that would eventually help, if not become the
breakthrough they needed in their

John Randall Dna The Secret Of Photo 51
After watching the film "DNA: The Secret of Photo 51" the first thing I learned was Rosalind's
background training in the work of X–ray crystallography. In 1951 she started working as a research
associate. John Randall who was also the director would use her expertise and X ray diffraction
techniques which mainly consisted of proteins and lipids in solutions on DNA fibers. When her and
one of her students took a picture of DNA they saw it had two parts. The first one was the dry "A"
form while the other was a wet "B" form. The photo taken is also know as photograph 51 which is
also part of the movie title. The photo had been acquired through 100 hours of X–ray exposure from
a machine by Rosalind herself. Without Franklin taking the

The Contributions Of James Dewey Watson
James Dewey Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago, Illinois. He attended the Horace Mann
Grammar School, South Shore High School. In the summer of 1943, he entered the experimental
four–year college program at the University of Chicago. In 1947, he received a B.Sc. degree in
zoology. He subsequently earned a fellowship for a graduate study program at the University of
Indiana in Bloomington. At Indiana he was inspired by geneticists H.J. Muller and T.M. Sonneborn,
and microbiologist S.E. Lucia, under whom Watson completed his thesis regarding the effect of hard
X–rays on bacteriophage multiplication. From 1950 to 1951 he traveled to Copenhagen as Merck
Fellow of the National Research Council during his first postdoctoral year. He worked with
biochemist Herman Kalckar and microbiologist Ole Maaløe shortly thereafter, and studied bacterial
viruses to analyze the structure of DNA. In the spring of 1951, he traveled with Kalckar to the
Zoology Station at Naples. there he met Maurice Wilkins and for the first time saw the X–ray
diffraction pattern of crystalline DNA which prompted his to change the orientation of his research
to the structural chemistry of nucleic and proteins. In October of 1951 he began to work at the
Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge where he soon met Francis Crick.
Francis Harry Compton Crick was born on June 8, 1916 in Northampton, England. He attended the
Northampton Grammar School and Mill Hill School. He received a B.Sc. degree in physics at

The Double-Helical Structure Of DNA In The Criminal...
DNA or to be exact deoxyribonucleic acid is the fundamental of every living organisms genetics. It
is a code that not more than one person shares. DNA is unique to every human and not one human
have the same DNA code. This scientific discovery was a tremendous leap of success in the criminal
justice system. In the early 1900's the United States Criminal justice system was not as precise as it
is now. Many were convicted wrongly and it was very hard to pin point who committed a crime
because there was no valid evidence tying a person onto a crime. At this time scientists and chemist
where on the verge of a ground breaking discovery. Chemist James Watson and Francis Crick
determined the double–helical structure of DNA, DNA itself was identified

Discoveries In The Double Helix By James Watson
Discoveries–
"The Double Helix," written by James Watson, begins with him being 17 years old already heading
of to study at college. He was currently studying at University of Chicago in his 3rd year. He was
studying Zoology and was hoping for a PHD. As a scientist, Watson questioned the essence of life
and mostly how the information of life was copied. Therefore he wanted to be a geneticist. He
observed Linus pauling and his work and applied to caltech but was unfortunately declined.
Therefore in Indiana he went after DNA and its meaning and form. Over this process he worked
with many people and came to many discoveries that help them in their journeys.
A–helix –
The discovery of the Alpha helix came up when, James Watson was one day alerted that Linus
Pauling had partially solved the structure of proteins. Following up on this James found out that, in
on of Pauling's talks he revealed the alpha–helix model. This was a large event in the race for DNA
because Linus was the first person to propose something solidly correct about DNA structure. This
new event however, did not provide a lot of progress for James's work because of at the time how he
could not tell if this suggestion was correct or not. Later on this information did help them because
they took on the helical shape with the addition of x–ray evidence.
Calculations of Cochran/crick–
The Calculations of Cochran and crick came about because of a letter containing information on a
theory for X–ray diffraction. This

1950's Double Helix
In the 1950's many scientists were trying to study and find the structure of DNA. Early before the
1950's the work of pioneers had discovered DNA. Scientists began to wonder what else is the DNA
made up of and what is it's' structure. Many competed to discover the DNA. It just so happens in
1953 two men succeeded in their goal. James Watson and Francis Crick made a mark in the history
of science. On this day February 28, 1953 Watson and Crick made the discovery of a double helix in
the DNA.
Studying DNA is understanding how genes process within new cells. It helps discover the genetic
code and protein synthesis. DNA has a complex structure simple enough to be discovered. The
importance of the double helix is made up of the shape of a ladder ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They shared some of the same ideas on how they could solve the problem. The two men had very
different personalities, they respected each other's work and became very good friends. Through this
friendship Watson and Crick came up with an idea of testing their theory of how the DNA molecule
might fit together by using stick ball models. Even though their first attempt failed, they didn't give
up. In addition to the stick ball models, Watson and Crick used x–ray pictures to give them ideas for
the structure.
There were two scientists that were experts in taking these x–ray pictures. Watson and Crick used
pictures taken by Rosaline Franklin and Maurice Wilkins to gain some valuable information. Within
two years of starting their study Crick and Watson were able to put together an accurate model of
the DNA structure. The double helix model shape would eventually help scientist all over the world
learn more about genetics. DNA is composed of nucleotide deoxyribose sugar a phosphate group
and four nitrogen. Phosphate and sugar link to form a polymer x–ray provided the final clue of
DNA. DNA molecule is a double helix shaped of a structure like a twisted ladder. The ladder is
formed from pairs of nitrogen bases A, T, C, and

How Did Gregor Mendel Use Peas?
Gregor Mendel In 1866, Gregor Mendel published his work on genes–though they weren't called
genes at the time, they referred to them as "invisible factors"–and how they provided predictable
visible traits. He started studying the genes of plants in 1854. What plant, you ask? Peas. Peas? Yes,
he chose peas because of the variety of types and their quick growth rate. He worked with pea plants
from 1856 to 1863, "cross–breeding" them with different types of pea plants to see what would
happen. When I say different types, I'm referring to their physical traits; short plants, tall plants,
rough plants, smooth plants, green plants, yellow plants, etc. He came up with two crucial
conclusions from these experiments; 1) there are both dominant ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They worked at Cambridge University, which focused moreso on models to narrow down the
possibilities, whereas King's College (where Franklin and Wilkins worked) focused on experimental
studies like looking at x–ray diffractions and such. While attending one of Franklin's lectures,
Watson learned that the phosphate component of the molecule was on the outside. But, when he
tried to construct a model with Crick, it failed. This made the head of their until tell them to stop
their research on DNA. In January, 1953, Wilkins showed Franklin's results [on DNA being a helix]
to Watson without her consent, and they [Watson and Crick] constructed a new model using new
data from a scientist named Chargaff (his findings were about nucleotides and their pairings). With
this new model, they proved that each piece of DNA is a template for the next, so when a strand
separates into two [during cell division], another half is built to replace the lost half. Meaning that
DNA can always reproduce identical strands to itself (aside from occasional mutations and such).
The pair won the nobel prize for Physiology/medicine along with Wilkins in 1962 (Franklin was
already dead at this time, and even if she were alive, the prize can only be shared between three

The Structure Of Dn Cooperation And Competition

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