The Pros And Cons Of Global Fishing Improvements

The Pros And Cons Of Global Fishing Improvements
Currently NGO's such as the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), and
Greenpeace are the main proponents of global fishing amendments; they act as intermediaries between the public
and structures such as the FAO. Improved surveillance, more efficient cooperation between regions, enforcement of
state port control, and the reduction of economic incentives are a few of the current tactics used to regulate the
oceans (Agnew et al., 2009). Increasingly, attempts to protect the ocean have become international. Since the early
1990's, illegal fishing has been reduced in 11 areas, as stated by Agnew et al. (2009). The International Commission
for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, known as ICCAT, has assisted in the decline ... Show more content on
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Serge M. Garcia and Andrew A. Rosenberg expect that global warming will affect the "availability, stability, access
and utilization of food supplies" (2010). This will have important consequences for an already constricted system.
Rising water levels will affect the habitat of ocean and land dwellers. The availability of fish will be altered as
species acclimated towards warmer water migrate towards the poles, due to increasing water temperature (Garcia
and Rosenberg, 2010). Ocean acidification is the foremost critical effect of global warming on the oceans. It results
from the absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the oceans, which lowers the pH of the water. The National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the US states that there has been about a 30% increase in
ocean acidity since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Moreover, current CO2 output levels would lead to a
150% increase in ocean acidity by the end of this century (NOAA). Increased ocean acidity will have drastic effects
on shellfish and coral, due to their calcium based nature (NOAA). Reduced quantities of shellfish and coral will
further alter presently dwindling habitats and amplify the loss of biodiversity. Garcia and Rosenberg explain that
temperature changes will greatly affect fish's metabolism, growth, and reproduction because they are cold–blooded.
This will further influence the availability of food and the
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Antarctica Research Paper
1) Antarctica is Earth's most southern continent, it is located in the South Pole and is in the Southern Hemisphere.
Antarctica is surrounded by the Southern ocean and is nearly completely south of the Antarctic Circle. Antarctica's
coordinates are 90 degrees south and 0 degrees west.
2) The characteristics of a desert are a hot or cold region with little or no rainfall. Yes, I think Antarctica fits the
description of a desert because its snowfall is the same as less than 2 inches of rain per year. Did you know,
Antarctica is the driest desert on earth, even drier then the hottest desert in the world the Sahara Desert.
3) Antarctica is mostly being used for research by geologists (to see how Antarctica was once joined to the other
continents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the climate keeps continuing getting warmer, scientists expect krill life will be shocked and that could damage the
entire Southern polar food chain.
The southern ocean has turned into a dumping ground for unwanted rubbish. They throw away plastics, fishing nets
and hooks which cause terrible, slow deaths of many species each year. Lots of small whales, seals and other
animals are swallowing, choking or becoming trapped in the rubbish, this is decreasing the number of the species.
Many species in Antarctica are isolated from the rest of the world so they have no reason to learn how to defend
themselves. So when invasive rodents like rats come into Antarctica by boat it is very dangerous. Rats feed on baby
bird chicks and eggs devastating the species of albatrosses, petrels and other endangered animals.
Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing is occurring in the Southern Ocean which is making a huge impact on the
fish stocks in many areas, which many seabirds and marine animals depend on. The fishing has a terrible result on
seabirds, when they fly down to eat the bait used by illegal long liners the birds bill becomes tangled and they soon
then sadly

The Overfishing Of Our Oceans
Overfishing
The ocean makes up nearly three–quarters of the planet 's surface and contains about eighty percent of the life on
earth. Millions of people all over the world depend on seafood heavily as a primary source of food. Americans alone
consumed as much as 15.8 pounds of seafood per person in 2009 (NOAA). This is a lot of fish. In fact, it is so much
that many populations of fish are going extinct. At this particular rate according to National Geographic, scientist
predict that the earth is expected to lose all of its current fisheries by the year 2048 (Roach). The overfishing of our
oceans leads to unmanageable practices that will eventually cause many species of fish to become extinct.
According to National Geographic, overfishing dates back to the 1800s when humans killed off massive amounts of
whale population to retrieve blubber for lamp oil (Roach). Similarly, Atlantic cod, herring, and California 's
sardines, were also fished to the brink of extinction by the mid–1900s. Theses cases were extremely harmful to the
ecosystems food chain. To counter these losses, the United States passed the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery
Conservation and Management Act (NOAA). This law made it illegal for foreign countries to fish within 200
nautical miles of the United States shoreline. This would make it easier to manage illegal fishing. Congress also
established eight regional councils with representation from the coastal states and fishery stakeholders. Their jobs
were to come up

Sustainable Development Goal Of Conserving Ocean And...
The majority of the targets for the Sustainable Development Goal of conserving ocean and marine resources were
measurable and can be attained through sensible efforts and dedication. However, targets 14.1 and 14.2 were not as
fully measurable as others due to vague execution methods for addressing the issue in concern. To further explain,
target 14.1 has a measurable target of reducing pollution, but does not further elaborate on how to do so.
Furthermore, target 14.2 addresses the measurable requirement to protect oceanic and marine ecosystems, yet the
approaches to solving the problem included "strengthening their resilience, and taking action...", which appear to
sound vague and immeasurable (UNSDKP). Therefore, a good approach to dealing with these issues is to educate
and raise awareness to the public about the harmful consequences of polluting the ocean. Moreover, targets 14.3 and
14.4 were substantially more measurable and addressed a direct, realistic solution to the issues. These targets discuss
ocean acidification and overfishing respectively, both being measurable since acidity levels and fish population can
be measured overtime. The direct solution to both issues is scientific cooperation, where a scientific approach is
most likely able to resolve these matters. Likewise targets 14.5 and 14.6 are measurable because land area and
subsidies can be quantified. Target 14.7 is not only a measurable target, but also rewarding. Firstly, economic
benefits are measurable

The United Nations Targets For Ocean Sustainability
1. The United Nations targets for ocean sustainability are measurable when looking at 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5
and 14.6. This is due to that fact that the United Nations is able to create a base level in order to look at the major
contributors to these issues this can be then simplified as these contributors are the human population. For example,
when look at target 14.3 which deals with the eminent of fossil fuels, fossil fuels are cause by production run by
humans. Allowing humans to have control over how many fossil fuels they want to eminent on a daily basis.
Another example of a target that can be measurable is 14.4 as it deals with the issue of over fishing and the use of
fish stocks. This target is measurable as The United Nations is able to measure fish stocks and will be able to
measure them ten years from now to see if the laws put in place are positively affecting our worlds oceans. They
will be able to check the harvest growth pattern that the fish stocks provide in order to catch illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing. There are however targets under The Unites Nations goal that are not measurable this can be
seen when looking at targets 14.7,14. a,14. b and 14.c. I believe that these goals are unable to be measured due to
that fact for example in 14.7 there is no quantification in dollars or percentages as it is looking at economic benefits
of developing states. When looking at the other targets they are to general and have no specific goal (i.e. date)

Persuasive Essay On Overfishing
Our great oceans whose biodiversity in unmatched, makes up over three fourths of our planet's surface. The ocean is
home to more than 20,000 different species of fish and over 2 million other animal and plant species found in our
oceans. Overfishing can be defined in a number of ways. However, everything comes down to one simple point:
Catching too much fish for the system to support leads to an overall degradation to the system. Overfishing is a
non–sustainable use of the oceans. The earliest overfishing occurred in the early 1800s when humans, seeking
blubber for lamp oil, decimated the whale population. Some fish that we eat, including Atlantic cod and herring and
California's sardines, were also harvested to the brink of extinction by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A damaged system is struggling and shifting, but can still be active. If we want to we can reverse most of the
destruction. In some situations it might only take a decade, in other situations it might take many centuries. Yet in
the end we can have productive and healthy oceans again as is shown in many examples around the world. We do
however need to act on it now, before we cross the point of no

Ocean Overfishing Effects
Ocean overfishing is the process of removing wildlife from the ocean (or any other water sources) at unsustainable
rates that lower their replication rates. Overfishing began around the mid–20th century. At this time, there were
many attempts to increase the pricings and variety of protein–rich foods; this led to the government trying to
increase the fish capacity. While the fishing operations advanced, the fish populations deteriorated. These operations
ended up turning into profit–hoggers and started to steal the ocean's wildlife. Considering that this was just the onset
of overfishing, the buyers became adapted to having a variety of fish at reasonable prices. In 1989, after about 90
million tons of fish were taken from the ocean, the products ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simply put, fish do not stand a chance against the most intelligent and dangerous hunters: humans. If people carry
on at this pace, it can build a biodiversity crisis larger and more severe than humanity has ever experienced. That is
why specialists have formed organizations and societies against overfishing to help decrease the number of fish that
vanish every day. Greenpeace East Asia helps to advise people that we depend on earth's oceans or life cannot exist
without them (Defending Our Oceans 1). Greenpeace East Asia makes certain that God's creations are indefinitely
defended by humans. From reducing air pollution to conserving food and agriculture, Greenpeace, along with
companies and establishments aside from it, help maintain a neutral balance between life on land and in water.
There are many ways to prevent overfishing from becoming even more of an issue in the world. For instance,
normal everyday people can spread the word about how overfishing is a huge crisis that needs to be dealt with
appropriately. Also, when people shop for fish they should choose the one's that are not endangered or harmed by
overfishing. Besides everyday people, fisheries need to start pitching in. They need to enact safe catch limits, which
is a limit on the number of fish caught by a fishery. In addition, they need to take control on bycatch. Another thing
they can do is monitor fishermen when they

Law Of The Seas Memo
Law of the Seas Memo
Marine Langreney
History
The freedom of the seas doctrine was created in the 17th century as a means to control rights over ocean space. The
doctrine assigned national rights to areas controlled by limited belts, with the remaining being assigned as a public
space, free to all nations. By the mid–20th century, technology became more advanced and the ocean's resources
became vulnerable to the innovations. Rising conflicts occurred over ocean reserves, from decreasing fish stocks to
pollution left by long–distance boats and oil tankers. Tension was rising from Navies of powerful nations, and were
now competing for control over these resources. There was a clear demand for power and presence over marine
resources. Oceans were becoming a new area of conflict, and the freedom of the seas doctrine was too outdated to
keep up with these new troubles.
It wasn't until 1945, when President Harry Truman extended sovereignty over the entire continental shelf extended
from the United States, that other countries took note and followed. This was the first instance where the freedom of
seas was being challenged, and his success lead to many countries claiming similar territories. Argentina was the
first country to follow, and claimed its own continental shelf along with the one that lay above. Chile, Peru and
Ecuador followed, but had claimed a zone of 200 miles. This came out of fear for their decreasing fish stocks, as
they wanted to limit the number of

The Pros And Consequences Of Overfishing
All around the world fishing fleets are growing both in quantity and size, and are fishing at a dangerous rate.
Overfishing has been the root cause of the drastic drop in sea wildlife at rates too high for fish and whale species to
replace themselves, this issue gained attention in the mid–20th century and led the creation of regulation
organization policies both from state governments and the organizations. For the past three decades overfishing is
still an ongoing environmental issue, there is international support invested in bringing awareness and developing
methods to save what has been lost, but there is also international opposition due to the actors either fighting to keep
regulations at a minimum or looking for exceptions or loopholes to the regulations, actors are also just not
complying with the set regulations. This paper will focus on examining two environmental regimes, fisheries
depletion and whaling, both regimes share a number of similarities in regards to being a global commons issue,
nature of agreements, and economic profit industries working against them, but they had different outcomes.
In comparison to each other, the fishery depletion regime has had a low level of effectiveness while the whaling
regime has had a medium level of effectiveness, the aim of this paper is to identify what caused the difference in
outcomes. The first part of the paper will be divided into two sections providing a quick overview of each regime,
following this will my

Indonesia's Influence On The International Platform
A country which is fourth most populous nation on the planet, is on the course of becoming one of the biggest
economies in coming decades, Indonesia's influence and role on the international platform cannot be overlooked
especially when one of the fastest growing tension in the world is taking place in its own backyard. The recent
heightening of competition for the dominance over South China Sea, an enormously important region due to its
strategic location and vast amount of untapped natural resources, has strained relationships between China and other
countries in the region. China's extensive claims of authority over the sea–and the sea's supposed 11 billion barrels
of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas–have provoked challenging claimants Malaysia, Vietnam,
Brunei, Taiwan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. As early as the 1970s, countries in the region began to claim as their
own islands and various zones in the South China Sea for instance the Spratly islands, which may have rich natural
resources and fishing areas. Even though its relations and on the rise Indonesia upholds a flexible foreign policy that
allows it to productively engage with countries around the world. Indonesia relationship with China has been
characterized by a history of enmity, but lasting concerns contradict with economic and foreign policy. Of late, there
has been speculations that Indonesia under President Joko Jokowi Widodo is tilting toward China. Some have even
suggested

Environmental Objectives Of The United Nations
The United Nations has recently worked on establishing goals each with specific targets regarding sustainable
development. Goal 14: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable
development, and its associated targets will be analysed for measurability and thoroughness. Targets The 7 targets
associated with goal 14 focus on 4 themes. Targets 1 and 3 focus on reducing pollution, targets 2 and 5 focus on
protecting ecosystems, targets 4 and 6 focus on overfishing and target 7 focuses on incentivising countries to
maintain the ocean. Target 1 aims to prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds. This target is
measurable as there are many different types of marine pollution that can be ... Show more content on
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(Cheshire, iii HYPERLINK
"http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/NMDMP_REPORT_Ocean_Conservancy__2_.pdf"
). The amount of nutrient runoff is measured by measuring the number of "dead zones", and zones which are said to
be eutrophied (Rabalais, 1528 HYPERLINK "http://icesjms.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/7/1528.full" ). There are
an estimated 169 dead zones and 415 coastal areas that suffer from eutrophication (Steiner, 25). Several indicators
of resilience are measurable. Biodiversity and indicators like thermal tolerance, dispersal ability and adaptive
capacity of a species indicate resilience and are measured in many different regions (Bernhardt, 379). The
productivity of an ecosystem is measured by measuring the primary productivity which is monitored globally by
using satellite–ocean colour sensors and measuring the dissolved oxygen content of water (Bernhardt, 381). There
are several indicators of how sustainable the level of fishing is. The percentage of mature fish indicates whether the
rate of fishing is unsustainable. If the percentage of mature fish is low, there is a large proportion of fish that are
unable to mature, indicating overfishing (Froese, 87). This measure is widely monitored in many coastal regions
with large fishing industries. The amount of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is measured globally and is
known to be approximately 20% of the world's fish trade. (Waitt

Overfishing And Degradation Of Our Marine Ecosystems
Research Paper Society has had a major impact on the depletion and degradation of our marine ecosystems.
Overfishing has played a large role in the depletion aspect. If we can learn how overfishing hurts marine
ecosystems, then we can find ways to protect and prevent the depletion of this resource. This paper will explain the
history of overfishing, causes of overfishing, its affect on marine life and our society, and some possible solutions
for prevention and protection. Overfishing of marine life began to occur in the mid–20th century when there was a
need for new sources of affordable and easily accessed protein–rich foods. The solution was fish, which lead to a
burst in the commercial fishing industry with many large ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2) This collapse occurred in 1992, and caused one of the worlds most productive fishing grounds to be extremely
over fished. Technology and industry allowed the fishermen to increase the amount of fish they were able to collect
from this area. This increase in the amount of fish they could obtain eventually bottomed out when they had
depleted the resource to excessively without allowing time for the fish to replace their populations. Because many of
the government officials held shares in the cod industry, they refused to see that the resource was in need of
preservation and protection. The fishery eventually had to be shut down because it was so unsustainable. The
creation of large trawlers (fishing nets created to drag along the bottom of the sea) was a major aspect in the
depletion of the Canadian Newfoundland fishery. These trawlers were brought in by big industries and were able to
catch fish at all times both day and night, collecting extreme amounts. Today studies show that 25% of U.S. fish
stocks are depleted, which has caused many important fisheries to fall apart. (3) Bottoming trawling is one of the
most harmful fishing methods out there. Most bottom trawlers are used to catch fish species like cod, shrimp, and
flounder, which live on the ocean floors. Bottom trawling can also result in other fish and marine life being collected
that were not intended. This process also leads to severe

The Debate Between The And Minority And Majority, And The...
Humans shall never deem they are the saviours of the Earth because everything we are doing today was to fix
everything humans caused before. In the previous two ESS lectures, the topics were about the sustainable ways of
daily life and the new technology– GMOs– currently for the poor. And in the three lectures this time, the topics are
mainly about the conflict between minority and majority, and the problems left in the history: if GMOs can help the
poor, the system to protect the ocean condition, and the "environmental racism" that exists in Canada. To begin with,
in the ESS lecture of Oct.1st, a debate between Dr. Thomas and Dr. Patel presents a conflict caused by GMOs. On
Dr. Thomas's position, we can find the direct advantage of GMOs food comparing to the traditional agriculture by
scientific analysis, such as the ability to resist disease, and yields of the field. GMOs food had already spread out
over the world– which was saying the technique had already mature enough to benefit people efficiently, especially
the poor. Besides, the improvement of GMO technology can also accelerate some of the other industries like
international trade, education in the Third World Country. On the other side, the social problem that was found by
Dr. Patel was different: if it was necessary for the poor to plant GMOs. On his position, the media was telling people
that GMO food was helping the poor, however, the fact was the farmers only received a little knowledge about the
current

Research Paper On Overfishing
Heller 1
Without many people even realizing it, overfishing is one of the biggest causes of decreased marine life. This fish–
depleting tactic has severely impacted many aspects of not only marine life but also human life. However,
overfishing is not the only problem that threatens the oceans. Some have taken the other side by claiming that
pollution is the major problem of decreased marine populations around the world. This has sparked debate on which
cause has affected sea creatures the most. Even though overfishing is one of the biggest causes of depleted fish
populations, pollution also plays a big factor because it affects the fish's food cycle, and reduced marine populations
is a big issue because fish is a primary source of protein for 17% of the world. According to the National
Geographic Society in the article Overfishing – Pristine Seas, "The earliest overfishing occurred in the early 1800s
when humans, seeking blubber for lamp oil, decimated the whale population". Overfishing grew worse over time
from that incident, which has drastically interfered with the ocean's food cycle. Since certain species of marine life
such as fish and whales are vital to human dietary needs, rules and regulations needed to put in ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
fisheries management is a transparent and robust process of science, management, innovation, and collaboration
with the fishing industry. This act was first passed in 1976, and it regulates limitations on annual fish catches in U.S.
federal waters. This law has aided in the prevention of overfishing, rebuilding of overfished areas, long–term social
and economic benefits, and prevention of unsafe seafood. Through this regulation, the United States was setting an
example to the rest of the world on the importance of maintaining the ocean's most important contributors. Also, the
Coast Guard plays a major

The Decolonization Process After The Second World War
29. The decolonization process after the Second World War resulted in the end of British hegemony in the Indian
Ocean. The subsequent Cold War which ensued was again marked by superpower rivalry in the region, enhancing
the region's global strategic value. When this period came to an end, the littoral countries of the IOR to a certain
extent rediscovered some of the economic, social and cultural facets that made the ocean the bridge between Africa,
Asia and Australia . However, regional cooperation & coordination is still a far reality which is a dire necessity for
overall development in the region. In the 21st century the Indian Ocean security has evolved to be multifaceted and
dynamic. The emerging threats and challenges which are typically common to the entire region, range across a wide
spectrum with transnational maritime crimes such as piracy, illegal immigration, human trafficking, smuggling and
illegal unregulated and unreported (IUU) ﬁshing activities at one end to the more serious challenges of natural
disasters, climate change and even interstate maritime disputes erupting into fully ﬂedged confrontations at the other
end . The word 'Maritime Security deals with the prevention of illicit activities in the maritime domain'. In the
previous chapter we have been acquainted with the geostrategic and economic importance of the region which has
resulted in the shift of world's interest to this part of the maritime province.
30. Post Cold war, the security environment

Territorial Disputes Within The South China Sea
Country: Netherlands
Name: Michael Zuker and Max Myszkowski
Committee: United Nations General Assembly
Topic: Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea
Background Following the cessation of the Cold War, a massive territorial dispute erupted over two island chains in
the South China Sea (SCS), the Paracels and the Spratleys. Those nations disputing their rightful ownership include
China, Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and Taiwan. The source of the conflict in this area stems from
the geographical location and the natural resources to be gained through their ownership. According to the World
Bank, the sea contains approximately 900 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and seven billion barrels of oil. That
roughly equates to the amount of energy needed to power the entire world for an entire year. Furthermore, the sea is
a center for fishing and provides most of the surrounding countries with the vast majority of their total fish supply.
Finally, the SCS is a major trade route, especially for petroleum products and crude oil shipments; control of the
region could easily mean absolute monopoly over shipments passing through it. China has the largest claim, with
what is referred to as the "Nine–Dash Line". This line outlines all of the disputed islands as China's historical
claims, establishing China's belief that it has the sole rights to the islands. Vietnam and the Philippines also claim to
have historical reasons to impose sovereignty over this territory.

Wwf Essay
The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non–governmental organization working on issues
regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund,
which remains its official name in Canada and the United States. It is the world's largest independent conservation
organization with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 100 countries, supporting around
1,300 conservation and environmental projects. WWF is a foundation, in 2010 deriving 57% of funding from
individuals and bequests, 17% from government sources (such as the World Bank, DFID, USAID) and 11% from
corporations.
The group says its mission is "to halt and reverse the destruction of our ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These concepts laid the foundation for sustainable development, a philosophy that now permeates conservation,
development, and even corporate strategies.
1990S
The 1990s saw more widespread acceptance of the global links between the environment, human activities and
human welfare – as well as the value of biodiversity and the emerging threat of climate change.
These issues were explicitly incorporated in WWF's 1990 Mission Statement, and have framed the organization's
on–the–ground and policy work ever since. Continuing the move from country–based projects to a targeted and
more unified approach, WWF developed a global conservation strategy that focused efforts on the world's most
critical ecoregions and in six key areas – species, forest, marine and freshwater conservation, climate change and
toxic chemicals. In addition to its long–standing relationships with traditional conservation partners, WWF also
began to more actively engage with business and other new partners to promote sustainable resource management.
2000S
The turn of the century saw WWF vastly upscale its ambition, aiming for transformational changes that lead to
lasting conservation, sustainable development and sustainable lifestyles.
With twin goals of conserving biodiversity and reducing humanity's Ecological Footprint, the organization is
drawing on the combined strength and expertise of its global network to create innovative partnerships that integrate

Pros And Cons Of Overfishing
Chai Lin
Ms Signorino
LA 11
20 April 2016
Fresh Fish Forever Fish have been one of mankind's greatest resource throughout history. They have been
sustenance to civilizations in the most extreme climates. But now they are being overfished. There are pros and cons
of overfishing. Some pros include more jobs, healthier food, and it provides food for the world. Overfishing should
be stopped because the fishing methods that companies use can be very destructive to aquatic ecosystems, they can
disrupt balances in the food chain and can lead to the exploitation of non fishing zones/areas, and it can cause
overpopulation of other species. Stop overfish and regulate commercial fishing.
Critics of regulating fishing would say that overfishing creates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When predatory fish are gone, the population of the fish that they used to eat will grow. Then the fish themselves
can cause another fish species to go extinct by eating all of them. Then their population will fall as well because
they won't have any food source. An example of this is when Harelip Sucker went extinct. The Harelip Sucker was a
snail eating fish that lived in the Ohio River over a hundred years ago. The snails were killed off by topsoil and the
Harelip Sucker went extinct (Ohio.gov). The third reason why I believe my claim is because it can lead to the
exploitation of non fishing zones/areas. Fishing companies will try to move to non fishing areas because they need
to meet their fishing quota and other fishing areas have been overfished. This is called illegal, unreported and
unregulated (IUU) fishing. IUU fishing accounts for an estimate of about 40 percent of all fish caught in West
Africa, and is also the highest level in the world. The reason they are able to fish in the areas is because they have no
reason to fear any checks by fisheries

Antarctica Research Paper
The Madrid Protocol was signed in 1991, and implemented in 1998, due to numerous proposals concerning the
protection of the Antarctic environment ought to be in a completed and official binding form. The Madrid Protocol
updates already agreed measures, as well as subsequent Treaty meeting recommendations relating to the protection
of the Antarctic environment. The protocol; designates Antarctica as a natural reserve that is devoted to peace and
science, also established environmental principles for the conduct of all activities, subjects all activities to prior
assessment of their environmental impacts, provides the establishment of a Committee for Environmental
Protection, highly prohibits mining, advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM), requires the
development of contingency plans to respond to environmental emergencies, and provides elaboration of rules
relating to liability for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The convention applies to the area south of sixty degrees. Antarctica is an exceptional, remote continent surrounded
by a wide, cold and stormy ocean. To some Antarctica is simply a cold, distant uninviting and dangerous place with
little to offer the world. Antarctica is the last and largest unspoiled wilderness area on Earth. It is a reminder of what
the planet was like before the influence of man. Its unspoiled beauty has inspired people, since first glimpse, to
explore and discover the vast desert like continent. Antarctic has stretches of the most pristine oceans on earth with
an enormous variety and quantity of marine life, much of which is only found in Antarctica. Antarctica is a continent
for science, as it is so unspoiled it acts as a laboratory for the rest of the world where changes can be measured in
isolation from the effects of

Design Of An Automated Security Registration Plate ( Asrp...
Design of an Automated Security Registration Plate (ASRP) for Sea Going Motorized Crafts Sajan Ambadiyil
Optical Image Processing & Security Products Centre for Development of Imaging Technology Thiruvanthapuram–
695027, Kerala, India ambadycdit@gmail.com
Soumya Jose
Communication Engineering Department
SCMS School of Engineering and Technology
Ernakulam, Kerala, India soumyajose77@gmail.com V.P.Mahadevan Pillai
Department of Optoelectronics, University of Kerala
Kariavattom, Thiruvanthapuram–69558, Kerala, India vpmpillai9@gmail.com Abstract– Unauthorized and
uncertified small sea going fishing crafts are being used for criminal activities in the coastal areas. Using this
uncertified crafts illegal benefit provided by the government also is availed by the crooked persons. RFID is a
forthcoming technology which provides promising opportunities for the implementation of new services in vessel
monitoring and secure authentication. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an inclusive wireless system which
transmits unique identity code using radio waves. This technology is mainly used to identify objects attached with
tags and it consists of a reader, tag and wireless channel. The reader and the tag both have a microchip and an
antenna is there to perform handshaking mechanism when they both communicate. A tamper evident Automated
Security Registration plate (ASRP) using RFID tag is designed here to provide secure

The Impacts Of Ocean Acidification
14.1 by 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds, particularly from land–based activities,
including marine debris and nutrient pollution
14.2 by 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts,
including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration, to achieve healthy and productive
oceans
14.3 minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at
all levels
14.4 by 2020, effectively regulate harvesting, and end overfishing, illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing
and destructive fishing practices and implement science–based management plans, to restore fish stocks in the
shortest time feasible at least to levels that can produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological
characteristics
14.5 by 2020, conserve at least 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, consistent with national and international
law and based on best available scientific information
14.6 by 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to overcapacity and overfishing, and
eliminate subsidies that contribute to IUU fishing, and refrain from introducing new such subsidies, recognizing that
appropriate and effective special and differential treatment for developing and least developed countries should be
an integral part of the WTO fisheries subsidies negotiation *
14.7 by 2030

Environmental Effects Of Overfishing
With the knowledge that high demand over seafood are being abused worldwide, what can we do to restore the
current damage of our marine ecosystem. As we face the consequences of overfishing, many people are unaware
that our aquatic food chain are currently collapsing up to ninety percent; possibly ending it all in year of two
thousand forty three if we do not make a change in our ways (Pauly 861). These numbers are not an exasperation
and they are increasing. Only one percent of most species are recovering from depletion (861). As the caregiver of
our world, we must not choose to turn our backs on the question, "Will we still be able to save our reefs?". Instead
we must embrace it.
The history of overfishing recorded started in the eighteenth century when the whale species were poached for their
blubber to make lamp oil, their meat, and collect their bones to carve as tools (Marrero 69). Later on in the century
when fossil fuel was discovered, it became more popular and reliable than whale oil. Resulting in the whaling
industry to plummet; left at least eight whale species endangered (69). Today whaling is illegal in the United States,
but are still going on in Japan and Norway to be used for scientific study purposes and a source of food (69). Putting
these beautiful mammals dangerously close to extinction for our own selfish reasons. With the modern world
improving on their technologies, so are the ways of capturing fish deeper in the pacific oceans. Today boats

The United Nations ( Un ) Conference On Sustainable...
The United Nations (UN) Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 led to the proposal for sustainable
development goals. The focus of this paper will be on Goal 14, "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
marine resources for sustainable development" (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.).
Are the Targets Truly Measurable? The targets (1–7) of Goal 14 are designed to provide ways to monitor the
progress of this goal. Generally, these targets do this, however, they do not provide specifics for the ways in which
they should be measured. For instance, target 14.1 refers to prevention and reduction of marine pollution, but there
is no indication of the way in which this can be done. Target 14.5 is to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Canada, the government has measures to reduce threats of pollution from land–based activities and spills
(Environment Canada, 2013). Globally, there is UNEP's Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land–based Activities (GPA). At least 72 countries have created programs of marine
protection and pollution reduction since GPA was established (Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the
Marine Environment from Land–based Activities, 2014). It was difficult to find research to support whether target,
14.2 (sustainably manage marine ecosystems by 2020) is being measured. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission (IOC) of UNESCO works with several global/intergovernmental programs of Ecosystem Health and
Ocean Observation. The IOC assesses marine environment globally working with national governments and collects
data on marine environment to help inform decision makers (UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic
Commission, 2015). Target 14.3 addresses ocean acidification and minimization. In the United States (U.S.), the
NOAA's PMEL Carbon program has been working to determine how ocean acidification affects marine ecosystems
(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration PMEL Carbon Program, n.d.). The ICES/OSPAR Study Group
on Ocean Acidification incorporates different disciplines (e.g. chemistry, biology, etc.) to create a long–term
program to address acidification (International Council for the

One Solution to Global Overfishing Analysis
The first thing that comes to one's mind when fish is mentioned is usually, smelly, nasty, or to some, delicious. In a
nutritional aspect, fish is a top priority in a diet because of the protein that it has. Many people fish for food, or just
for leisure. Overfishing mainly started in the 19th century, when humans started looking for blubber for oil lamps,
which they used for light during the night. When humans started overfishing for the whale blubber it severely
reduced and damaged the whole population of the sea life. In the fish population, many fish such as the Atlantic cod
and herring were overfished to the point where they almost went extinct by the mid 1900's. The depletion of the fish
population disrupted the aquatic food ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There have been many incidents where innocent lifeguards and individuals have been attacked by sharks and other
dangerous fish while spending time in waters. The overfishing of the shark's prey has causes this. This is a very
dangerous issue as it may take many lives away for nothing.
Another major cause is the subsides provided to fishermen from the government. Despite the depleted state of the
oceans, many governments provide major subsidies to their fishing sectors. According to The Webster Merriam
Dictionary, a subsidy is money that is paid usually by a government to keep the price of a product or service low or
to help a business or organization to continue to function. Subsidies not only distort markets and support
uneconomic activities, but also are a major incentive to overfishing and other destructive fishing practices. These
large subsidies have helped produce a worldwide fishing fleet that is up to 250 percent larger than what is needed to
fish at sustainable levels (Fisheries Subsidies, Overcapacity and Overfishing, 2008). Some subsidies support
beneficial programs, such as management and research for overfishing. However, the majority of subsidies influence
the increase and intensity of overfishing. These subsidies include those that reduce costs or enhance revenues and
promote overcapacity, such as support for boat construction and modernization, fuel, equipment, and other operating
costs (EcoWatch, 2011). Another

Overfishing In South Africa
Overfishing has become a devastating reality and priority concern to our Oceans in South Africa, as well on a global
scale. The interest of overfishing, is to eradicate hunger issues in developing countries all over the world, as well as
to create a vast improvement of job opportunities, however due to our unsustainable fishing practices, it is just a
matter of time before our oceans are completely depleted of marine species, and the destruction of the aquatic
ecosystem. This issue will resort to irreparable socio–economic and environmental circumstances that will be of
severe consequence if we do not alter our local and international commercial fishing operations. Due to overfishing
throughout the continents, South African waters has become a viable target for international role players to maintain
the demand of fishing operations and fish stocks that is required for global markets. Due to inadequately monitored
fishing operations, overfishing has left South Africa with a significant shortage of food resources for the poor, who
depend on fish as their staple diet. According to the World Wildlife Fund, "Seafood is the largest traded food
commodity in the world. Approximately three billion people worldwide rely on seafood as their primary source of
protein. As the world tries to meet that demand, 55 percent of the world's fisheries are fished to their maximum
sustainable yield, while 30 percent have been pushed beyond their biological limits. Preserving healthy fish

The Pros And Cons Of Global Fishing Improvements

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