Toxicology Course Evaluation

Toxicology Course Evaluation
While reflecting on the course I was able to look back and see all of the interesting, unusual, and
surprising things I personally learned. Most importantly, this course was very interesting because it
was informative and valuable for my future endeavors. I was able to take three general objectives in
the course and apply them to any career of choice. These objectives include the distinguishing of
pathways and mechanisms of the uptake of toxicants, the analysis of environmental toxicology of
organic, inorganic, and metal compounds, and the synthesis of knowledge of toxicological principles
to conduct environmental risk assessments. In addition, these principles are included in the many job
descriptions for a variety of positions in the environmental science field. Furthermore, this source
was interesting because of the articles and journals we researched that allowed us to apply the ...
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Since this is my fist toxicology course, I found it interesting to learn the variety of pathways that
toxicants access to enter the human body and aquatic organisms. Even more so, the way our cells
respond to the intake of such toxicants. In addition, learning the way aquatic organisms are impacted
by toxicants in stream and stream sediments. Furthermore, I can use this knowledge in a career and
also for my own curiosity to investigate my surroundings or spread awareness.
The second objective is to analyze the environmental toxicology of organic and inorganic
compounds. I found this objective a pleasure to learn because it taught me how to interpret data on
samples from the environment. Personally, I can the watch congressional hearings on the Flint Water
Crisis and understand more than I did before because of what I learned in class. Furthermore, in the
professional field, this skill will allow me to interpret and present data on toxins in the
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Toxicology of Propoxur
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Pharmacology 1 – Group B3A
List of Contibutors:
Ali Mourad
10747691
16/4/2013
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Pharmacology 1 – Group B3A
List of Contibutors:
Ali Mourad
10747691
16/4/2013
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Abstract
The purpose of this analysis is to investigate the effect of application of propoxur (a carbamate
insecticide) on the American cockroach. From experimental observations, it has been concluded that
the amount of propoxur needed to kill 50% of the test subjects (referred to as LD50) was ... Show
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From the data given we were able to construct table 3 where the Mean Mortality, Mortality
Percentage and Probit were calculated.
Table 2: Group results of cockroach deaths results as per concentration of propoxur ( % w/v). Group
B3A | Control | 0.01% | 0.01% | 0.02% | 0.05% | 0.10% | Sample 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | Sample 2 | 0 |
0 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 5 |
Table 3: Compiled Data and Analysis of class results. Concentration | Total Number | Mean
Mortality | Mortality (%) | Probit | Control | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.005 | 5 | 0.29 | 5 | 3.36 | 0.01 | 5 | 1.14 | 22 |
4.23 | 0.02 | 5 | 1.79 | 35 | 4.61 | 0.05 | 5 | 3.79 | 75 | 5.67 | 0.1 | 5 | 4.86 | 97 | 7.75 |
Tabulated statistical data from the values obtained from Table 1. Probit was calculated to construct

Graphs 1 and 2 thus a linear relationship can be formed and LD50 calculated.
Graph 1: Comparison between Class Mortality results and Group Mortality.
Graph 2: Probit Mortality rate (percent) plotted against concentrations of propoxur ( % w/v).
Results were obtained and a probit regression analysis was constructed. From this, statistical data is
used to determine the LD50 as per Concentration. P–Values were also determined with 95%
Confidence Intervals.
Regression Table
Standard
Variable Coef Error Z P

Lead Contamination In Schools: Case Study
SDUSD schools are currently being tested for lead contamination. Within the time period from
February to June 2017 all schools in the school district will be tested and receive the results to
assure that they do not pass the legal limits of lead contamination. In fact, the legal limits of lead
consumption are 15 parts per billion (ppb). If the results do exceed past the legal limits, students and
staff would develop lead poisoning. Lead poisoning will lead to permanent health effects that affect
the brain and the nervous system such as behavioral disorders or permanent brain damage which
will cause students and staff to have a difficult time to stay focused. In addition, if any school in the
district reaches over the legal limits of any contaminant, then the principal will inform everyone,
who is associated with the school, the results and the process of the situation. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Providing bottled water to the campus until the issue has been remedied.
Committing to keep students, families and the broader San Diego Unified community apprised of
developments.
Communicating additional information as it becomes available.
Furthermore, on May 12th a Safety Office employee arrived in Kearny to sample our water. The
process they did towards sampling the water was:
Safety Office employee will tag water fountains and faucets on campus.
They gather samples of water from the water and faucets.
Then the tags are removed.
The results can either be negative or positive that there can be lead in the water. In addition, a week
later on May 19, 2017, the results have come back as negative.
Meanwhile, in our 9th–grade Intro To Green Tech Class, we have decided to test for other
contaminants beyond lead such as:
Turbidity
Nitrates
Phosphate
Dissolved oxygen
Sodium thiosulfate pH Coliform

Envm665 Unit 1 And 2 Term Paper
Guinn_ENVM665_M3_GradedAssign
1 & 2. Commercial cheese manufacturing production plant: Chemicals used, routes of exposure,
environment/industry specific concerns, and the specific receptors.
This information is from my professional background as a cheese maker.
a. Quaternary ammonia
Use: Fogging of cheese production area during off hours to inhibit the growth of unwanted molds
and bacteria.
Route of exposure: Inhalation
Environment/industry specific concern: Minimal risk, this chemical is only used when the facility is
not in operation. For example, the fogging equipment is set to run at the end of the day for a short
period and allowed to dissipate overnight before production commences the next day. Elevated risk
is introduced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2011, March 03). Retrieved January 25, 2017, from
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=27
Beryllium. (2011, March 03). Retrieved January 25, 2017, from
Benzene. (2016). Wisconsin Department of Health Services. Retrieved 27 January 2017, from
https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/chemical/benzene.htm
ATSDR – Toxic Substances – Benzene. Atsdr.cdc.gov. Retrieved 27 January 2017, from
Benzene CASRN 71–43–2 | IRIS | US EPA, ORD. (2003). Cfpub.epa.gov. Retrieved 27 January
2017, from https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris2/chemicalLanding.cfm?substance_nmbr=276
ToxGuide for Phenol. (2011). Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Retrieved from
https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide–115.pdf
ToxGuide for Benzene. (2007). Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Retrieved from
ToxGuide for Beryllium. (2002). Atlanta, Georgia. Retrieved 27 January 2017. Retrieved from
The Risk Assessment Information System. Rais.ornl.gov.(n.d). Retrieved 27 January 2017, from

Assessing The Toxicity Of Pv Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles
Assessing the toxicity of PV–coated magnetite nanoparticles and oil to marine estuarine
meiobenthic copepods Amphiascus tenuiremis
Amjed Alabresm and Jamie Lead*
Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk (CENR), Department of Environmental Health
Sciences, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
29208, United States
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Author
E–mail: jlead@mailbox.sc.edu
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
Oil spills resulting from industrial wastes and maritime disasters have the potential to cause
catastrophic damage to aquatic ecosystems. For instance, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010
covered an area of approximately 75,000 square kilometers1 , caused severe ... Show more content
In addition, burning is not always feasible even for surface oil 10. Dispersants will increase the
concentration of oil components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water
column and can increase toxicity to aquatic organisms11, 12. Although biological methods are
completely mineralize oil, it is generally a slow process, taking months to occur13. Due to these
limitations of currents traditional methods, new technologies including nanotechnology 14, 15 have
been developed.
Nanomaterials (NMs) have at least one dimension in the size range of 1 to 100 nm 16 and have
novel or unusual size–dependent properties. They have been drawn attention for use in
environmental remediation due to their efficiency and effectiveness 17–20, potentially low cost
although there are still concerns regarding toxicity other issues. Iron oxide NMs have attracted
extensive interest for various applications due to their unique properties such as high specific
surface area, superparamagnetism 21, and easy synthesis 22 . More recently, NMs have been tested
for oil separation from water to good effect 23–27. Although several of engineered iron oxide NMs
have been developed and tested, there are many remaining problems of applicability feasibility, for
instance costs and scale–up. To our knowledge, there are no studies assessing the environmental
toxicity of such NMs

Forensic Toxicology Essay
Introduction Drug abuse is a serious problem within modern society, which causes thousands of
deaths throughout the world each year. The identification of a drug, poison or a substance in human
tissue or blood is an important process, which provides criminal investigators and medical officials
with vital data about these cases involving drug use. Forensic toxicology is a discipline dealing with
the identification of harmful substances in a human organism. Because drug–related death is a
challenging problem for today's society, it is beneficial to briefly overview the main issues of
forensic toxicology in order to be aware of the drugs abuse's negative effects. Forensic Toxicology
Forensic toxicology is an area which "covers any application of the study and science of poisons to
the elucidation of questions occurring in judicial proceedings" (Madea, 2014, p. 49). Specialists of
this science generally deal with postmortem chemistry. The term drug death describes the ingestion
of a drug in quantities greater than there were recommended, which consequently causes death (D.
DiMaio & V. DiMaio, 2001). However, cases of drug–related deaths do not necessarily depend only
on dose excess. The psychotropic effect of some drugs might limit person's self–preservation
instinct, this state of mind may cause accidental deaths. The main task of forensic toxicology is to
find out the factors that caused the death of individual. The results of toxicological analysis should
be correlated with

Furosemide Research Paper
Usage Furosemide is used to treat pulmonary edema, some allergic reactions, and congestive heart
failure. Some veterinarians prescribe furosemide for racehorses because it is thought to prevent or
diminish the severity of exercise–induced pulmonary hemorrhage or bleeding from the lungs. This
use is controversial Brand Names Disal Injection Disal Tablets Furoject Furosimide 1% Syrup
Furosimide Tablets Furotabs Lasix Salix Dosage and Administration Furosemide Method Dosage
(click row for calculator) Concentration Period Duration Oral 1–2 mg/lb 25 mg/tablet Once or twice
daily at 6 to 8 hour intervals Until desired results are achieved Oral 1–2 mg/lb 50 mg/tablet Once or
twice daily at 6 to 8 hour intervals Until desired results ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Extra–label use of drugs in treating animals is allowable only by licensed veterinarians within the
context of a valid veterinarian–client–patient relationship, and does not include drug use in treating
animals by the layman (except under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian).  Calculator is for
educational purposes only. Follow your veterinarian's instructions regarding use of this, or any
medication. Side Effects Side effects include dehydration and loss of electrolytes. In some species,
furosemide may negatively impact hearing and balance. Precautions Furosemide should not be
given to animals with kidney failure, animals in a state of dehydration, or those likely to become
dehydrated. It should be used with extreme caution in animals with electrolyte abnormalities or liver
disease. Use of furosemide during pregnancy has been shown to cause fetal deformities in other
species. For that reason, furosemide should not be used during pregnancy, and only with extreme
care during

Toxicology
Rebecca Walker
Forensic Toxicology
CRJ 311
Dawn George
4/22/2013
History Forensic science is defined as the application of science to the law. There are different types
of forensic science, and each plays an integral part in the criminal justice system. Forensic biology
usually involved DNA testing and its results. Forensic anthropologists examine human remains that
have become skeletons in an attempt to determine how long the remains have been in a location and
to try to determine a possible cause of death. Forensic toxicology falls into the category of forensic
chemistry. Forensic toxicologists study toxins, drugs, poisons, alcohol, and other things found in the
blood or tissues of crime victims or perpetrators. Forensic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Landsteiner was the first scientist to suggest that these blood types could someday be used to
identify the father of a child (Jewish Virtual Library, 2012). Landsteiner received the Nobel Prize for
his discovery of the blood types. In 1914, the first mass spectrometer was built by J.J. Thomson
(Crime ZZZ, 2012). This machine, once perfected, would become one of the main ways modern
toxicologists identify poisons. Frank Lundquist, a scientist from Denmark, developed the acid
phosphatase test to identify areas where semen may be present. This test reacts to enzymes present
in semen (Crime ZZZ, 2012). It is clear that scientists in the early 20th century realized that
toxicology and blood fluids could be used to identify or rule out suspects. However, no methods had
been developed yet to utilize these results in an effective and widespread way. All of that would
change rapidly in the second half of the 20th century. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick
identified the structure of DNA (Crime ZZZ, 2012). Of course, this would benefit science and police
in ways that these two men likely could not fathom at the time. In 1954, R.F. Borkstein invented the
first Breathalyzer test to be used in the field to test suspects suspected of driving under the influence
(Crime ZZZ, 2012). Borkstein, interestingly, was not a scientist, but rather a police captain who was
frustrated with not

Human Testing On Human Beings
Since the beginning of time in the medical field, toxicology has always been a profound question.
What is toxic? And what not toxic. This question has pondered medical professionals for years. The
toxicity of anything varies greatly, what can and is toxic to one person may not be toxic to another,
and so on and so forth, this also includes as to what dosage of certain medicines and chemicals fall
into the toxic category as well. What one person can inquest safely might kill another person? So
how do we determine what is toxic, and how certain chemicals effect humans and animals? The
answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having
similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By
using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing
on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II,
the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species, performed a lot of testing on the
Jews that were in the concentration camps with horrific results. But one good thing did come from
this testing and that was the general knowledge of what a person could endure resulting in the better
treatment of any species being tested for research purposes. The results from various chemical tests
have been carried out for the benefit in the risks for humans, animals and the environment they are

The Poison of Physostigmine Essay
Physostigmine is a white crystalline alkaloid extracted from the beans of Physostigma Venenosum
plant. The poisonous effects of Physostigma Venenosum have been known since nineteenth century.
William Freeman Daniel was the first scientist who observed the first use of calabar beans. He
traveled to Africa with a exploring discovering mission. Somehow, he ended up at the Old Calabar
near the Niger river. He observed the people, the culture, they way of life that they were lived in,
and government. He documented everything that he saw at the Old Calabar. Interestingly, he noticed
that justice system was harsh. The documented that court was composed of the king and several
chiefs and Calabar beans were used as a justice system. He said, if ... Show more content on
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He decided to swallow one quarter of a calabar bean on an empty stomach. When he realized he
poisoned himself, he drank his soapy shaving water to make himself vomit.
The experiments in the 1800s revealed the mystery of the Calabar beans and its physiochemical
properties. In the 1855, Robert Christison, a Scottish toxicologist and physician experimented
Calabar bean on himself. When he realized he poisoned himself, he drank soapy water to make
himself vomit. In the 1862 Thomas Fraser found the power of physostigmine contracting the pupils
of the eyes. In the 1864, the alkaloid was crytallized by Jobst and Hesse, which they called
"Physostigmine". In the 1865, Vee and Leven independently isolated an alkaloid from Calabar
beans. They called it eserine. In the 1870, the Calabar beans were used successfully to treat
glaucoma. In the 1973, Barthlow discovered the antagonism between atropine and physostigmine. In
the 1935, Percy Julian accomplished the first total synthesis of the physostigmine. In the 1936, Ed
Alburquerque discovered that physostigmine protects against nerve gases.
Physostigmine is white, odorless, and bitter microcrystalline powder, which can dissolve slightly in
water. It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, and very soluble in dichloromethane. It is
extremely toxic. Physostigmine sulfate was taken orally in rats. The lethal dose was 4mg/kg.
Physostigmine was taken intraperitoneal and

Toxicology And Its Effect On Different Organisms
Toxicology is the study of poisons and their affects on different organisms, and the different effects
each toxin has on different organisms. Toxicology is a branch of biochemistry, as well as a branch of
medicine, and as such one or more degrees in biochemistry, medicine, or toxicology are required for
a career in toxicology. The study of toxicology is a study in which one inspects poisons in either the
body or on their own, and use it for experimental purposes; one of these purposes likely being the
ability to experiment with poison antidotes. There are many advancements that have helped
toxicology grow into the science that it is today, and these advancements have helped make many
medicines possible; the history of toxicology is important to the subject because of the progress said
subject has made throughout time, from it's beginning. As stated by Paracelsus, "All things are
poisons, for there is nothing without poisonous qualities. It is only the dose which makes a thing
poison" (Paracelsus), in which he explains that the dosage is what determines the poison; one of the
main rules of toxicology. Toxicology is a field of science that focuses on the study and effects of
different dosages of poisons on different organisms, and is also used to create antidotes for different
poisons, to help those who are in need; the history of expansion has helped shape toxicology into
what it is today, and is now commonly used for the good of others.
Toxicology, being a science,

Toxicology Evaluation
The way a client is evaluated at the department of the court is done through the monthly progress
and toxicology reports the department receives. This process beings at the department of the court
when the client comes in for their initial screening, and the worker then determines through the
client's narrative, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), the Blood Alcohol
Concentration (BAC), the Arizona Department of Health Services Classification Criteria Worksheet,
and the police report to determine if there have been prior arrests due to Driving Under the Influence
(DUI) the Level of hours of education and/or treatment it will take to satisfy the court which has
been pre–determined on the TSASS (official form the department uses to ... Show more content on
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Strategy 1.3: Treatment and Support Services – Provide appropriate treatment and support services
for at least 95% of our Offenders as determined by the risk and needs assessment to assist offenders
in maintaining compliance and reintegrating into the community. Strategy 1.4: Partnerships –
Establish trainings and partnerships with internal and external partners, local city agencies, and
community organizations to facilitate close supervision and treatment tracking of offenders in the
community. Strategy 2.1: Timely and Accurate Information to Decision–Makers – CSS provides and
maintains 95% timely and accurate information with meaningful recommendations to criminal
justice decision–makers so they may determine the appropriate release conditions and/or revocation
of

Summary: The Effects Of Gluorine
In 2014 Senef published a paper in the journal Toxicology, this paper addresses the effects of
aluminum and the effects on a biological system. Even though aluminum is very toxic on it own, the
combination of other elements like fluorine is more commonly known as fluoride, when aluminum
interacts with mercury, lead, and glyphosate it binds itself making a more potent toxin. Glyphosate
is the active ingredient in Monsanto's roundup, and fluoride is in food, water, and toothpaste. Dr.
Seneff has also made an hypothesizes that suggest that glutamate in the vaccine also poses a
problem in MMR vaccines. She states: "Glutamate is toxic to autistic kids because they don't have
enough manganese," she says. "So when that extra glutamate is injected ... Show more content on
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. . Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates
[babies], who received parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 micrograms per kilogram
of body weight per day, accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and
bone toxicity [for a tiny newborn, this toxic dose would be 10 to 20 micrograms, and for an adult it
would be about 350 micrograms]. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration."
[Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Document NDA 19–
626/S–019, Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act for Dextrose Injections.] According to the FDA,
the maximum dose for aluminum is 25 mcg per day, vaccines are somehow allowed to have far
more than just the 25mcg. 8 pound, healthy baby: 18.16 mcg of aluminum 15 pound, healthy baby:
34.05 mcg of aluminum 30 pound, healthy toddler: 68.1 mcg of aluminum 50 pound, healthy child:
113 mcg of aluminum 150 pound adult: 340.5 mcg of aluminum 350 pound adult: 794.5 mcg of
aluminum The list is showing how much aluminum is in each vaccine. Hib (PedVaxHib brand only)
– 225 mcg per shot Hepatitis B – 250

Toxicology And Serologist Essay
Toxicology/Serology Modern forensic toxicologists and serologists analyze various body fluids,
tissues, and organs to detect drugs, poisons, and possible causes of crimes and deaths to aid in the
process of criminal investigations. Alcohol/drug, and DNA analysis are some of the primary
objectives of the forensic toxicologist and serologist. Advances in scientific research and
technologies, and the advent of the forensic laboratory have allowed the forensic toxicologist and
serologist to carefully analyze and segregate body fluids excreted by assailants or attackers in
varying criminal acts. Toxicology dates back to the ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus (approximately
1500 BCE), which is the oldest well preserved medical document containing 110 pages on
toxicology, anatomy and physiology, spells, and treatments. The papyrus has multiple prescriptions
for various medical disorders which still occur today. The toxicological value of the papyrus relates
to the extensive amount of herbal remedies and explanations of various toxins that the papyrus
clarifies. Such herbal remedies include: o Garlic (Allium sativa) – gives vitality, soothes flatulence
and aids digestion, mild laxative, shrinks hemorrhoids, rids body of "spirits" (note, during the
building of the Pyramids, the workers were given garlic daily to give them the vitality and ... Show
The company immediately alerted consumers, via the media, not to consume any type of Tylenol
product. They told consumers not to resume using the product until the extent of the tampering
could be determined. Johnson & Johnson, along with stopping the production and advertising of
Tylenol, recalled all Tylenol capsules from the market. The recall included approximately 31 million
bottles of Tylenol, with a retail value of more than 100 million

The Use Of Nanopolymers For Biomedical Purposes
Statement of the problem:
The driving forces behind this work are related to the increased use of nanopolymers for biomedical
purposes. Charged and neutral polymers are routinely used for gene and drug delivery. However,
limited studies are performed to test their safety. Therefore, the originality of this work lies in its
attempt to evaluate the toxicity of three widely used polymers for delivery of chemotherapeutic
agents. Furthermore, we aim to establish efficient methods for nanotoxicity testing through
comparing the results of three different models ( 2D, 3D invitro cell cultures and invivo zebrafish
embryo)preparing these materials for clinical application.
Abstract
Nanomaterials exhibit a wide range of applications in different aspects of human life . In biomedical
fields, nanoparticles are packaged into different nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery especially
for improving the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors. However, no sufficient data that
detect their toxicity. In the present study, the toxicity of three different polymers that represent
promising drug carriers will be evaluated using 2D, 3D cell cultures and zebrafish embryos. The
polymers to be studie include the well–known cationic transfection agents Poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)
and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) for their established cytotoxicity as well as the uncharged drug
carrier material pHPMA (i.e. poly(N–2–hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide), Poly(ethylene glycol)–b–
poly(N–(2–hydroxypropyl)

Science Engineering, And Biomedical Applications
Nanotechnology has been fast expanding in the past decade. This field comprises of technologies
that largely involve materials of sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm. These minute materials may
display distinct characteristics as compared to the same material of a larger form. Due to the smaller
size, altered shape, arrangement, or increased surface area, these nanomaterials may exhibit unique
properties like enhanced strength, flexibility, reactivity, or improved electrical conductivity and
absorption.1 As advanced nano–materials are produced and commercialized for extensive use in
research areas like electronics, materials science engineering, and biomedical applications, there is
also an increasing need to develop an effective environmental health and safety (EHS) risk
management system for nanoscale particles. Therefore, an accurate determination of EHS risks of
nanomaterials could be achieved by understanding nanoparticle interaction with other systems as
well as integrating nanomaterials hazard and exposure datasets.
Since nanoscale particles are orders of magnitude smaller than many larger organic molecules which
are transported through cellular membranes and barriers, these particles are not subjected to the
same degree of regulation and thus have far more potential to enter cells and tissues to cause
damage. Nanoparticles can indeed exhibit greater toxicity than a larger sized particle of the same
toxicant.2 There are several known mechanisms for nanoparticle toxicity,

The Pros And Cons Of Animal Testing
Scientists have found multiple alternatives to animal testing, but companies still choose to use it.
Countries around the world are starting to stand up against cosmetic animal testing by banning
products that have been tested on animals from being sold. The harm done to the innocent animals
that end up in the laboratories is cruel, yet women, men, and children still buy and support
companies that hurt harmless creatures for their own development. Eventually our country will catch
up to the others who have stood up for the animals that were unable to stand up for themselves.
More and more companies are starting to become cruelty free on their own; many of them being
independent brands that have started because of their strong feelings against animal cruelty. Bigger
brands like Bare Minerals, E.L.F Cosmetics, Tarte Cosmetics, and so many more are taking a stand
against animal cruelty. Someday I hope all cosmetic companies are like this. Cosmetic animal
testing is inhumane, inaccurate, and should be completely banned from the United States. Animal
testing was introduced during ancient times in Greek and Roman cultures. Scientists then used
animals to learn about internal organs, the brain, and muscles in the human body. In the second
century, Galen of Pergamum, a Greek physician, focused on anatomy, physiology, pathology, and
pharmacology. He was the first to learn the complexities of the cardio–pulmonary system and he
also studied brain and spinal cord function to enhance

Biochemical Pathways of Heavy Metal Poisoning
Biochemical Pathways of Heavy Metals Poisoning
BIO101 (Principles of Biology)
6 July 2012
Abstract
The biochemical pathways of heavy metal poisoning are routes by which the metals pass in the body
as they impair and destroy normal cellular and organ activity. The most common types of heavy
metal poisoning are caused by lead, arsenic, cadmium and mercury. They are also the most
extensively studied at the moment. Lead poisoning occurs mainly by the inhibitory effect that the
metal imposes on enzymes and subsequent distortion of essential biochemical pathways. The metal
disrupts calcium metabolism and subsequently causes neurotoxicity. It also inhibits the reduction of
glutathionine in a biochemical process meant to produce antioxidants. ... Show more content on
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Biochemical Pathways of Lead Poisoning
Disruption of Calcium Metabolism and Neurotoxicity
Lead can activate calmodulin and displace calcium. Therefore, lead can interfere with calmodulin
found on the surface of synaptic vesicles hence affecting protein phosphorylation and consequently
impairing neurological behavior. This interferes with the roles of calcium in: * Releasing
neurotransmitters, * Regulating certain enzymes that limit the rate at which neurotransmitters are
synthesized, * The packaging of transmitters within vesicles of presynaptic compartments *
Regulation of hormone–dependent cyclases
Enzyme Inhibition in Glutathionine Metabolism Pathway
Lead can be bound to the sulfhydryl groups found on some enzymes.
Normal and functional glutathionine derives its antioxidant properties from the thiol group that
occurs in the cystein within it. This group can be readily reduced or oxidized.
Lead (like arsenic and mercury) interferes with glutathionine metabolism by binding to its
sulfhydryl complex of the key enzyme involved in this biochemical pathway.

Analysis : The Obligation To Endure By Rachel Carson
"The Obligation to endure gives us the right to know." If we are all humans occupying the same
environment, breathing the same air, how are we so oblivious of all the dangerous chemicals the
environment and the public is being exposed to. Rachel Carson makes a valid argument because if
the public must endure these poisonous chemicals and pollution that are altering the environment,
then they have the right to know the great dangers that come along with it.
Rachel Carson makes a very valid point in "The Obligation to Endure." These damages created by
the people, like pollution and harmful chemicals in our environment are irreversible, however
raising awareness will make a change for good in the long run for the environment and for the health
of humans. Humans are destroying the environment that has been around longer than humans
themselves. Although these things currently show no visual effect on humans, they can end up being
a danger in the long run. Carson wants to raise awareness and wants for the public to have enough
knowledge before making long–term devastating decisions with disastrous effects. As Carson states,
"There is still very limited awareness of the nature of the threat" (499). Carson's purpose is to raise
awareness of the great dangers that are presented with these dangerous chemicals because she wants
to stop humans from destroying the precious environment.
Humans are altering the environment in ways we can't even start to imagine with the heavy amount
of pollution and the spraying of unknown chemicals into the soil. Pollution is everywhere it's in the
air we breathe and sometimes the food we consume. Although it's not a noticeable threat the effect
of pollution will one day have a significant impact on the human population and the environment we
share. Chemicals being sprayed on vegetation and crop lands are entering the bodies of humans in
all kinds of ways. They are then passed from one person to another slowly intoxicating human. The
chemicals and the pollution are all lethal materials circulating around us constantly. The interaction
between the environment and these intoxicating effects have never been so lethal, humans have
made it a priority to create them so harshly that the effects

Toxicology Is The Scientific Study Of Poisons And The...
History of toxicology Toxicology is the scientific study of poisons and the effects it may have on a
living organisms. The study involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms involved,
detection and treatment of toxic substances especially in relation to humans. Toxic substances are all
around us and we come into contact with them on a daily basis, such as in food and drinks that we
consume (additives, alcohol), in the environment around us (cigarette smoke, car fumes, herbicides),
and even in our work environments (industrial chemicals, heavy metals). Symptoms and the severity
of these symptoms are dependent on the dose of the substance ingested, how long the victim is
exposed to the toxic substance and what category the substance is in. Toxic substance are
categorised in toxicity categories ranging from I to IV, most toxic to least toxic. Category I
substances would be the most corrosive to eyes and skin with a danger label, category II would
cause severe irritation to skin and eyes with a warning label, category III would only cause moderate
irritation with only a caution label finally a category IV substance would have minimal effects on
vision and slight irritation of the skin, no signal word label is necessary for category IV toxicants.
Toxicologists work to develop new and improved ways to determine the potential harmful effects of
substances and at what dose these substances are fatal. They design and carry out controlled studies
for chemicals of social and

Toxicologist Career Paper
Roche The amazing job of being a toxicologist is a rewarding occupation for everyone. toxicologists
is an occupation that helps improve the environment, and also improves modern medicine. If they
are not working in offices, they are working in laboratories. If they are working in labs they will be
working with biological chemicals. This profession will be needed because it will help the
environment and medicine. The job description of a toxicologist is short only consisting of their
day–to–day duties, work environment, typical schedule and similar occupations. According to the
United States Department of Labor, "They (Toxicologists) spend most of their time studying data
and reports." (The United States Department of Labor). The significance ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Dana Severson). The importance of this quote is to explain how much a toxicologist could make as
their starting salary. According to the Occupational Employment Statistics, toxicologists will mostly
be needed on the east coast. (The United States Department of Labor). The relevance of this
statement is to show where this occupation will be most likely to be hired. These quotes and statistic
reports from Dana Severson and the United States Department of Labor explain the annual median
salary, how technology will affect this occupation, average starting salary, and areas where this
career will be most likely to hire. The career of being a toxicologist will be needed in the future
because this field will help the environment and improve medicine for the people. This occupation
work in labs studying data and reports, additionally this profession works between 50 to 60 hours a
week. The students of this line of work will increase their communication and writing skills, while
getting a better understanding of the research. The pay for this position depends on the students
degree of learning, while this field will be needed on the east coast, technology will increase
competition in this field. These facts and statistics prove that the amazing career of a toxicologist is
for

Forensic Toxicology Paper
The Analysis of Forensic Toxicology
Forensic Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of chemicals elements and their negative effects of on living entities.
Whereas forensic toxicology is the implementation of toxicology and other disciplines including
chemistry and pharmacology to aid in detection and interpretation of drugs and poisonings or other
related matters during medicolegal death investigation and or forensic cases.
Description of Topic to Crime Scene Application
Forensic toxicologists preform scientific examinations on biological tissue and fluid samples for the
purpose of identifying the presence of drugs or chemicals in the body. In doing so, a forensic
toxicologist will sequester and classify any hazardous elements in the body that may have aided in
the crime (National Forensic Science Technology Center, n.d.). The continually advancing discipline
of forensic toxicology is due to the ever–changing drugs that are constantly being developed. This
created a pressing need to develop new approached for detection (National Institute of Justice,
2014). With the aid of sophisticated equipment, toxicologists are able to (1) establish the toxicants
present within the biological material and determine if it contributed to the victims death; (2)
determine if ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Included within this article is 23 select images featuring graphs, paperwork and collection materials.
The authors discuss a wide range of topics of which involves forensic toxicology. The focus is on
the three different methods of poisoning, collection process from the different areas of toxicology,
the storage methods for collected samples, advantages and disadvantages of storage preservation
and lastly a discussion on the possible bias during analytic interpretations of toxicological results
(Dinis–Oliveira, et al.,

Reaction Paper On Alprazolam
ALPRAZOLAM
Alprazolam is used as an anxiolytic drug and it has nonspecific depressant effects on the central
nervous system. It's used orally. It's absorbed from gastrointestinal tact greater than 80%. Peak
plasma levels usually occur within 2 hours. Alprazolam has a high protein bound (80%). Serum
albumin accounts for the majority of the binding. It has a small volume of distribution (less than
1.5L/kg). Alprazolam and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine. The mean plasma
elimination half–life of alprazolam has been found to be about 11.2 hours in healthy adults.
Action mechanism of Alprazolam is binding to the benzodiazepine binding site on the chloride
channel of the gamma–aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is an inhibitory ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the patient is using Gentamicin, renal and eighth cranial nerve function should be closely
monitored, especially in patients with known or suspected reduced renal function and also in those
patients whose renal function is initially normal but who develop signs of renal dysfunction during
therapy. Serum concentrations of Gentamicin should be monitored regularly to avoid potentially
toxic levels. The possibility of cumulative toxicity should be considered when gentamicin is applied
topically to big skin lesions or large areas of denuded

Env410 Toxicology Worksheet
University of Phoenix Material
Toxicology Worksheet
1. Identify the different resources available for your learning in this course.
Available resources during this course includes two textbooks; "Introduction to ecotoxicology," and
"A textbook of modern toxicology." Additional resources include various videos, complimentary
transcripts to the videos, supplemental readings, the UOP online Library, and web searches.
2. Define toxicology.
Toxicology is defined as that branch of science dealing with poisons. According to Hodgson (2010),
a "poison can be defined as any substance that causes a harmful effect when administered, either by
accident or by design, to a living organism" (p. 3). Toxicology also includes the study ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steep slope elicit toxicity, whereas, shallow slopes elicit nonspecific toxicity. The dose–response
line also allows one to estimate the threshold dose, by defining the lowest dose expected to elicit a
response. The threshold dose is one that is lower than the greatest dose at which no affect is
detected. This is generally between segments I and II (Hodgson, 2010).
7. What role do they play in environmental toxicology?
This helps put toxins into exposure classes. This allows scientist to determine what level the toxins
are lethal, or what levels may help prevent undesired medical conditions, such as cancer. These
levels are used for regulatory purposes as well, to minimize exposure to harmful toxins and their
effects on human health and the environment (Hodgson, 2010).
8. Explain LD50.
LD50 refers to the dose level (concentration level) of a toxic substance (poison) required to obtain a
lethal dose that kills 50% of a population under stated conditions, such as the controlled variables of
the study. This level is typically normalized to the weight of the animal (milligram
chemical/kilogram body weight), and the measure of acute toxicity is used to assign of toxicity to
the given chemical (Hodgson, 2010).

9. Explain LD10.
LD10 refers to the dose level (concentration level) of a toxic substance (poison) required to obtain a
lethal dose that kills 10% of

A Brief Note On The Common Routes Of Exposure
500683288 (STUDENT WITH ACADEMIC ACCOMMODATIONS)
OHS 322: INTRODUCTORY TOXICOLOGY– ASSIGNMENT
NOVEMBER 2016
OHS 322: INTRODUCTORY TOXICOLOGY– ASSIGNMENT
ADME
XENOBIOTIC: DDT (p,p '–Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) – based on my last name starting with
U
QUESTION 1
Explain the most common route(s) and source(s) of human exposure to your xenobiotic
Common routes
The common routes of exposure to DDT, and DDE occurs mostly from eating foods containing
small amounts of these compounds, particularly meat, fish and poultry. Exposure may also occur
with contact with DDT residues in airborne dust. (Fisher et al, 2003).
Sources
DDT use has been banned in most developed countries for a very long time so the most likely
sources in recent times can be:
eating contaminated foods, including roots and leafy vegetables, fatty meat, fish, poultry
eating contaminated imported foods from countries that still allow DDT use
breathing contaminated air or drinking contaminated water near waste sites and landfills.
It can also be found in:
Breast fed infants of mothers who have been exposed.
Breathing in or swallowing of soil particles near waste sites or landfills that contain DDT (ATSDR
2002)
QUESTION 2
Explain where your xenobiotic is distributed to (i.e. site of storage)
Site of storage
DDT is relatively insoluble in water and more soluble in fats and oils and due to this relative
insolubility in water compared with oils, they are usually

The Poisoner's Handbook By Deborah Blums Best Selling Book
The film that I am reviewing, title "The Poisoner's Handbook," is based on Deborah Blums best–
selling book, of the same title, which reflects on the most notorious cases between the years of 1918
and 1959 that were handled by Charles Norris, the chief medical examiner for New York City, also
known and described by his peers as "the father of forensic toxicology in America," and Alexander
Oscar Gettler, toxicologist with the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York, such
as the fatal radium poisoning of the factory workers who contracted radiation poisoning from
painting watch dials with self–luminous paint at the Orange, New Jersey watch factory around the
year 1917 and other cases that involve dangerous poisons, like arsenic, methanol, lead, carbon
monoxide, denatured alcohol, radium and thallium. Their renowned work led to tougher regulations
by the government and the creation of the Food and Drug Administration. The film depicts how the
average American's medicine cabinet, in the early 1900s, was a treasure chest of dangerous poisons
that could make you ill, put you in a coma, and even kill you. These poisons were readily found in
health tonics, depilatory creams, teething medicine, and cleaning supplies.
In the early 1920s, medical examiners and coroners were appointed by the mayor and were
responsible for investigating every suspicious death in New York City. The position was a political
one and anyone, including musicians, painters, milkmen could

Importance Of Genotoxicity ( Or Genotoxic Toxicity )
Rapid progresses have been made in the last few years considering the importance of genotoxicity
(or genotoxic toxicity). This also help to represent many disciplines those days viz, genetics,
biochemistry, molecular and cellular and structural biology, epidemiology and toxicology through
multiple model systems, experimental approaches and technical disciplines. Further the genetic
damages lead to the dysfunctions in the normal processes of cellular metabolism (replication,
transcription, cell cycle regulation and cell death). This widens the horizons of genetic toxicology.
Genotoxic agents or genotoxins are usually described as the substances which damage the genetic
material commonly DNA. These substances act directly on DNA by binding to it leading to DNA
damage, or indirectly by reducing or preventing the normal functions of the enzyme machinery
which needs for the processes of replication, transcription or translation thereby causing genetic
damage in the form of mutations which may or may not lead to birth defects (an inheritable damage)
and also cancer like disease. Genetic toxicants which affect the germ cells like sperm and egg can
pass the genetic changes to the descendants, who have not been exposed to such substances.
The poisoning of lead and its connection with the exposure of lead was known in late antiquity.
However in the literature preserved from middle ages this disease was almost forgotten completely.
The wise use of lead both for industrial, domestic and

The Ambiguity Of Biological Toxins
Nelsen et al. (2014) presents and discusses what the authors believe to be the inconsistencies among
the definitions of poisons, venoms, and toxins, as well as the conflation, or mixing, of these terms
within the literature. The three primary classes of toxins, biological, anthropogenic, and
environmental, are defined and distinguished so that the authors can further discern the biological
toxins using their own classification scheme (Nelsen et al. 2014). Nelsen et al. (2014) presents the
necessity of their three–class scheme, which they proposed due to the terminological inconsistencies
within and among the literature on biological toxins. I think implementing a new term to detract
from the misconstruction of existing toxicological definitions would be constructive, especially with
the proposed corresponding binomial classification system. This review aims to discuss the breadth
and functionality of the Nelsen et al. (2014) categorization of toxins.
Through their new categorical binomial nomenclature system, based on source, delivery mechanism,
and storage of toxins, Nelsen et al. (2014) introduces a novel term within the biological toxins to
further reduce the ambiguity of toxicological definitions such as venom and poison. Toxungen, or a
toxic ointment as stated by Nelsen et al. (2014), is a toxic substance which is actively delivered to
the surface of the antagonizing organism and affects without the necessitation of a wound. With the
introduction of the term, toxugen,

Rachel Carson : Qhetorical Analysis : The Obligation To...
"The Obligation to Endure"
"The Obligation to endure gives us the right to know." If we are all humans occupying the same
environment, breathing the same air, how are we so oblivious of all the dangerous chemicals the
environment and the public is being exposed to. Rachel Carson makes a strong argumentation
because if the public must endure these poisonous chemicals and pollution that are altering the
environment then they have the right to know the great dangers that they can cause.
Rachel Carson makes a very valid point in "The Obligation to Endure." These damages created by
the people, like pollution and harmful chemicals in our environment are irreversible however raising
awareness will make a change for good in the long run for the environment and for the health of
humans. Humans is destroying the environment that has been around longer than humans
themselves. Carson's main issues are pollution and the spraying of chemicals that are altering our
environment. Although these things currently show no visual effect on humans, they can end up
being a danger in the long run. Carson wants to raise awareness and wants for the public to have
enough knowledge before making long–term devastating decisions with disastrous effects. As
Carson states, "There is still very limited awareness of the nature of the threat." (499) Carson's
purpose is to raise awareness of the great dangers that are presented with these dangerous chemicals
because she wants to stop humans from destroying

Toxic Relationships Research Paper
Toxic relationships come in many forms, and can often be very hard to detect. So what truly makes a
relationship toxic? In a society where the term "crazy girlfriend" gets thrown around and controlling
boyfriends are romanticized, the lines between a healthy relationship and an emotionally abusive
one begin to blur. In a world like this, it's crucial to have the ability to identify the signs of an
unhealthy relationship, I.E, define it. Certain factors must be present in order for a relationship to
fall under the category of "toxic". Not every Google search result for "signs of a toxic relationship"
must be there, but at least a handful. Such factors being; lack of trust, loss of identity, and unequal
give and take, to name a few. If a partner demands too much or is emotionally draining, they might
be pushing the relationship into toxic territory. Manipulation also plays a key role in unhealthy
relationships. Lying to get an emotional response, making threats to keep someone"in line", taking
advantage of their insecurities, and controlling them with jealousy are all ways to emotionally
manipulate someone.. Yet, the most damaging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In a toxic relationship both parties are guilty in one way or another. If only one partner is toxic then
it becomes an abuser/victim relationship, not a toxic one. If a relationship is brought into question
both partners have to analyze their actions and how they could be harmful. One defining factor of
toxic relationships is that they tend to go in circles, a never ending cycle. Person A hurts Person B,
Person B retaliates, they fight, they make up, and it starts all over. These cycles of emotional
violence cannot exist without participation from both parties. So don't try and play the victim
without truly looking at the situation. Trying to push all the blame on each other is yet another
contributor to toxic

Toxicology Review Paper
Keisha Williams
Toxicology
October 23, 2017
Toxicology Review Paper
Due to the rapid economic development in three megacities in China, there has been a significant
increase in the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in both the gaseous form and in
the form of particulate matter( PM2.5 and PM10). On account of the rise of concentrations of PAHs
in the air, the amount of both seasonal and annual pollution has increased well above the standard
and national averages. Researchers collected a number of samples from the three megacities
including, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and a reference city, Datong. They also collected samples
from four cities that are well outside the perimeter of the megacities to adequately compare ... Show
PAHs can be formed by incomplete combustion of carbon–containing fuels such as wood, coal,
diesel, fat, tobacco, and incense(Zhang, Chen, & Lv, 2016).This study is seeking to determine the
chemical constitution for major PAHs, observe and identify the different seasonal variance in which
there is the most pollution, and identify the source of the PAH pollution in Beijing, Shijiazhuang,
and Tianjin that are believed to cause cancer, mutations and birth defects. In order to answer the
questions of this study multiple resources were deployed and experiments carried out. First air
samples were collected from the following cities, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and the reference
city, Datong. Air samples were also taken from four cities, Nanling, Shennongjia, Pangquangou, and
Changbaishan, that were all background sites. The sample sizes are listed in the table below.
These samples were collected at varies times of the year including, spring, summer, fall, and winter
over twenty–three hours for five to seven days for the three megacities and the reference city.
Samples for the background sites were collected over thirty to thirty–six hours on two occasions. A
particulate sampler was used for PM2.5 and PM10 sampling (Zhang et al., 2016). After samples
were collected they were stored at four degrees Celsius. Samples were then analyzed using certain

Steven Stepho's Autopsy Report
It's been confirmed that Bobbi Kristina's friend, Steven Stepho, died from a drug overdose. Radar
Online, August 17, 2015 has the autopsy report from the Fulton County Medical Examiner Karen
Sullivan. She said that Steven's death was an accident caused by heroin toxicity. Steven passed away
on June 28. He had a history of using drugs and he admitted to obtaining drugs for Bobbi Kristina
and Nick Gordon from time to time. For a while, Steven stopped using drugs. A source told Radar
Online that he even attended AA meetings. He had changed his life around for the better, but
something must have pushed him over the edge to start using heroin and or mixing it again.
According to the autopsy report, his mother, Sherin Hylan, found Steven at home

Toxic Plants in the Southwest
There are quite a few toxic plants in the SW that if a horse attempts to eat could be toxic or even
deadly. According to Equisearch if a horse is feed quality forage the toxic plant in the pasture will be
less palatable to eat. In a 1000 pound animal it takes a lot of a plant to have a toxic effect.
Unfortunately horses are curious creatures to say the least and some plants with just a nibble or
grazing over a period of weeks or months can be lethal or make a horse very ill. Here is a least of a
few plants to watch out for and how they look like, according to Anthony Knight BVS, MRCVS,
and Plant Toxicologist from Colorado State University:
1) Hemlock (poison hemlock, spotted hemlock)
Hazard: hemlock leaves, stems and seeds contain several neurotoxin that affect both the central and
peripheral nervous systems. 4 to 5 pounds is lethal dose for a horse.
Signs: they appear within an hour or two of consumption. Starts with nervousness, tremors, and
incoordination, progressing to depression, than diminishes heart rate and respiratory rates, and
sometimes colic. Respiratory failure is the final stage which results in death.
There is no treatment, if smaller doses are consumed then animals may recover with supportive care.
2) Tansy ragwort (groundsel)
Hazard: toxicity levels vary for different species of this plant but they are all thought to contain at
least some concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which inhibit cell division, especially in the
liver. Damage

The Importance Of Lead In Drinking Water
Lead is a toxic metal that can accumulate in the body over time and is damaging to health even at
low exposure levels, especially for children. According to the EPA, low levels of lead in the blood of
children have been linked to central and peripheral nervous system damage, learning disabilities,
slowed growth, hearing problems and anemia. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up
20% or more of a person's total exposure to lead. Recent random testing conducted by Utah state
officials found lead in the drinking water of 90% of the sampled schools. 10 of such schools were
found to have lead levels exceeding the EPA's safety guideline of 0.15 ppm. Lead may enter
drinking water when lead–containing plumbing corrodes, which happens at

Case Study: Forensic Toxicology
In this case study Forensic Toxicology was used to solve the murder of Robert Curley and obtained
the conviction of his wife Joann Curley.
In 1991Robert Curley began to feel ill, in August he was rushed to the Wilkes–Barre general
hospital. He was having an attack and was experiencing numbness in his hands, intense sweating, a
flushed face, repeated vomiting and a burning sensation in his feet. His doctors went through several
diagnoses for his puzzling symptoms before he was diagnosed with Guillian–Barre syndrome. This
is an acute inflammation of the nervous system that accounted for all the symptoms and he was
discharged. He experienced another attack and was admitted to the larger Hershey Medical Centre,
he was experiencing the same symptoms but doctors noticed another symptom, extreme hair loss.
He was tested for heavy metal exposure and the test results of his urine showed high levels of the
heavy metal thallium. (Saferstein 2011) & (Turner Entertainment 2014).
Thallium is a rare and toxic carcinogenic heavy metal; before being banned in 1984 this substance
had been applied in limited doses for ringworm, and gout. It was also used in the production of Rat
poison. Doctor's concluded that the level of Thallium was in high enough quantities to have caused
all of Roberts's symptoms, but before they could treat him, he suffered cardiac arrest and went into a
coma. Roberts's wife Joann made the decision to turn off the life support and he died shortly after.
(Saferstein

Speech: Animal Testing Essay
Speech: Animal Testing
Introduction:
Rows of rabbits wait in cages, their heads tightly clamped in stocks to prevent movement. The lower
lids of the rabbits' eyes are pulled back. Technicians drip nail polish remover, mascara, shampoo,
and astringent into their eyes, where the chemicals stay for three to 21 days. The chemicals burn and
often blind the animals. Rabbits' sensitive corneas make excellent subjects for this procedure–called
the Draize test–because they cannot cry to wash away the toxic chemicals. They have no tear ducts.
First I will introduce the amounts of animals that are being used in these tests and those tests that
they are being used for. Second I will describe what these tests are used to figure out and ... Show
However estimates range from 2 to 20 million of those animals are not being killed to save lives,
they are being killed in order to provide vain women with cosmetics.
The tests that these animals are being used in range in cruelty. The two that are the cruelest and are
the mostly widely used are the Draize and the LD50 tests. The Draize test, developed in 1944,
involves dropping potentially irritating substances into the eyes of rabbits, whose inferior tear ducts
do not allow them to cry the substances away. The Food and Drug Administration supports this test.
Susan Rick, director of the "compassion program" at People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
(PETA), a Washington, D.C. based animal rights organization.
Points out the fact that "its their test" pointing out that the doctor that developed the test worked for
the FDA. Its not surprising then that according to FDA guidelines, new drugs must be determined
safe as well as effective. While the FDA has no authority to require animal tests per se, it does
require the most accurate tests available. And right now, the FDA believes that means animals.
That's right they have no authority, because there is NO law that requires companies to test their
personal care and household products on animals before selling them to consumers. The second, and
possibly even crueler than the Draize test is the LD50 test.
LD50 stands for

Environmental Toxicology Essay
Toxicology
Name
April 9th, 2012
Env/410
Jennifer Ott
Environmental toxicology refers to specific organs as target organs. This is an organ that has the
highest probability of being affected by exposure to a specific substance. Target organ toxicity refers
to the negative effects a chemical has on that target organ after entry into the body (Hodgson, 2010).
There are multiple organs such as the liver which are targeted simply because of ease of access. Any
organ that can be accessed through less guarded cell walls or higher levels of lipids are more
susceptible to entry by toxicants. High traffic organs like the kidneys and liver make it easy as they
receive and filter all blood therefore taking the toxin in large doses to cleanse ... Show more content
With all of this toxic intervention the liver can be overworked and disease can overcome, such as
chronic liver disease (Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, 2012).
The conditions that lead to chronic liver disease are vast but they fall into five groups (Chronic liver,
2011). The first group is the viral group classification which includes conditions such as hepatitis B
and C (Chronic liver, 2011). The second group is the metabolic group which includes diseases such
as Wilson's disease (Chronic liver, 2011). The third group is the autoimmune response group which
includes primary biliary cirrhosis sufferers (Chronic liver, 2011). The fourth group is the toxin–
related group which includes alcoholism and the last is the miscellaneous group with ailments such
as right heart failure (Chronic liver, 2011). Within these groups there is a silent killer though which
raises the risk for that group. That is the toxin–related group because alcoholism leads to cirrhosis
and then to hepatitis (Chronic liver, 2011). That group alone takes a person through three groups in
one shot.
While researching toxicants and reactions there have been some similarities found. Many toxicants
affect the lungs, skin, and eyes. Take for instance Sulfur Dioxide, Asbestos, and gasoline. Sulfur
Dioxide is a colorless gas with a choking odor and suffocating qualities (Air Gas, 2012). It is toxic
to humans even at low concentrations. The

Hair Care : Why You Should Think Twice The Next Time You...
Hair Care – Why You Should Think Twice The Next Time You Grab a Shampoo Ingredients in Hair
Care Products can clean your hair and leave it looking like you just stepped out of a salon. But have
you given any thought to what ingredients you have just subjected your health to? Do you know if
your body has just received a does of some potentially dangerous chemical? Chances are, you have
not given it any thought at all – But you should...
What Do You Put on Your Hair?
We are all aware that we should not use artificial or potentially toxic ingredients in our food. Indeed
many of us have made the conscious decision to go one step further by choosing natural skin care
products instead products containing synthetic and possibly harmful chemicals.
But when it comes to personal care products such as shampoos, conditioners and liquid/solid soaps,
etc., we tend to disregard the concept of remaining with natural products. There 's a simple
explanation for this.
We, the consumers, are basically under the impression that washing our hair and body is not likely
to poison us. After all, the soap stays on the hair/skin for only a short period of time and gets washed
off when we 're finished. How could the chemicals in a shampoo or a conditioner possibly affect us
adversely?
Fair question. However, if you think that they don 't, you would be quite wrong.
The skin can absorb chemicals very quickly and easily if the molecules are not too large for it to do
so. In addition, the skin is

Zinc And Treatment Of Zinc
Zinc is known to prevent and treat the intoxication of lead which often proves more effective along
with the combination of methionine or thiamine (Flora et al., 1989; 1991). Supplementation of zinc
simultaneously with methionine or thiamine helps effectively reduce urinary excretion of ALA and
the lead induced ALAD activity in the blood. This suggests that the combination therapy including
the essential nutrient elements and vitamins concurrently with exposure to lead could be more
effective than treating the lead toxicity after exposure. This helps to reduce the absorption of lead in
the gastrointestinal track. Thus it can be attributed that zinc help to reduce the lead absorption in the
body, thus it is depicted from the study that lead levels and zinc levels in among both the healthy
controls and workers occupationally exposed to lead can be highly correlated. Earlier it was shown
that the depletion of zinc levels among individuals due to lead exposure can be restored due to
supplementation of zinc. Thus zinc has been known to be an important antioxidant which was
shown from the literature reviewed by Bray and Bettger (Bray and Bettger, 1990). There are two
mechanisms which are been elucidated as to how zinc prevents the lead poisoning, besides being as
an antioxidant. These two mechanisms are protection of sulfhydryl groups and prevention by ROS.
There are several studies which indicate that zinc has a beneficial effect on treating lead poisoning
(Flora et al., 1989;

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