Sn2 Reaction With 2-Bromobutane

Sn2 Reaction With 2-Bromobutane
In this experiment, the purpose was to create and observe the effects of a S_N 1 reaction. Silver
nitrate was dissolved in ethanol. The nitrate ion is a decent nucleophile, and ethanol is a fairly
powerful solvent. The difference in a SN1 reaction than an SN2 reaction is that a carbocation is
formed. The leaving group wants to leave on it's own, causing a multi–step synthesis. The leaving
group leaves, creating a carbocation. The nucleophile finds the carbocation and attaches itself to it.
More substitution is preferred for SN1 reactions because the more stable a molecule is, the more
stable the carbocation will be. The following mixtures were combined with the silver nitrate
dissolved in ethanol: 2–chlorobutane, 2–bromobutane, 1–chlorobutane, 1–bromobutane, 2–chloro–
2–methylpropane. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because chlorine is a poor leaving group, which is a critical characteristic of a SN1 reaction.
The reaction with 2–bromobutane formed a dense precipitate. This is because there is a lot of
stability present in this molecule and bromine is a good leaving group for the reaction. In test tube 3,
the reaction with 1–chlorobutane did not form a precipitate. This is because chlorine is a poor
leaving group and the molecule is primary, which means there's no steric hindrance, which is not
ideal for a SN1 reaction. In test tube 4, the reaction with 1–bromobutane formed some cloudiness
after heating. This should not have happened because there is no stability in this molecule. The
cloudiness was more than likely due to some sort of cross contamination. Finally, in test tube 5, the
reaction formed a very dense precipitate within the first couple seconds. This is because this
molecule has the most steric hindrance
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Pampers Case Study
Pampers: Let's Wipe Baby Butts Pampers is an extremely well–known business that pioneered the
technology that is disposable diapers. When one is watching television, diaper advertisement are
almost exclusive to disposable varieties. This was not the case just fifty years ago during the era that
Pampers first hit the market; reusable cloth diapers were the preferred method of parents just two
generations ago. Pampers has revolutionized the family, economy, environment and culture as a
whole in western societies. Picture the heart–warming scene of a grandfather changing his infant
grandson's diaper in the 1950s. Just as the baby is cute and charming as any other, what is contained
by his diapers is just as unsightly and unpleasant as any other. Lucky for present day parents, this
grandfather decided to use his engineering mindset to create an easier and more sanitary method of
diapers using his own grandchildren as testers ("History" 1). The grandfather described is Victor
Mills. Mills worked for Procter & Gamble Co. at this time and used his connections to the company
to create what is now known Pampers disposable diapers. Pampers first hit the market in 1961 and
have since changed parenting. In the 1960s, Pampers first began new, inventive methods to keeping
babies dry and comfortable. Then, in the 1970s, Pampers replaced the pin with tape to improve
safety and produced more varieties such as toddler, newborn and premature infant sizes. The 1980s
and 1990s saw even more

Preparing For Baby 's Arrival
Preparing for Baby 's Arrival – Tips to Ensure a Well–Planned Pregnancy and Delivery
By J. O 'Neil | Co–Author: K. O 'Neil | Submitted On July 19, 2012
Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook 1 Share this
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Share this article on Pinterest
You are going to have a baby, how exciting! Whether or not this is your first pregnancy, it can be a
bit nerve–racking. How can you best prepare for baby 's arrival? Are there things that can be done to
minimize fears and frustrations of being ready? As a parent you want the best for your child, the
following list, though not comprehensive, is a good start when trying to figure out how to get ready
for your unique baby girl or boy.
DON 'T PANIC: First and foremost, DON 'T PANIC! Having a baby can be stressful, but does not
need to be such. Whether your pregnancy was planned or not, the best thing you can do for yourself
and your baby is to NOT PANIC. After the discovering your pregnancy, you can make the rest of the
pregnancy and the beginning stages of parenthood a low–stress and exciting experience. As you
learn to control your life, in areas you can control, you will be better able to stay calm and relaxed.
The less stressed you are, the better it will be for your baby and your family.

Conversion of Alcohol to Alkyl Halides
Introduction In this experiment, Conversion of Alcohol to Alkyl Halides and alcohol is converted to
an alkyl halide through SN1 or an SN2 mechanism. This is done by using 1–propanol and 2–
pentantol with HBr, Hydrobromic acid. Only half of the groups will use 1–propanol, and 2–
pentantol. All results are analyzed using NMR and IR. An SN1 reaction, requires two steps. The first
step, using an alcohol as an reactant, is the pronation of the –OH group from the R group. This
produces a cation intermediate. The cation intermediate is attacked by the –Br group, from HBr.
This is the second step. An SN2 mechanism, is only one step, unimolecular , and spontaneous. In an
alcohol, the –Br group will attack at the water, H2O, is leaving the reaction. The R group attacks to
the Bromine leaving an excess water. Figure 1 Mechanism for 2–Pentantol SN1
Figure 2 2–Pentantol SN2 Mechanism Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR, and Infrared, IR,
Spectroscopy are used to determine the structure of unknown compounds. Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance allows the student to see the nuclei in a molecule by the usage of light (1). The spectrum
shows how carbon can form a number of different bonds hydrogens present in the molecule, double
and single. IR spectroscopy gives an idea of the frequency of the molecules through the vibrations
of the molecules. Infrared shows how molecules can perform like springs which connects with
Hooke's Law. Hooke's Law is used to describe the vibrations of springs.
Table

Elimination Diet
What Not to Eat While Your Baby is Breastfeeding
Your baby has arrived, and you have chosen to breastfeed. Ordinarily, that is good news. That means
you can change your diet and worry less about what you eat and how it may affect your newborn.
You can eat sushi and processed lunch meats again. However, if you are breastfeeding and notice
your baby is having some issues with digestion or comfort, then you may need to consider an
elimination diet.
What Is the Elimination Diet?
The elimination diet is a diet that takes the foods most likely to cause an allergic reaction in an
infant (shown through different reactions like irritability, green bowel movements and constant
fussiness) and advises the new mother to avoid these foods while breastfeeding. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it can decrease supply, which means the infant gets less to eat and is then fussy due to
hunger on an even shorter time frame
In addition to foods that can cause irritation, it is still not advisable to drink large amounts of
alcohol. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a minuscule amount of alcohol transfers into the
breast milk and the general rule is that if you can drive, you can nurse.
Still, the recommendation remains that you drink in moderation so as to be able to care for your
child to the best of your ability and ensure that it is minuscule amounts of alcohol, if any, that
transfer to your infant.
New moms may be ready to kick back with all manner of foods that weren't permitted or made her
sick during her pregnancy. However, if the baby shows reactions to breast milk after a nursing
session, it may be a good idea to consider eliminating the above foods to see if that helps the baby
with fussiness, get rid of gas or have healthy bowel movements. If these foods being cut from the
diet do not help, a discussion with the pediatrician is very

Professional Pest Elimination
If you are dealing with a pest problem in your home or commercial building, a professional pest
control company has the solution that can rid you of your problem forever. Whether you need these
services for a restaurant, hotel, retail shopping establishment, or your very own home, you can get
an effective plan of pest elimination with a company that uses advanced techniques in addition to
safe products to remove unwanted pest from your home, commercial space, or business.
Before you are even aware of it, insects and pests have the ability to enter and infest your office or
home. These pests can enter in through a variety of ways to include in your luggage, fabrics and
clothing and cockroaches can enter in with food shipments and groceries. These pests can also enter
your home or business undetected through holes and tiny cracks located on your property. The
following are some benefits of using a professional pest control ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This company will prevent your problem from becoming more hazardous when they handle the
problem efficiently, quickly, and safely.
Frees Your Time– The pest elimination process can be time consuming and frustration. If you plan
to get rid of the pest on your own, you could be out of a lot of time, effort, and money and your
attempts might even fail. You can leave all the hard work of pest control to a professional pest
management company.
If you choose to hire a professional pest control company to rid you of pests and insects from your
business or home, you can have a peace of mind knowing the job will be done efficiently, safely, and
quickly. You will also become educated on how to prevent pest infestation as the company provides
you with information on preventing pest infestation.
Article Source:

Nucleophilic Substitution Lab Report
Lab Report 9: SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms: Nucleophilic Substitution
Raekwon Filmore
CM 244
Section 40
March 27, 2018 Introduction:
For this week's experiment, involved nucleophilic substitution of SN1 and SN2 reactions. On two
separate days, SN2 was done first followed by SN1 being done in the next lab. The substitution of
one group from a saturated sp3 hybridized carbon atom is typically a reaction that is used to
interconvert different functional groups. In this reaction in particular, nucleophiles have the property
of having at least one lone pair of electrons (not shared) having either a neutral or negative charge.
The nonbonding pair of electrons of the nucleophile is donated to an electrophilic carbon. Some
examples of nucleophiles ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
10ml of 2–chloro–2–methylbutane was added to 25ml of concentrated (12M) Hydrochloric Acid in
a separatory funnel. The contents were swirled gently without the stopper and venting was done
frequently to release excess pressure. Shake the funnel until the layers separate and able to recognize
which one is the aqueous layer and which is the organic layer. The organic layer was washed with
10ml portions of saturated aqueous sodium chloride and cold saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
The organic layer was washed again with 10ml of water and saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The
aqueous layer was carefully removed and the 2–chloro–2–methylbutane was transferred to a clean
erlemmeyer flask and was dried with several tip full of anhydrous sodium sulfate. After drying, the
crude was carefully transferred with a Pasteur pipet to a round bottom flask and was set up for
shortpath distillation. Because finding an accurate boiling point of 2–chloro–2–methylbutane is
difficult, two separate fractions or distillates was taken. The first distillate was collected below 75°C
and the second fraction was collected everything above 75°C. The percent yield of the reaction was
73%. The refractive index of refraction for both fractions were relatively almost the same. The index
of refraction for the first distillate was 1.404 and the index of refraction of the second distillate was

The Elimination Of Poverty Today 's Society
The Elimination of Poverty in Today's Society
Poverty surrounds us within our daily lives. As Paul Wellstone states, "More than 35 million
Americans – one out of every seven of our fellow citizens – are officially poor. More than one in
five children American children are poor. And the poor are getting poorer" (676). The harsh reality
of these circumstances are that we do not constantly see it. While many may choose to overlook
poverty, there are methods that can be instituted to help reduce and eliminate this deficiency.
Poverty can be eliminated by improving education, reducing unintended pregnancies among young
woman, and generating new jobs with higher pay.
One way poverty can be eliminated is to educate the population for employment opportunities and
with financial knowledge. Numerous teenagers drop out of school every year without obtaining their
high school diploma. This diploma is the minimum requirement for the majority of all jobs. Parents,
schools and the government need to offer additional incentives to keep children in school in order to
seek higher education and additional employment opportunities. Laws could be enacted forcing
children to attend school until the age of eighteen or possibly joining the military if they choose to
drop out. This will ensure these students a bright future without the possibility of living in poverty.
Financial stability is something else each child should learn as many adults aren't able to financially

2-Methylcyclohexanol Molecules
INTRODUCTION: The polymerization of sugar molecules, such as sucrose and fructose, involves
the dehydration of two sugar monomers to produce a peptide C=O bond, and the release of water.
This common biomolecular mechanism has been greatly studied within the science disciplines. For
Biologists, they've studied how nature does it, and for Chemist, they've studied how we mimic, and
manipulate it. Chemist refer to such chemical reactions, in which atoms or groups of atoms are
removed from a molecule, as an elimination. Elimination reactions are very common in organic
chemistry. Examples include the dehydration of alcohols and the dehydrohalogenation of alkyl
halides. The dehydration of alcohols is the method most frequently used in the laboratory ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the formation of a tosylate to transform the OH group of the starting material into a good
leaving group so that it could be eliminated in the formation of a carbon–carbon double bond. As
illustrated in the results of the GC, IR, and NMR analysis of the products, the experiment was
successful and occurred as predicted. It can be concluded that if a specific product is desired from
experimental synthesis, the best option, in terms of control and specificity, is to design an
experiment that favors an E2 mechanism. As it proves to be the more selective of the
elimination/substitution

Dehydration Of 2-Methylcyclohexanol And
Introduction
An elimination reaction is when an atom or group of atoms, the leaving group, leaves the molecule
along with the loss of a hydrogen atom that is part of an adjacent carbon that results in an alkene
(Ketcha, 98). Dehydration is an example of an elimination reaction. Just likes its opposite
(hydration, the addition reaction), it could also result in multiple products: one product would be
"major" where it is one that was mostly form as it is mostly stable, and one is the "minor" which is
less stable then the major and least likely to form (Ketcha, 98).
The mechanism of dehydration is a three step process. First the protonation of the –OH, then the
loss of the H–O–H + Leaving group, resulting in a carbocation intermediate, and finally the removal
of H+ ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedure
(Ketcha, Daniel; Turnbull, Kenneth; Grieb, Jonathan. Organic Chemistry Laboratory Experiment,
"Dehydration of 2–Methylcyclohexanol and Gas Chromatography." Cincinnati, OH: Van Grinner
Publishing, 2016.)
2–Methycyclohexanol (15mL) were added to H3PO4 (1mL) and H2SO4 (3 drops) in a 100mL
round bottom flask. The distillation apparatus was assembled and the mixture was moderately
heated to avoid bubbling during the distillation process. During this time, some of the equipment
was not 100% secured, and some product was lost. Distillation was stopped when a black, oily
substance started to form at the bottom of the flask. The distillate was collected in the Erlenmeyer
flask, at the temperature of 109 degrees C. The organic layer was dried using the anhydrous MgSO4.
The MgSO4 was filter off and the alkene mixture was collected. The liquid alkene was weigh.
The final product was analyzed using the gas chromatography, where the retention time of each
product was determine and compared to the standard

Epidemics Paper: The Elimination Of Smallpox
Epidemics paper: The Elimination of Smallpox
The world's last naturally acquired case of smallpox occurred in Somalia, in 1977. In 1980 smallpox
became the world's first eradicated disease. The main component that led to smallpox's eradication
was the development of an effective vaccine; Edward Jenner developed the world's first vaccine.
Smallpox is no longer a threat due to three reasons: 1) there is an effective vaccine 2) its a lytic virus
3) there is no animal reservoir. This paper will discuss a variety of factors that played a role in
eliminating smallpox: 1) is easier to contain as a zoonosis 2) is a crowd disease (spreads at a slower
rate through human contact with larger populations) 3) as a lytic virus, it has an incubation period ...
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Public health officials used the following resources to inform the public and control the spread of
the virus: the internet, radio, television, and newspapers. The use of the media played a significant
role in containing the disease; it served as a tool used to help alert the public of outbreaks. As late as
1967, when the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the Intensified Smallpox Eradication
Campaign, the annual number of smallpox cases was estimated to be between 10 and 16 million,
with 2.6 million deaths across 31 countries [11]. The disease's high mortality rate cause global
concern, which benifits smallpox's eradication campaign. Benefits include: help from public health
officials, additional funds, promotion from media's influence, and development of an effective

Empathy Determination: The Process Of Elimination
By using the process of elimination, I determined which empathy training option I would choose to
experience. Even in making the choice, there were practical considerations to make that those with
the specific circumstances in their lives did not get to make a choice. For them, it was probably
something that happened, or maybe that is how they were born. What they do get to choose is how
they deal with or make adjustments for their situation. Dictionary.com defines empathy as the
psychological identification with or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of
another. If I were blind, I would have a different career than I do now since much of what I do
requires analysis of documents and computer files that I look at constantly

Process Of Elimination
DAY
1
The Process of Elimination: What, When, and Why ELIMINATE SUGAR
For me, reducing sugar intake was the most important dietary change I made and the one that helped
me lose the most weight. In addition, once I stopped eating sugar, my sense of taste became more
pronounced. Eliminating sugar–laden junk food made me realize how delicious food could taste!
When I stopped grabbing cookies from the break room, my blood sugar levels remained steady, and
I no longer had frequent headaches or experienced those midafternoon energy highs and lows.
People often don't realize how much sugar they consume. Sugar is everywhere–in fancy coffee
drinks, so–called low–fat muffins, and even fruit– flavored yogurts. In fact, the average American

Competing Nucleophiles Lab
Title: Competing Nucleophiles (Exp 24, pp 211–221, pp 808–823, pp 836–842)
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the nucleophilic strength of chloride and bromide
ions as it reacts with 1–butanol (n–butyl) and 2–methyl–2–propanol (t–butyl alcohol) under SN1
and SN2 conditions.
Method:
40 g of ice and approximately 30 ml of sulfuric acid is cautiously added to a 100 mL beaker
respectively. Weigh 7.6 g of ammonium chloride and 14.0 g of ammonium bromide and place it in
another beaker, crushing the lumps until a powdery mixture remains. The powdery mixture is then
transferred to a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add the ammonium salts into the sulfuric acid mixture.
Heat is applied to dissolve the salt. Once the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The solution that was performed in this experiment was to use sulfuric acid in order to form a
protonated alcohol, so when the halogen or nucleophile back attacks the compound, water is
displaced. Once the alcohol is protonated, the solution reacts in either an SN1 or SN2 mechanism. A
unimolecular nucleophilic substitution or SN1 is a two–step reaction that occurs with a first order
reaction. The rate–limiting step, which is the first step, forms a carbocation. This would be the
slowest step in the mechanism. The addition of the nucleophile speeds up the reaction and stabilizes
the carbocation. This reaction is more favorable with tertiary and sometimes secondary alkyl halides
under strong basic or acidic conditions with secondary or tertiary alcohols. In this experiment, the t–
butyl halide underwent an SN1 reaction. Nucleophiles do not necessarily effect the reaction because
the nucleophile is considered zero order, (which makes it a first order reaction.) The ion that should
have the strongest effect in an SN1 reaction is the bromide ion. The bromide ion should be stronger
because it has a lower electronegativity than chloride as well as a smaller radius. In a bimolecular
nucleophilic substitution or SN2 reaction, there is only one–step. This occurs because the addition of
the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group spontaneously occur at the same time.

Elimination Of Waste And A Supply Chain Context
Elimination of waste in a supply chain context
Amy Newell
212043
EMBA 704
Dr Charles Thornton
Introduction
Various definitions of the term 'Supply Chain' exist and with differing Interpretations and
understanding. As stated in Horch (2009), many regard the supply chain as combination of inbound
materials, manufacturing finished products, inventories and distribution. Pioneering work which led
to the creation of Lean originated In the 1970s when Toyota Motor Company completed a
productive system with a distinct competitive advantage known as the 'Toyota Production System'
(Leseure, 2010). Lean Production involves a disciplined approach to manufacturing (Waller, 2003).
A core concept of lean philosophy is waste elimination. ReVelle (2001) defines waste as "...any
activity that absorbs resources such as cost and time but adds no value". Waste can be classified in
numerous ways. Organisations reduce and eliminate waste in their operations through waste
management. Companies incur wastes in a supply chain through internal or external processes.
Causes of waste in a supply chain context include: forecasting errors, inefficient processes,
communication breakdowns and lack of responsiveness. Money and time wasted through production
and supply chain processes can be reduced by the optimisation of supply chain activities. In order to
successfully eliminate waste, organisations must develop lean supply chain management methods
and apply them in supply operations (Albu and

Belinda's Elimination: A Short Story
As the occasion came to a close and the lock of hair was adrift, Belinda desired to withdraw to her
dwelling. During the passage home she was brimming with emotion. She was angry, and resentful,
and began plotting revenge. Gradually her emotions changed to humiliation and heartache. A little
time passed and tears began to billow down her soft cheeks. She realized the events of the day and it
was too much for her. Suddenly, she was startled by a flutter in her pocket. She reached down, while
wiping her tears into the hem of her dress. As she gently lifted the overlap, a sprite dashed out! It
bounced across her lap and straight up across the sky where it disappeared. Belinda was disoriented
for a moment. "Could this have been one of those inhabitants ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, I propose to give you one miracle and it is the miracle of Eros. Because you have
squandered many days in gossip, dalliance, and play, you will only be given one miracle. In order
for this miracle to succeed, you must carefully follow my instructions. If you agree and follow
through, I will have you married to a noble lord of great stock and bounty. You will have your beau
by springtime. He will protect you from the Baron and any other men who would violate you. He
will be your admirer and lover. He will provide you with all the spoil of life and grant you the love
of babes. He will stay faithful to your union, even after your youth and beauty has left you. First,
you must cease participation in all the balls and masquerades. Second, you will no longer participate
in any game of flirtation. Third, you will replace this time with practice in reading literature,
penmanship, embroidery, and etiquette. In addition to exercising your mind, you will take your
canine on strolls through the gardens. Fourth, you will attend daily morning mass and sacraments.
Fifth, you will have tea with your mother and her

The Argument For The Elimination Of Television
Approximately twenty five billion dollars is spent on advertising a year, a number far greater than
the amount spent on education nationally. Why so much money? Jerry Mander in his book Four
Arguments for the Elimination of Television, lays out the numerous problems that exist with
television, a problem that cannot necessarily be improved. In essence, technology is not a tool that is
neutral. Mander describes that in different institutions and technologies, such as advertising, mass
production, militaries, the basic structure of particular technology or institution establishes its
influence on the world, the types of individuals that will make use of it, and how people will use it.
Television is a tool that established the kinds of effects it will have on peoples lives, how people will
use it, and who will use it, and if such technology continues to be used, the kinds of effects and
political forms that will result from it. Mander develops four arguments throughout his book. The
first argument Mander describes is that television conditions people to accept another person's
authority. He begins by explaining that although television might be interesting and useful it packs
people into a mental as well as a physical condition suitable for the appearance of autocratic control.
Artificial environments, therefore, strip individuals of obtaining direct knowledge of nature. He
follows his second argument by stating that technological advances are controlled by the "powers
that

Jamestown Pest Analysis
Mounties comfortably ran down the clock in the last 10 minutes – as Belrose frittered away the few
chances they had left – to earn a week off and send Belrose into a sudden death semi final with East
Campbelltown this Sunday.
East Campbelltown booked their semi final place after surviving a massive scare from Cabramatta
before eventually being too good for the Two Blues 38–26 in the first Elimination Final at
Campbelltown Stadium last Sunday.
The Two Blues – who scraped into eighth spot in the last round of the regular season – came out
breathing fire in taking it right up to the Eagles.
Winger Jake Webb got Cabra off to the best possible start in the just the fifth minute when he scored
the opening try in the corner. Mikaera Ormsby converted and the Two Blues led 6–nil. ... Show
Webb completed his double 12 minutes later, and Ormsby's third straight conversion gave Cabra a
shock 18–nil lead over a non plussed Eagles outfit.
East Campbelltown got to hang on to the ball late in the first half and converted their possession into
points.
Sean Connor got the Eagles on the board 10 minutes out from half time with their first major, before
former Wests Tigers NYC half Wade Dunley started and finished a second phase move through
multiple hands to have East Campbelltown within striking distance at onlhy 18–12 down at the
break after Ben Baker converted both first half tries.
Dunley then completed his double in the first set of six tackles from the kickoff to the second half to
level scores at 18–all with another Baker conversion.
Webb landed a penalty goal 13 minutes into the second half to regain the lead for the Two Blues at
20–18, before a Cabramatta turnover from the restart allowed the Eagles the opportunity for honest
second rower Ronny Palumbo to score.
Baker again converted and the Eagles again led

Substitution And Elimination Reaction Lab Report
Substitution and Elimination Reactions Substitution reactions replace a functional group with a new
group. These reactions compete with elimination reactions in which a group is eliminated and a π
(pi) bond is formed. Substitution reactions occur when a nucleophile is added to an
electrophile/substrate. Elimination reactions occur when a base is added to an electrophile/substrate.
The electrophile must contain a leaving group to be considered a substrate. Alkyl Halides Alkyl
Halides are the common substrate used in substitution and elimination reactions. Alkyl Halides are
halogen containing alkane compounds. These compounds are commonly used as the electrophile in
substitution reactions. Naming Alkyl Halides is similar to naming alkanes. Halogen substituents are
named just like alkane substituents, for example if there is a chlorine attached to an ethane the
chlorine substituent will be named using the word chloro–. The other halogens are named using the
words flouro–, bromo–, and iodo– respectively. These possible substituents are listed alphabetically
along with the alkane substituents. When dealing with alkyl halides it is important to note that the
carbons attached to the halogens and the carbons attached to those carbons are involved in the
reaction process, therefore we designate these carbons with special symbols to differentiate them
from the rest of the molecule. The carbon atom that is bonded to the halogen is designated the α
(alpha) carbon. The carbons that are

Harmful Drug Elimination
Harmful Drug Elimination
Since 1973 the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) has worked to eradicate harmful, illegal
drugs. The DEA is very effective in three ways: organization, arrests made and decreased drug use.
The work done to end drugs has made our country a safer place. Without the DEA, drug availability
would be much more abundant.
The DEA is made up of over 10,000 employees, 5,500 of them are agents (DEA wiki, 2014). These
employees are divided into different divisions and are headed by an Administrator of drug
enforcement who is voted into place by the President. The DEA is divided strategically to combat
drugs whether it is drug smuggling, drug production or drug sale. For example, the SOD (special
operations division) performs covert operations. The SOD uses wire taps and electronic spying
devices to spy on drug dealers and receive information about the location and times of drug deals.
The information received by the SOD is the sent back to headquarters; undercover agents are
selected to compromise the drug deal. The DEA also has an Aviation division supplied with 124
aircraft and 106 pilots (DEAAir, land, sea, 2012). The Aviation division is a vital component. The
aircraft are used to transport agents across countries, and even to remote islands and jungles that are
suspected drug trafficking areas. The aircraft can also be used as an 'eye in the sky' to aggressively
follow vehicles on ground.
The DEA has made over one million domestic

The Elimination Of A Revision Surgery
SPECIFIC AIMS: This project focuses on the elimination of a revision surgery by aiming at
restoration of sagittal balance, appropriate deformity correction and advanced lumbosacral fixation
in a patient with scoliosis. Adult scoliosis with intended fusion stopping in the lumbar spine is
characterized by increased rigidity and lower rates of spontaneous correction of the unfused
fractional curves.[1]. Residual wedging of the lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) can increase the
risk of and accelerate adjacent segment degeneration, adding–on and revision surgery due to
mechanical degeneration decompensation of the mobile lumbar segments. Scoliosis surgery
stabilizes and corrects only the affected areas of the spine. After surgery and over ... Show more
An approach to optimize bone fusion rate is to consider FDA approved bioactive fibroin with
adequate temporal control characteristics as screws for implant. [5, 6]. However, only a handful of
polymeric bio–materials are utilized today because of their failure to address critical issues like
compressive strength for load–bearing bone grafts. Metallic fixation systems are currently the gold
standard for fracture fixation but have problems including stress shielding, palpability and
temperature sensitivity. Extensive research demonstrated that silk microfiber–protein composite
matrices mimicked the mechanical features of native bone including matrix stiffness and surface
roughness that enhanced human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation. Administering effective
growth factors to specific sites in the silk scaffold would ensure osteoblast differentiation and cell
growth. Animal models have become the corner stone of research in the hope to illicit its etiology,
and thus redefine the state of the art, current concepts and future perspective of possible treatments
for scoliosis [1–3]. To date, many hypotheses have been put forward and studied to establish its
pathogenesis. These range from neurologic cause, to genetic mutation, to morphometric alteration
leading to disadvantageous biomechanical imbalances through to a probable multifactorial spinal
developmental disorder. The objective of this study is determine the

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment
1.Onesies (7) for clothing $20
2.Shirts (7) for clothing $20
3.Pants (7) for clothing $20
4.Booties (3) for the babies feet so they don't get cold $10
5.Scratch mittens (2) so the baby can't scratch his/her face $6
6.Beanie (1) so the babies head is covered and warm $2
7.Snowsuit (1) to keep the baby warm in the winter time $15
8.Winter hat (1) to keep the baby's head warm in the winter time $5
9.Mittens (1 pair) To keep the baby's hands warm in the winter time $2
10.Sun hat (1) to keep the sun out of the baby's eyes $7
11.Swimmy (1 bag) a baby diaper that allows the baby to go in water $10
12.Cotton blankets (2) to keep the baby warm at night $15
13.Bibs (10) to wipe the baby's face $10
14. Formula (1 gallon) to feed the baby $25
15.Bottles (8) Use to put formula in and feed the baby $20 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
16.Bottle carrier (1) carry bottles in $10–15
17.Highchair (1 or 2) for the baby to sit in and eat $100
18.Car seat (1) so the baby is safe in the car $40
19.Disposable diapers (1 bag) to put on the baby in case of accident $15
20.Disposable wipes (1 bag) to wipe the baby to keep him/her clean $15
21.Infant tub (1) to wash the baby in

Advertising In Advertising
Advertisements, what they do to grab each person's attention is based on who they are trying to
reach out to and why. Each company will take different tactics to get consumers to purchase their
product over the other leading companies that are out there to choose from. The advertisement that I
choose to examine a little more was a Huggies diapers commercial. The Kimberly–Clark company
chooses their diaper commercial to reach out to new or even seasoned mothers with small children.
They even put some facts into the ad to try and pull the consumer in their direction. The basic
appeals that Jib Fowles went over in his article "Advertising's Fifteen Basic Appeals" (Cyberpat)
that I found that were used in this ad were, the need for nurturing, guidance, and to feel safe when
the need it the most, I feel like this ad hit each one of these points just right. In the advertisement
there is a mother that has just had a newborn baby and they are cuddling and are very close, they are
also putting a diaper on the baby. There are words that go across the center portion of the screen that
talk about the benefits of using Huggies diapers and how every baby needs to be hugged all the
time. There is also a song in the background that is reconfirming the statements on the screen about
hugging your baby. They also mention that they are trying to bring hugging programs to hospitals so
no baby is alone. The first Appeal that spoke to me was that the advertisement gives off the feeling
of

Alex's Diaper Research Paper
10 Quick and Dirty Diaper Changing Tips
I needed to change Alex's diaper the first run through at the healing facility. I kept away from it at all
costs, dragging out the time before I need to touch a diaper by requesting that the medical attendants
demonstrate to me how they change diapers with the goal that I wouldn't need to. For reasons
unknown, I was ghastly terrified of touching the crap, wiping another person's butt, and the
likelihood of getting peed on. How senseless me...
In the wake of having two children, it's protected to state that I have become over my dread of
changing diapers. I see myself as the one–lady Nascar pit–team, handling different errands as fast as
conceivable once that diaper has been opened. Marc is continuously ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Your two hands are involved, so utilize your mouth to shake a shake, toot a horn, or merely dangle a
toy to occupy the infant. Another thought is to have toys for the child to play with adjacent to keep
his/her hands held, however more often than not the toys are on the ground inside seconds.
Subsequently, I keep a little container brimming with getting teeth toys and I merely continue giving
the child another toy as he/she diverts the toys from the changing table. Along these lines, after we
are done, I get together the toys on the ground in the pail and wash them at the same

Elimination Reactions
In this lab, the goal is to explore the idea of elimination reactions and investigate ways to
synthesizes alkynes. The product that will be produced is diphenylacetylene and this will be done by
starting with meso–stilbene dibromide using elimination reactions. The balanced reaction is:
For an E2 reaction to occur, strong bases should be utilized for this lab since E2 reactions favor well
with strong bases. KOH is a strong base that is also acts as a strong nucleophile. This is because it
contains a hydroxyl group and they are both strong bases and nucleophiles.
Heat will also be applied to encourage the chemicals to go through the elimination reaction. There
will be two ways to apply heat so that the reaction can occur. The first way is through a thermal
reaction process using sand baths to heat the reaction. The other method of heating is to microwave
the product so that the elimination reaction can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A flea stir bar and 4.0 mL of 95% ethanol were added to the microwave reactor vessel. The solution
was then stirred using a magnetic stirrer until all the KOH dissolved. 1.0 g of meso–stilbene
dibromide was added in the microwave reactor vessel. The cap of the vessel was placed, tightened
and the vessel was placed in a microwave reactor carousel. After the reaction was complete, the
vessel with the mixed reaction was placed in a tap water bath so that it may be cooled. After it
cooled down, 10 mL of DI water was placed in a 50 mL and the reaction mixture was poured into
there to precipitate the product. The product was then collected by vacuum filtration and Hirsch
funnel. The product was rinsed with 3 mL of DI water three times. The product dried on the filter
paper with the vacuum on for 5 minutes after the rinse. The product was then placed in a drawer so
that it may completely dry so that the weight and the melting point may be recorded later. The final
product was a light brown

Prison Rape Elimination Act
The issue of sexual assault in correctional facilities is very complex and the implications reach far
beyond the walls of the institution. Congress found that "prison rape endangers the public's safety by
making brutalized inmates more likely to commit crimes when they are released." It is estimated
that as many as six hundred thousand inmates are sexually brutalized every year in correctional
institutions every year. The victims of these crimes can suffer physical and psychological effects that
will hinder the ability that they have to integrate back into society and gain employment once they
are released from prison.
In September 2003 then President Bush signed into law the Prison Rape Elimination Act or (PREA).
It is the first law of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often times there were discriminated against and forced to be housed separately from other
prisoners and were often times even denied equal access to prison rehabilitate programs. In 2011
Alabama was one of only two states that was segregating inmates living with HIV. In Henderson et
al. v. Thomas et al. a federal judge ruled that the Alabama Department of Corrections (ADCO) could
no longer discriminate against prisoners living with HIV by housing them separately from all other
prisoners and could no longer deny them access to the prisons rehabilitative programs. U.S. District
Court Judge Myron H. Thompson ruled that the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibited
blanket disability–based exclusions and mandates that prisoners with disabilities must be housed in
the most integrated settings appropriate to the needs of the individuals. Exceptions must be made on
a case by case basis if the situation specifically warrants a different treatment. The court then
ordered The Alabama Department of Corrections to develop a plan to end its discriminatory

The Elimination of the Middle Class
Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become
integrated through a global network by transportation, communication, and trade. Through a global
lens the process of globalization seems to be vital to the development of the modern world. As a
result of globalization there has been a dramatic transition in every aspect of life around the world,
more specifically in areas such as trade, immigration, and human development. International trade
bolsters sales, lowers the cost of production and consumption, and extends the market reach of any
corporation. This is beneficial to America in that consumers are able to buy more goods and services
at lower costs and therefore the gross domestic product ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Immigrants contribute more than $30 billion in income for American workers. In terms of
innovation per capita, immigrants beat the U.S. born workers. This means a greater number of
immigrants start up businesses compared to native–born Americans; their start up pace is estimated
to be about 40% greater (usimmigrationsupport.org). All undocumented immigrants pay sales and
property taxes, some even pay federal and state income taxes even though they're not eligible for
Social Security, Medicare, or the many other programs their tax dollars help fund. In addition,
undocumented immigrants spend billions of dollars each year, which supports the economy and
helps create new jobs. Although immigration is commonly portrayed to be a bad thing, there are
several economic advantages in allowing immigrants to fill unwanted jobs.
Finally, globalization has given way to human development through culture integration, information
sharing, and competition between countries. As people disperse from their native countries they take
with them their culture and ideologies. At the same time technology is rapidly advancing, allowing
information to be instantaneously shared across the globe. These events culminate in the
diversification of society. As opposed to living with one view of the world people can now choose
from any number of beliefs or views and find others that share them.
Globalization also leads to the overall improvement of the world's quality of life. As technology

The Need For Total Elimination Is Unjustified
Paul Churchland argues for the total elimination as opposed to smooth reduction of folk psychology
with materialistic sciences to replace it in "Eliminative Materialism and The Propositional
Attitudes," on grounds that folk psychology is a theory that is primarily flawed due to a severe lack
of explanatory power. Additionally has a bad historical trend of retreat and lack of progress, and
does not fit well with prominent physical sciences. I will explain his argument in this paper, evaluate
it for its importance and show that his conclusion of the need for total elimination is unjustifiable
because he has a major misunderstanding of folk psychology.
Churchland defines "folk psychology" as our "tacit command of an integrated body of lore
concerning the law–like relations holding among external circumstances, internal states, and overt
behavior" (Churchland). He starts off with the variety of roadblocks that materialism has overcome
over the years while opposing folk psychology such as qualia and "raw feels", leading to the current
day barrier of intentionality and propositional attitudes which will be the focus of his arguments. In
order to reveal how folk psychology and its claims of intentionality are unnecessary and needs to be
eliminated, Churchland first stressed the point that folk psychology is actually a theory, therefore it
is open to theoretical failures. In order to do this, he looks at the explanatory power of folk
psychology. In order to explain the behavior of

Death And The Elimination Of Narcissism
There are five stages to the human life cycle, birth, infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood.
Some people complete every stage, but tragically others do not. Although not everyone will be able
to fulfill every stage of life, all people will face something in common regardless on how it happens:
death. The significance of death to a person, among a few other aspects, is what determines how
most people live their life. To a Christian, death is not the end, but the beginning of a new life, the
afterlife. However, to an Existentialist, a person who perceives life as being determined by their own
development through acts of their will, death is the end of their existence. Whether a person believes
in the afterlife or not, the fact that everyone ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If a person does not obtain nirvana, they cannot escape the cycle of death and rebirth and will
inevitably be reborn into one of the 6 realms heaven, hell, animal, human life, asura and hungry
ghost. Heaven is the highest realm one can achieve, in Buddhism, there are 37 levels of heaven
where beings experience peace and lasting happiness without suffering. The Human life is the
second highest realm one can enter. In buddhism, humans can be reborn into human life repetitively
being attractive or unattractive, wealthy or poor, every state is a result of the Karma a person has
brought with them from previous experiences. Asura is a spiritual state of Demigods, but not like the
jubilant heavenly environment in the Heaven realm. Instead, in the Asura state Demigods are
consumed with jealousy, because unlike humans, they can can clearly see the superior situation of
the gods in heaven above them. Demigods constantly compete and struggle with the gods due to
their dissatisfaction with their desires from others. Hungry ghost is the spiritual realm of those who
have committed excessive amounts of evil deeds and are obsessed with finding food and drinks
which they cannot experience, thus remaining unsatisfied and tortured by the experience. In the
constant searching the exhaust themselves. The Animal realm is the second worse realm a person
can obtain. Visible to humans, it is where spirits of humans are reborn if they have killed animals or
have committed a lot of other evil acts. Animals do not have the freedom that humans have due to
being constantly hunted by humans, used for farming and being beasts used for entertainment. The
Hell state is not visible to humans. It is a place where beings born there experience a constant state
of excruciating pain. The various hell realms reads like a variety of horrific torture chambers. Those
with a

Cloth Diapers Research
My topic is the diaper. My central idea is disposable and cloth diapers for babies. Disposable diapers
were important because you didn't have to wash your diapers anymore and they were good for the
go. These were so successful because everyone needed them for their babies because they were easy
to use. The site Diaper Jungle said, "Cloth diapers were generally the only option available." Which
leads to everyone buying them for gere babies. First, www.diaperjungle.com said, "The first
disposable absorbent pad used as a diaper was made from unbleached creped cellulose tissue (held
in rubber pants) in 1942." So the first waterproof cloth diapers didn't come until 1946. So from 1946
and and the years before then they had to work with just diapers ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
But who cares about how diapers changed the world. Well those people are parents of young ones.
And why would they care about this? Because when you become a parent you think of a lot more
things. And why would diapers matter in this world. Because we all needed them and no one really
realizes that at all. Today diapers are the best invention because they've helped out a lot of people in
this world and some people need to notice that. This is why to lots of people diapers are the best
invention in the

Expanding Child Participation During Prevention And...
Expanding Child Participation in Prevention and Elimination of Child labor through Peer Education
and Child Labor Monitoring (A Concept Paper) I. RATIONALE: A. BACKGROUND A survey
conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) and international labor Organization (ILO) in
2011 estimated working children, 5 to 17 years old at 5.5 million. 3 million or 54.5 % were engaged
in hazardous child labour. Under the law, child labor is defined as any form of work or economic
activity performed by a child that subjects him/ her to exploitation, is harmful to health and safety,
physical and mental or psychosocial development. The top three industries are agriculture, hunting,
forestry, wholesale and retail, and private households. Over 60% are in agriculture while 30% are in
the service sector. Families and children often times refuse to see the risks of dangerous occupation
to children. They believe that it is necessary to be able to help in addressing the needs of the family.
Regardless of the danger they face, children are forced into labour due to poverty and lack of
available resources and services for their needs. School represent the most important means of
drawing children away from labour. However, despite policy for free education, children do not
attend school due to costs of books, projects, school supplies, meals and transportation and possible
lost earnings. On January 2013, The Department of Labor and Employment, introduced the roll out
of a convergence

Communication And The Elimination Of Privacy
Ever since the creation of the first computer, society had quickly began to test different types of
methods to use the World Wide Web. Within a few decades, programmers were able to develop
various sites in which people from all over the world could easily contact another individual across
the continents. The ability to connect with friends, family, and even business associates at any given
point was a sensation. While these sites have developed features to improve "your connection with
the people in your life", society has become oblivious to the fact that these applications are
consuming majority of their social lives and can negatively impact them by eliminating the actual
need for communication and the elimination of privacy. One of the greatest technological advances
is the creation of social networks. According to Oxford Dictionaries, it is defined as "a dedicated
website or other application that enables users to communicate with each other by posting
information, comments, messages, images etc". Sites such as LinkedIn (mostly business–oriented
network) launched in 2002, MySpace in 2003, followed by Facebook (originally a dating web site)
in 2004, and Twitter in 2006 are just some of the most popular and widely used social medias.
Through these sites, a person can easily connect with a long–lost friend, keep up with current
friendships, and contact family members that live elsewhere, all online. For many individuals, after
finishing a stressful day of work or

Elimination Organs Research Paper
There are times that you feel sluggish and feel the stressful. Your body may experience continuous
aching, diarrhea, constipation, and feeling of clumsiness. Rapid weight gain and the incapacity to
lose the excess weight can also be signs of having toxins in the body. Moreover, the toxins found in
the body are found and stored on your fat cells. For Americans who are taking the usual American
diet, a person may consume 70 trillion garbage cans for each cell. In detoxing your body and
cleaning that unwanted garbage in your cells, you should pay attention on your elimination organs.
It seems to be a little disgusting when you are detoxing or cleansing. Your body shows some signs
that you have built up toxins. These toxins can affect your whole body fitness and health. There are
particular organs in your body that deal on cell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They allow the oxygen to go directly to the bloodstream. It is also responsible in removing waste
gases that are found in every cell of the body. Deep breathing and fresh air is very helpful in keeping
the lungs healthy and free from toxins. If you are in the urban area, it is recommended that you find
an oxygen rich area where you can perform deep breathing. 5.The colon is a solid waste
management organ in your body. Medical practitioners have found many peolpe that may have an
80–pound mucus and rubber like solid waste that are found on the walls of the colon. Detoxing and
cleaning the colon can be a real tough thing to do. However, having a free waste colon can certainly
provide you good benefits of having a clean and healthy body. If you are experiencing some signs of
detoxification, you may try doing a regular walking exercise. Exercise is a good key in having a fit
and healthy body. Many diet doctors also suggest that you drink plenty of lemon water. This is an
effective way of maintaining a very good circulation and can increase the rate of detoxification
inside the

Alcohol and Ir Spectrum
Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides
Title: Conversion of Alcohols to Alkyl Halides
Abstract: In this experiment the conversion of alcohols to alkyl halides are investigated through
reflux and simple distillation. These are common procedures used to separate substances. After the
reflux and distillation is complete 13C NMR and IR spectrum is used to identify the product or
products for each reaction: 1a, 1b, and 2. Every individual in the group was assigned either 1a (1–
propanol) or 1b (2–pentanol), and 2 (1,4–dimethyl–3–pentanol). The purpose of this experiment was
to understand and become familiar with the reaction mechanisms and be able to observe and
compare the product or products for each of the reactions using 13C NMR and IR. ... Show more
To prevent the escape of organic vapors, the reaction mixture is cooled with an ice bath before
removing the condenser. The next technique used in this experiment was simple distillation. This is
a physical separation of the components of the mixture. This technique is accomplished once the
drip rate of the product into the collection vessel diminishes considerably. After the reflux and
distillation is complete 13C NMR and IR is used to identify the product or products for each
reaction. 13C NMR is used to observe the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule. Analysis of this
spectrum allows certain stretches to be observed. An IR spectrum has energy measured as frequency
recorded on a horizontal axis and intensity of the absorption on the vertical axis. Analysis of the IR
allows us to differentiate between certain characteristics and functional groups in organic chemistry.
Results:
1–propanol–1a
Mass of product=1.39
Theoretical yield=5.079g
% Yield=mass of product/theoretical yield x 100
=1.395g/5.079 x 100
% Yield = 27.5%
13C NMR and IR spectrum results for 1a (1–propanol) 13C NMR peaks | 13C NMR descriptions |
11.993 | 1ᵒ alkane –CH3 | 25.589 | 2ᵒ alkane –CH2 | 34.391 | 2ᵒ alkane –CH2 |
IR peaks | IR descriptions | 2921.38 | C–H stretch | 2360.59 & 2341.06 | N/A | 667.94 &
571.62 & 559.56 &565.37 | Fingerprint area |
* The final result and

The Reaction Of The Alcohols
The alcohols 1–propanol and 2–pentanol were converted into alkyl halides through a certain series
of steps. The first step was reflux, and the purpose of reflux is to add energy to the solution and not
lose any solution to evaporation. This energy helps initiate the acid–catalyzed dehydration reaction
and also promotes rearrangement. The next step was distillation, which functioned to separate
liquids based on boiling points. The distillation utilizes boiling points to separate the alkyl halide
products from many impurities that might exist. Reflux is the first step instead of distillation because
refluxing allows the reaction to progress. If distillation was performed first, separation would begin
before the reaction was allowed time to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, since the voltage adapter connected to the sand bath may not have been working
properly, inconsistent heating patterns could have proposed a problem during reflux. Also, a few
extra drops of water may have invaded the product while the flask was cooling in the ice bath during
distillation. Furthermore, it is possible that not all of the organic layer was drained out of the
separatory funnel during separation, and maybe the drying agent was not allowed enough time to
remove all of the water. Errors will always hinder the success of a reaction, which will greatly effect
the percent yield.
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is a very useful tool that can read a molecule's functional groups from a
small sample. By monitoring the disappearance and appearance of certain groups, it is possible to
confirm wether compounds have formed. In this experiment, for example, the reactants are alcohols,
whose IRs will show a large and broad absorption around 3500 cm–1. These hydroxide groups are
eventually replaced during the reactions, and the final products will not contain any hydroxides.
Therefore, the IR of the products will not show the large and broad hydroxide absorption.
Monitoring the disappearance of the hydroxide stretch will allow the reaction progression to be
monitored also. The complete disappearance of this stretch will confirm that a new product has been
formed. However, IR

The Importance Of Infection Elimination Solutions
Sometimes a wound may take a while to heal but it's important to never ignore open wounds, cuts or
sores as they can lead to serious health complications. At Infection Elimination Solutions, we are
dedicated to helping patients get back to health and on with their life. We started Infection
Elimination Solutions in order to offer an affordable, fast and safe solution to help heal wounds
faster and more effectively. We are a group of four passionate health care providers committed to
providing you with the best in healing options. We have worked hard to develop an antiseptic
product that actually increases the speed of healing, cutting the time nearly in half and we continue
to work hard to uncover new opportunities to improve the formula. This

The Effect Of Dehydration Of Cyclohexene
In this experiment, dehydration is carried out using cyclohexanol to obtain cyclohexene. This acid–
catalysed reaction involves E1 elimination mechanism. The dehydration of alcohol will remove
OH– from cyclohexanol to form cyclohexene. Cyclohexene contains a single double bond in the
molecule. It is a six carbon aromatic hydrocarbon. Phosphoric acid is mixed with cyclohexanol in
the round–bottomed flask and is heated. The phosphoric acid act as a catalyst that increases the rate
of reaction but it does not change the overall stoichiometry. The acid catalyst will convert the
hydroxyl group into a good leaving group. It is an equilibrium reaction in which the equilibrium is
forced to the right (alkene). (Department of Chemistry 2014) Boling chips are added to the
distillating flask. If not, the liquid may over boil and shoot out of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
E1 reaction is a two–step mechanism which includes the protonation of hydroxyl group and the
formation of carbocation intermediate (rate–determining step).
Questions:
1. Dehydration of cyclohexanol gives cyclohexene. Draw mechanism for the reaction.
2. What alkene(s) will be produced when each of the following alcohols is dehydrated?
a) t–butyl alcohol CH3 CH3 CH3 C OH CH3 C = CH2 + H2O CH3 Ans: 2–methyl–1–propene
b) 3–methylcyclohexanol
Ans: 1–methylcyclohexene, 3–methylcyclohexene and 4–methylcyclohexene.
3. The dehydration of 3,3–dimethyl–2–butanol yields three different products. Write equations to
show how carbocation rearrangements explain two of the products.
Ans: A secondary carbocation is formed initially, it then rearranges to a tertiary carbocation when a
neighbouring methyl group with its bonding electron pair migrates to the positive carbon. The
charge is transferred to the tertiary

Experiment 5 : The Bomination Of An Alkene
Introduction Experiment 5 deals with the bromination of an alkene. It is considered an addition
reaction in which bromine is added to an alkene. This breaks double bonds of alkene and forms an
alkane. With the removal of the double bond, each bromine atom can now attach to a carbon. In the
first part of this experiment, bromine is added to the π bond of trans–stilbene, which results in the
formation of vicinal dibromide. Vicinal is a term used to describe two functional groups bonded to
two neighboring carbon atoms. It is important to note that in this addition reaction, the electron–rich
alkene acts as the nucleophile and bromine as the electrophile. As shown above, acetic acid is used
to dissolve the alkene. Molecular bromine is considered to be highly toxic and corrosive. With that
in mind, pyridinium tribromide is used as an alternative due to the fact it's safer and easier to
manage.
Bromination of an alkene can give different products. The two bromine atoms can be attached to the
double bond in two possible ways, either syn or anti. The product has two chirality centres and may
obtain four possible stereoisomers:
A B C D Experiment 7 introduces the concept of "dehydrohalogenation". The idea is that alkyl
halides may undergo elimination reactions which involve Brønsted–Lowry bases. In this event, a
halide anion and a proton are lost to form a new π bond. There are two common types of elimination
reactions: either unimolecular (E¬1) (the rate determing step) or bimolecular (E2). E1 elimination
reaction is a two step mechanism which requires the formation of a carbonium ion intermediate by
the splitting of the leaving group (the halide in this case). After this formation, a loss of a proton
(H+) causes a π bond to form. We want the the carbonium ion to be as stable as possible. This
ensures that it forms easily as well as increases the rate of the E1 reaction. On the other hand, E2
elimination reactions are a one step mechanism in which a simultaneous removal of a proton by the
base leads to the loss of the leaving group, thus generating a new π bond. In this part of the
experiment,

Lab Report On The Dehydration Reaction Of 2...
DEHYDRATION OF METHYLCYCLOHEXANOLS
Nicholas Van Horssen
CHMY 321
TA: Michael Giroux
10/31/17
Introduction: The purpose of this lab was to carry out a dehydration reaction of 2–
methylcyclohexanol by heating it in the presence of phosphoric acid and determining which alkene
product would be the major product. Methylcyclohexanols were dehydrated in an 85% phosphoric
acid mixture to yield the minor and major alkene product by elimination reaction, specifically E1.
The alkenes were distilled to separate the major and minor products and gas chromatography was
used to analyze the results and accuracy of the experiment. The hypothesis was the major product of
the reaction would be the most substituted product. This conclusion was made because of ... Show
Distillation of the first product began at 83 °C. A Pasteur pipette was used to remove 1–ml of the
distillate into a vial. A second vial was filled with distillate until it reached 1–ml. As the second vial
is being filled, observe the temperature and remove the apparatus from the heat source if there is an
observed drop in temperature. Once the distillate had been collected into two separate vials, both
distillates were washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate (1.5–ml, 5%). The aqueous layer (lower)
was extracted from both vials using a pipette and put into a chemical waste bin. The organic
(alkene) layer was then dried with anhydrous calcium chloride pellets (3 pellets per vial). Both
distillates were analyzed using gas chromatography, and each peak shown was identified to be one
of the alkenes. Analysis of the graph was used to determine the major and minor products of the
reaction.
Results: M.W. (g/mol) Boiling point (°C) Density (g/mL)
2–methylcyclohexanol 114.2 166 0.930
Phosphoric Acid (85%) 98.0 – 1.70
1–methylcyclohexene 96.2 110 0.813
3–methylcyclohexene 96.2 104 0.801
Table 1: Properties of the reagents and possible products for the reaction. The boiling point of
Phosphoric acid is not important because it is a reagent.
Figure 2: Gas Chromatography analysis from the first sample. From top to bottom the peaks are
ordered as followed: 3–methylcyclohexanol (A), 1–methylcyclohexanol (B), and 2–
methylcyclohexanol

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