Enzyme Activity Factors

Enzymes Essays
Enzymes Enzymes are complex proteins that carry out essentially every chemical reaction in the
human body. Enzymes function as biological catalyst, regulating the rate at which chemical
reactions proceed without themselves being altered in the process.
In this particular experiment we recognized benzoquinone and examined two numbers of factors to
determine their effects on enzyme action. The factors were temperature and specificity (how
discriminating the enzyme is in catalyzing different potential substrates). The enzyme that we
examined was catechol oxidase also known as tyrosinase.
II. RESULTS
Table 1 Formation and Detection of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
DISCUSSION
1. We know that the substrates of catechol oxidase are catechol and oxygen. The substrates react
with one another within the active site of the enzyme. The products formed by this reaction are
benzoquinone and water. In this exercise we mixed the ingredients, stirred them, and incubate them
at 40°C. We formed in tube 2a the product benzoquinone, observed its color change, and established
a color intensity scale.
2. In our second exercise we determined the ability of the enzyme cathecol oxidase to catalyze the
oxidation of two different but structurally similar substrates: cathecol and hydroquinone. Examining
their chemical structure we noticed that both are ring structures with two hydroxyl groups attached.
The question was if the enzyme could also convert it to benzoquinone. We observed how
discriminating cathecol oxidise is for particular substrates by comparing the color intensity of the
solutions in each test tubes with the standards produced in the first section (Table 1). We recorded
them in Table 2.
After 10 min we recorded the color intensity in Table 3. Our conclusion was that cathecol is stronger
enzyme than hydroquinone and that the enzyme is simply too specific to interact with the similar but
not identical molecule.
3.
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The Effect Of Enzymes On Enzyme And Substrate
Introduction:
Enzymes defined as biological catalysts that speed the chemical reaction by reducing the activation
energy (Biology Department, 2014). Enzymes play an important biological role in the cell, as it is
important to keep the cell alive by speed up the reaction, which explains why in absence of enzyme
some reactions need long time (Richard & Mark, 2001). Also, enzymes regulate organism
intercellular function for example enzymes help to keep human body healthy by defend it from
infection, regulate blood sugar, and maintenance weight (Reece et al., 2014). Reaction rate can be
affected by pH, temperature, and concentration of enzyme and substrate (Biology Department,
2014). If pH levels are not in the enzyme normal range the active site of the enzymes will change its
shape so the enzyme will not be able to combine with the substrates, which will prohibit the
converting of the substrate to product (Reece et al., 2014). Temperature effect the molecules
movement for enzyme and substrate in the solution so if the temperature increase the molecules
movement will increase and this will increase the rate of reaction until the point that the energy
became so high this will prohibit substrate from binding due to the fact that the active site of the
enzyme were altered (Biology Department, 2014). If enzymes concentration increase the amount of
product per unit time will increase too, while the total amount of product will not change (Richard &
Mark, 2001). It is important

Essay on Enzymes
Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts. Most are proteins. (A few ribonucleoprotein enzymes have been
discovered and, for some of these, the catalytic activity is in the RNA part rather than the protein
part. Link to discussion of these ribozymes.)
Enzymes bind temporarily to one or more of the reactants of the reaction they catalyze. In doing so,
they lower the amount of activation energy needed and thus speed up the reaction. Most of these
interactions are weak and especially so if the atoms involved are farther than about one angstrom
from each other. So successful binding of enzyme and substrate ... Show more content on
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This is because the structure of malonic acid allows it to bind to the same site on the enzyme (b).
But there is no oxidation so no speedy release of products. The inhibition is called competitive
because if you increase the ratio of succinic to malonic acid in the mixture, you will gradually
restore the rate of catalysis. At a 50:1 ratio, the two molecules compete on roughly equal terms for
the binding (=catalytic) site on the enzyme.
Factors Affecting Enzyme Action –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
[IMAGE]The activity of enzymes is strongly affected by changes in pH and temperature. Each
enzyme works best at a certain pH (left graph) and temperature (right graph), its activity decreasing
at values above and below that point. This is not surprising considering the importance of
* tertiary structure (i.e. shape) in enzyme function and
* noncovalent forces, e.g., ionic interactions and hydrogen bonds, in determining that shape.
Examples:
* the protease pepsin works best as a pH of 1–2 (found in the stomach) while
* the protease trypsin is inactive at such a low pH but very active at a pH of 8 (found in the small
intestine as the bicarbonate of the pancreatic fluid neutralizes the arriving stomach contents). [
Discussion]
Changes in pH alter the state of ionization of charged amino acids (e.g., Asp, Lys) that may

Enzyme Activity
Manuel Mark Guerrero
3/12/13
Biology 1010c
Mrs.Bisogno
Title:
What is the effect of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on Enzyme activity?
Purpose:
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells. They break down molecules called
substrates. Each enzymes have only one substrate that breaks down. Enzymes are produced in the
cells of the body and affect the rate of almost all the chemical reactions which take place in living
organisms. The rate of enzymes activity is influenced by temperature, pH, and substrate
concentration. The purpose of this lab was to determine the affects of enzyme activity under specific
temperature changes, pH values and substrate concentration. Since heat ... Show more content on
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4. Wait 5 minutes and record your findings.
(Your looking for changes in color of the apple slices in distilled water, lemon juice and any
catechol oxidase activity.)
Part B: Temperature on Enzyme Activity
1.Obtain 4 test tubes. Label them 1–4
2.Add 4 ml of homogenized beans to each tube
3.Incubate tubes 1 & 3 at temp A (ICE water 7 degrees C) and tubes 3 & 4 at temp B (Body
temperature 37 degrees C) for 10 minutes.
4.Mix each tube, then take out 1 drop of each tube with a coffee stick and place on a glucose test
strip. wait 30 seconds, and read test strip using color scale. Record Data.
5. Use a clean pipet to add 2 ml of Beano to tubes 1 & 3. With another clean Pipet add 2 ml of
distilled water to tubes 2 & 4. Mix.

6.Put tubes 1 & 3 in the Temp A water bath and tubes 3 & 4 in temp B water bath.Begin timing.
7. After 5 minutes, mix each tube slightly with coffee stick and then take a drop from each tube.
Check Glucose Concentration.
8.After 5 additional minutes (10 minutes total) repeat step 7.
9. After 5 additional minutes (15 minutes total) repeat step 7.
10. After 5 additional minutes 20 minutes total) repeat step 7. Check Glucose for all 4 tubes.
11. Collect Data and record. Draw or Label in Chart.
12. Independent Variable: Temperatures ICE water/ Body temperature
Dependent Variable: Glucose concentration strip.
Constants: Beano, Beans and Distilled water
Part C: Substrate on Enzyme Activity
1. Label 6 test tubes

The Effect Of Enzymes On The Enzymes
Background:
Enzymes are proteins with specific 3D conformations, or shapes, which allow them to interact with
specifically shaped substrates in an active site region. The function of enzymes is to speed up, or
catalyze, reactions by lowering the activation energy (EA). The two types of enzymes are catabolic
and anabolic; the former assists in breaking down substrate, while the latter assists in building up, or
combining, substrates.
At the molecular level, substrates must collide with enzymes with enough energy, at a specifically
shaped active site, in order for enzymes assist in turning substrate into product. An enzyme, with a
specific structure that determines its function, has a selective active site, in which only certain ...
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Therefore, as time progresses and later into the trial, enzyme speed slows down, as more substrates
have been turned into products. This was demonstrated in the toothpickase lab, in which the graph
showed the derivative/slope of the broken down substrate molecules originally increasing and then
decreasing as time progressed. In conclusion, the amount of enzyme stayed constant, and the
amount of substrate decreased, while the amount of product increased.
Methods: Materials and Procedures Materials:
– Turnip peroxidase (4%)
– 0.1% hydrogen peroxide
– 0.3% guaiacol
– Distilled Water
– 12 test tubes and a test tube rack
– Timer
– 1,5, and 10 mL syringes
– 6 Cuvettes (approx. 16x150 mm)
– Test tube cleaning sheet
– pH 3,5,6,7,8 and 10
– Spectrophotometer
– Funnel
–Safety goggles
(Safety precautions are listed in the procedures.)
Procedure 1:

Step 1–Make a blank using 13.3 mL of distilled water, .2 mL of guaiacol, and 1.5 mL of enzyme
extract. Then pour the blank into a cuvette and clean the edges with a cleaning sheet and insert into
spectrophotometer. Press the calibration button and then wait until it is at zero absorbance.
Step 2– Mark one test tube substrate and another enzyme. Mix 7 mL distilled water, 0.3 mL
hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2 mL guaiacol into the substrate tube. Then mix 6 mL distilled water and
1.5 mL of peroxidase and add to the substrate

Enzyme Lab
Introduction
Enzymes serve important roles in the biological processes that are undertaken in human bodies.
Enzymes are most important as their role as proteins which speed up chemical reactions in the body,
which make them catalytic proteins (Agarwal, 2006). The unique structure of enzymes allows them
to fit into a specific type of chemical, called a substrate (Robinson, 2006). The functionality of an
enzyme is determined by its active site. The active site of an enzyme is the location on the enzyme
where the substrate binds to produce a substance (Robinson, 2006). When the substrate enters the
active site of an enzyme, the conditions of the active site are altered slightly in order to increase the
reactivity and cause the creation of more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The group with the 4 discs of catalase has a faster reaction rate than the group with two discs of
catalase. The control group had the slowest reaction rate. Using a calculator program, the increase in
oxygen percentage per second for the group with 4 discs of catalase was 0.0115%, compared to the
group with two discs (0.01%) and the control group (0.0062%). The three groups all had different
oxygen percentages at the end of the 180 seconds as well. The group with 4 discs of catalase had a
higher O2 percentage inside the Nalgene bottle at 0.74% compared to the control group and the 2–
disc group, at 0.70% and 0.73% respectively. In conjunction, these results prove the hypothesis true.
The enzyme activity rate does increase as the enzyme concentration increases. These results were
dependent on the amount of catalase solution present in each group. The amount of catalase is the
only variable that changed in the experiment; the 10 mL of H2O2, the LabQuest, the bottle, and the
paper discs were all the same. Any difference in the results had to be a result of the differing
amounts of catalase solution. Since the group with the highest enzyme concentration, the group with
4 catalase–covered discs, had a higher oxygen percentage and a higher activity rate than the other
two groups, the experiment proved the hypothesis true. When there are more

Enzyme Lab
Background Research Enzymes are tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins and biological
catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions. Enzymes are significant in that they are not
permanently changed in the process and may be reused. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by
lowering the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. The process of speeding up a
chemical reaction via the use of enzymes begins when a substrate, the substance (reactant) that an
enzyme acts upon, binds to the active site of an enzyme. The active site is the region on an enzyme
where substrate binds to and undergoes an accelerated chemical reaction; it is where catalysis
occurs. The active site of an enzyme and substrate are extremely shape–specific ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The role of catalase is to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, H₂O₂, into water and
oxygen gas. The role of catalase is significant as hydrogen peroxide can be toxic if accumulated
within cells. Specifically, catalase is made up of tetrameter consisting of four polypeptide chains and
four porphyrin (iron–containing) heme groups, which allow the decomposition of H₂O₂ to occur.
Each of the four polypeptide bonds that make up catalase is over 500 amino acids bonded together.
In this lab, the spontaneous chemical reaction that was observed was the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide into oxygen and water using the different amounts of enzyme concentration. In the
chemical reaction that occurred between H₂O₂ and various amounts of enzyme suspension, heat was
released as byproduct. When energy is released, the chemical reaction is exothermic; therefore, this
is an exothermic spontaneous chemical reaction as heat energy was released. Steam was found on
the walls of the test tube during the experiment, which signifies the presence of heat energy being

Enzyme Lab
Introduction
Enzymes are organic catalysts that speed up chemical reactions within the body. Enzymes are
specific for one particular reaction or group of related reactions. Enzymes are large globular protein
molecules with one or more indentations on their surface called active sites, an active site is the part
of the enzyme that binds to the substrate, the active site has a specific shape that will bind to a
specific substrate. For an enzyme to catalyse a reaction the small substrate molecules must
temporarily bind to the active sites of the enzymes were the bonds in the substrate are broken and
the products released.
The liver of a sheep has an optimal temperature of 39 oC. This being said it was only about 21–22
oC in the biology lab, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since the results did not follow the hypothesis, and that there should have been less frothing due to
the lower amount of kinetic energy and more frothing at the higher temperature, with greater kinetic
energy.
The liver was already cut and this could have made the liver sizes disproportionate to the other ones
in the different groups. The amount of hydrogen–peroxide and detergent used may not have been the
correct amount as there was a possibility of a parallax error.
To fix random errors within this experiment is to repeat the experiment, so that the results can be
accurate and reliable.
Systematic errors were also within the experiment, these included:
The equipment being faulty– not calibrated– in this case the beaker that was supplied to the different
groups, it wouldn't be precise.
The instrument used to measure to cut the cube to the size could be wrong and give different
enzyme reaction

Enzyme Lab
The purpose of this lab experiment was to determine what effect temperature has on the activity of
enzymes.
To begin this lab report, we must first understand what an enzyme is. Enzymes are proteins that
function as biological catalysts (Campbell, Reese, Taylor, Simon, Dickey, 2009). The enzyme used
in this experiment was catalase. Catalase is an enzyme that is very common in almost every living
organism that is exposed to oxygen including both plant cell and animal cell organisms. How
catalase works as an enzyme is that it catalyzes the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to water and
oxygen. The importance of catalase in living cells is of high importance, it protects living cells from
oxidative damage by reactant oxygen species (chemically reactive ... Show more content on
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The higher the temperature becomes, the more oxygen the enzyme will produce as it gets closer
towards its optimum pH level. Once the temperature gets too high, in this case 55 degrees Celsius,
the enzyme begins to denature and causes its specific shape to become altered. Once this occurs, the
enzyme's function is destroyed and may or may not be reversible. This occurred with the catalase
used in this experiment. Once it surpassed its optimum pH level and the temperature became too
high for the enzyme to properly produce oxygen, the enzyme's shape became altered and was unable
to continue to produce oxygen properly. Just as catalase was affected by temperature rate, human
enzymes function properly at a lower rate of temperature. Human enzymes function best between 95
degrees and 104 degrees Fahrenheit (35–40 degrees Celsius). When the temperature of our bodies
get too low, the reaction is barely noticeable due to the enzyme being below optimum temperature.
When we are exposed to cold temperatures for an extended period of time, our bodily functions
slow down and eventually our bodied will slow down to the point where we no longer can function
properly. The same goes for when the temperature of our body gets too high. Optimum temperature
for our body is said to be 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, although this can vary from person to

Enzymes
Enzymes
Ally Wormaan
11/07/2013
Section 018
Introduction:
Our body has many cells, cells which operate like a chemical factory. Chemicals are broken down
for things like energy, and new chemicals are then synthesized. The food we eat only supplies us
with some of the compounds that are needed for our body to operate. Most that are needed are
synthesized within the cell by hundreds of different types of reactions that are all part of
metabolism. All of these reactions wouldn't be able to take place at body temperature. Or rather if
they did, they would do so at a very slow rate. Enzymes are what allow the reactions to take place
rapidly and efficiently. In this lab we will be demonstrating the role of enzymes as described, and
also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each test tube will receive 2mL of saliva and mix. Test tube one goes into the ice–water bath, two
goes into a 35–40*c bath, and the third into boiling water. The test tubes need to stand in their water
baths for 30 minutes, at least. After the 30 minutes we transfer 3 drops of each solution into separate
depressions of a white spot plate. Each sample will receive 2 drops of iodine solution. We observe
the colors, and record our results. Moving onto pH, we take three test tubes and place 2mL of buffer
solution of pH 2 into test tube one. Test tube 2 receives 2mL of buffer solution of pH 7, and test tube
3 receives 2mL buffer solution of pH 12. Each test tube then received 2mL amylase solution and
2mL of 1% starch solution. We mix them and place them into a water bath at 35–40*c for 30
minutes. After being heater for 30 minutes, we transfer 3 drops of each solution into separate
depressions of a white spot plate. Each sample receives 2 drops of iodine solution, just as we did
with the temperature section. We record the colors and move on to the inhibitor section of the lab.
Taking a clean test tube we add 2mL amylase solution, 2mL 1% starch, and 10 drops of 0.1 M
Pb(NO3)2. We mix them and place the test tube into the water bath at 35–40*c, and heat for 30
minutes. After 30 minutes have passed we transfer 3 drops of solution into a depression of a white
spot plate and add 2 drops of iodine solution to it. Then we record the

Imobilizing Enzymes
The purpose of immobilising enzymes before they are used to catalyse a reaction is to be reused
again because they are not completely lost in the solution. We immobilised lactase enzyme by
dissolving it in sodium alginate gel. This is one of the more widely used practises in industry as it is
very efficient and effective. We can see that by our experiment by immobilising the enzyme and
could retain it even after it has been involved in the reaction by catalysing the breakdown of lactose
in glucose and galactose.
Lactose was contained within the milk and as the milk met the immobilised lactase, it began to
break down into glucose and galactose. The results show, as the lactose in the milk was left to the
lactase for longer, the break down into glucose and galactose increased. This can be seen by the
colour change. To begin with we tested the milk for glucose by dipping the clinistix before the
treatment and the result was negative, showing that no glucose was present. Once the milk was
exposed in the lactase enzyme for 5 minutes it had already begun to break down into glucose and
galactose, the first test showed some signs of glucose as had turned from blue to light green. As the
experiment progressed and the milk was left in the lactase enzyme for longer, more and more was
broken down into glucose and galactose, this is evident by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It made it more difficult to give an accurate time of conversion. This could be improved, by using
more advanced type of glucose detecting sticks to measure the percentage of glucose conversion.
This will give a quantitative, which would produce more accurate tables and graphs. I could use a
set time for to check how much is converted. This would prevent problems such as interference of
the beads and lactose and galactose molecules, blocking the glucose molecules from the end of the
syringe

Enzymes in Industry
Enzymes in Industry
Enzymes are described as chemical a catalyst that is they speed up the rate of reaction.
Enzymes have enormous potential in the commercial world. They are cheap to use in industry and
they do not need high temperatures to work. They work at neutral PH and normal atmospheric
pressure. This reduces the costs of fuel in industry and are energy saving. Also, enzymes can be
reused. This means that they are needed in relatively small amounts in comparison with Inorganic
catalysts. Once a suitable enzyme has been found, it is made on a larger scale and purified before
use. Enzymes are specific in their action. They only react with one substrate to produce a specific
product. They ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Brewing: Beer brewing essentially involves the production of alcohol by the action of yeasts on
plant materials such as barley, maize, sorghum, hops and rice. The yeast cells are capable of
converting simple sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. However, most of the sugar present in
plant materials is in the form of complex polysaccharides such as starch and cannot be readily
utilised. Traditionally these nutrients are "released" by the process of malting whereby barley is
allowed to partly germinate during which endogenous enzymes are released which degrade starch
and protein to simple sugars and amino acids which can be utilised by the yeast cells. The malting
process is a relatively expensive way of manufacturing enzymes and is not always easy to control.
Industrial enzymes such as amylases, glucanases and proteases can be added to unmalted barley
resulting in the same simple sugars and amino acids that malting would liberate but in a more
controlled fashion. Enzymes also play an important role as filtration improvers. Slow filtration of
the mash or final beer often results from the presence of viscous polysaccharides. Amyloglucosidase
can be used to break down sugars to produce low calorie beer.
Detergents: Enzymes have been used in the detergent industry since

Enzyme Lab
Abstract
Enzymes are proteins known as catalysts–substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
Within this experiment, an enzyme called catalase was measured in two experiments and observed
to determine the time required to make 10 mL of oxygen through a catalyzed breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide. For experiment 1, the effect of varying substrate concentration on enzyme
kinetics, we tested the hypothesis that the higher the substrate concentration, the slower the reaction
will be. In experiment 2, the effect of temperature on enzyme kinetics, we tested the hypothesis that
the room temperature enzyme and the warm enzyme would have the fastest reaction rate (Hester,
Degenhart 2015). After adding 10 mL of enzyme/buffer solution to the ... Show more content on
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cold, boiled, and warm catalase
Figure 1: The change in substrate concentration and its effect on reaction rate
Figure 2: Change in reaction rate as a result of different temperatures of catalase in the breakdown
of hydrogen peroxide
Discussion
This experiment aimed to test the hypotheses that the higher the substrate concentration was, the
slower the reaction would be for experiment 1, and for experiment 2, the room temperature enzyme
and the warm enzyme would have the fastest reaction rate. The results for experiment one as the
highest substrate concentration of 0.8% had the highest reaction rate of 58.86 mL/min, proving our
hypothesis to be wrong. Looking at figure 1, the graph shows that the higher the concentration level,
the higher the reaction rate. However, the results for experiment 2 confirmed our hypothesis, as the
warm catalase had the fastest reaction rate of 127.11 mL/min. By looking at table 3, the p–value for
room temperature vs. boiled catalase is less than the significant value of p=0.05, meaning that there
is a statistical significance and our results fail to reject our null hypothesis for experiment 2. In table
3, the p–values for room temperature vs. warm and cold catalase are greater than p=0.05, meaning
there is not a statistical significance. By also analyzing figure 2, all of the error

Enzyme Lab
Background Information
An enzyme is a "macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a
reaction," (Campbell Biology, 68). There are many different enzymes that have varying effects on
reactions. Catalase, "an enzyme that brings about (catalyzes) the reaction by which hydrogen
peroxide is decomposed to water and oxygen," is the primary enzyme that effects hydrogen
(Encyclopedia Britannica). In this experiment, the goal is to test how three different locations where
these enzymes can be found catalyze the reactions in hydrogen peroxide. When hydrogen peroxide
is exposed to certain enzymes it starts to become water due to the loss of oxygen molecules. To
measure the rate of enzymatic reactions simply measure ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The change in gas pressure due to enzymes located in the potato solution is not significant enough to
have any effect according to the graphs. The conclusion that the enzymes in the potato had little to
no effect on the enzymatic rate of reactions in comparison to the control and the other enzyme
locations tested is one that can be made. On the other hand, the enzymes in yeast and liver do have a
significant effect on the enzymatic rate of reactions or the gas pressure. The error bars of these
measurements do not overlap, making it clear that there is a significant enough difference between
yeast and liver, and potato. Based on the data displayed in the graphs, however, there is not a
significant difference in the average end values or average slopes of yeast and liver, making it
unclear which enzyme location truly has the most effect. In conclusion, potato had little to no effect
on the enzymatic rate of reactions or the gas pressure and yeast and liver had the greatest effect. The
data gathered and displayed by these graphs answers the hypothesis and question in the way that
was

Enzyme Lab
Objective:
Biology 160
Lab 5 Part A: Scientific Methodology & Enzyme Activity
4/28/15
The purpose of this experiement is to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of enzyme
reaction, specifically testing the reaction rates at 0, 23, 37, and 55 degrees Celcius.
Introduction:
1. According to the book Campbell Biology, an enzyme is a biological catalyst that reduces the
activation energy in a reaction, allowing the chemical reaction to take place at a faster rate. A
substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme, allowing a chemical reaction to take place.
Enzymes work best in a specific environment that is suitable for them, specifically at optimal
temperature (37 degrees Celcius), and within the pH range of 6–8 (the closer to ... Show more
The reasoning behind the formed hypothesis is that enzymes function best in a specific environment,
more specifically in a range of pH and temperature. Optimal temperature is 37 degrees Celcius, so it
makes sense that enzymes would function the best, and would react the fastest at 37 degrees Celcius.
Also, 55 degrees Celcius was predicted to be outside of the suitable range of temperature for an
enzyme, and at higher temperatures, enzymes start to denature. Denaturation is the destruction of
proteins (which make up enzymes) by causing their
2 secondary and tertiary shape to unravel. When the enzyme looses it's shape, substrates and
inhibitors can no longer bind to the active site, and thus an enzyme can no longer function.
(Reece, 2015).
3. The affect of temperature on an enzyme is an important topic to study, because enzymes are
crucial to the metablolic process of living things. A quote from an article taken from Science
Daily states "Enzymes are hugely important for living things. From digestion to the reproduction of
genetic information, they control and accelerate the majority of biochemical reactions".
(Medical University of Vienna, 2012).
For example, digestive enzymes aid in the digestion of food, so that food may be broken down and
energy absorbed. Lactose is the sugar

Enzyme Lab
Enzymes are large protein molecules that act as biological catalysts that aid in chemical reactions
that take place in living things. (Raven 44) Catalysts are substances that speed up the rate of
chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place.
This energy barrier is otherwise known as the activation energy. Enzymes are one of the most
crucial facilitators of life in that they speed up reactions that would otherwise occur to slowly to
support life. (Perry 103)
The three–dimensional shape of these globular proteins allows them to act as a temporary stabilizer
of associations between the molecules that will undergo the reaction, or the substrates. (Raven 113)
The change of a substrate to a product requires overcoming the specific activation energy of the
chemical reaction. (Suzuki 3). Every enzyme has an active site, which is the site of the enzyme that
is crucial for enzyme activity. (3) The unique shape of the enzyme's active site causes enzymes to
have a certain aptitude for the particular substrate on which it acts on and subsequently for the
reaction it catalyzes. Once the reaction has occurred and the products are formed, the enzyme
molecules are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Raven 53) There are several factors that affect the ability of the enzyme to catalyze a reaction. In
this study, the effects of the substrate concentration, pH, and temperature will be examined. To test
the effects of these environmental factors on enzymes catalase, a common enzyme found in the
majority of all aerobic cells, will be examined. Catalase protects cells from the toxin hydrogen–
peroxide, which is a byproduct of cell metabolism by catalyzing the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide into oxygen gas and water. The measure of oxygen gas and water under various conditions
is an indicator of the effects environmental factors have on enzyme activity. (German

Enzyme Lab
What is an enzyme? An enzyme is a biological catalyst that can speed up a chemical reaction by
lowering the activation energy. Typically the lower the activation energy the faster the reaction will
be. It's made up of a plethora of different types of proteins that forms into a 3D like shape. Enzymes
are very important to the human body, because it keeps the chemical activity that undergoes in our
body at a low temperature. Enzymes need substates in order to have a reaction and be able to form a
enzyme–substrate complex. To summarize this you need "Enzyme+Substrate –>Enzyme–Substrate
Complex –>Enzyme+Product". In order for this to happen the Enzyme needs a active site, it's where
the enzyme and substrate can bond to each other and are able to ... Show more content on
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For this lab you should be in a group of 3–4 and each group have to be able to complete part A,C,D,
and F. At each lab table you need a ring stand and clamp, 100ml graduated cylinder, a plastic pan or
a rectangular shape bowl, dropper, 50ml beaker, and a cork that is attached to the tube. You will
need to put the graduated cylinder upside down connected to the ring stand with water filled in it,
but leaving about 10 ml of air in it. You should have the open end in the water and have it 3 cm
above the pan. You will need to put the tube inside the graduated cylinder and then pour the
substrate into the tube and close it as fast as possible. You should time this by 30 seconds to a
minute and a half. After you put the substrate in you need to look at the displacement and find the
difference, when the reaction stops. You should do the same thing with all the substrates you test
throughout the lab. Make a data table of the information you have collected. This is the procedure
we did and that one should do if one were to do the exact experiment. Overall we are testing the
enzyme activity by either heating or cooling liver to a specific temperature and mix it with peroxide,
so we can see the difference by watching the

Enzyme Lab
Examining Environmental Factors which Affect the Activity of Enzyme Catalase by Measuring
Fuzzing Level in Hydrogen Peroxide and Potato
Metabolism is all chemical reaction that occurs in cell and all living organisms. Enzymes are
proteins that are used to accelerate these reactions without making any chemical change on itself.
The activity of the enzyme can be affected by environmental factors such as temperature, PH, and
the presence of inhibitors. Temperature levels determine how effectively enzymes function. High
levels of temperature will denture enzymes. Denaturation is loss of its structure. When an enzyme
loss its structure, it will be unable to perform its activity. This occurs as ionic and hydrogen bonds
break. On the other hand, low temperatures can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We took 4 cores for our experiment. We put the potatoes in different test tube with water and we
placed it in different temperature level (4 0c, 250c, 40 0c, and 80 0c,). After we left the potatoes in
different temperature for fifteen minutes, we poured out the water and put the potato in to hydrogen
per oxide. Finally, after 5 minutes we measured the fizzing height.
Result
We can see from this result that, high temperature level decrease enzyme catalase or fuzzing. The
test tube that was placed in the ice bucket (4°C) had 1.5cm of fizzing height. The other test tube that
was left at room temperature (25°C) had more reaction with 3cm of fizzing height. The test tube that
was in the medium temperature (40°C) had the 2 cm of fizzing height. The test tube that was in high
temperature (80°C) had no reaction. With these results we can see that our hypothesis about high
level of temperature effect on enzyme was correct. We hypothesized that when the temperature level
is high, the enzyme reaction or fuzzing will be

Enzyme And The Enzyme Of Enzyme
Enzyme Lab
"Enzymes are catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up in the process"
(Leady). A catalyst helps speed up a chemical reaction without being changed during the reaction.
Enzymes are specific meaning that they can work with only a specific set of chemical reactions.
Most enzyme names end in –ase. The shape of a protein is very important in its function for the
reaction. The molecule the enzyme works on is called a substrate. In order for this enzyme to work
on this reaction the substrate must first fit into an activation site. When an enzyme binds to its
substrate, it is called an enzyme–substrate complex. The resulting chemicals from the reaction are
called the products. Enzymes can be affected by a few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All enzymes work best at a specific pH making the reaction better. A few examples of enzymes and
their pH level are Pepsin and Trypsin. Pepsin is a stomach enzyme works best at a pH of 2, which is
acidic. Trypsin and many other enzymes of the small intestines work better at a higher pH which is
basic. "By increasing the amount of enzyme or substrate molecules is known to increase the
concentration to the solution"(Effect). As the amounts of enzymes are increasing in the reaction, the
rate of the reaction is also increasing. Furthermore, as the amount of the substrate is increasing, the
reaction rate increases up to the point where the enzyme is "fully occupied" and then the rate levels
off.
Hypothesis/prediction:
If the temperature in the solution of the enzyme peroxidase increases, next the rate of peroxidase
will also rise because the warmer the solution, the faster the molecules move, thus causing increased
collisions between substrate and enzyme. If the temperature in the solution decreases, the rate of
reaction will decrease because a colder solution forces molecules to move a lot slower, causing the
amount of collisions between enzyme and substrate to decrease.
Methods:
For this experiment, we utilized the lab manual "Basics of Life Science" by Brenda

Enzyme Lab
Abstract
Enzymes are organic catalysts that can help speed up chemical reactions (enzymes function p57).
There are very few exceptions, however all enzymes are proteins. Every enzyme is specific to a
certain chemical reaction depending on its substrate as well as amount (enzyme function p57).
Enzymes must maintain a specific structure so that they can work properly. If an enzyme's structure
is changed by chemicals or heat it may not be able to function at all.
Introduction
A metabolic reaction is any chemical change that occurs within a cell. Enzymes are proteins that are
used to speed up these reactions. The activity of these enzymes can be altered by changing their
environment, such as increasing and decreasing temperature and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the next test the results were: in the incubator (37°C) had 75mm of bubble height. The test tube
that was in the ice bath (1°C) had the largest reaction with 80 mm of bubble height. The test tube
that was in boiling water (95/98°C)had no reaction. With these results we now know that our
hypothesis for temperature change was somewhat right. We said that by increasing the temperature
the catalase would begin to denature and have a very small reaction, which was correct. We also
guessed that the cold temperature would slow down or stop the reaction, which was incorrect.
For our next test we increased the amount of enzyme concentration, our results were as follows. Test
tube one was 1 cm to 5 cm with the bubble height measured at 0 mm. Test tube two bubble height
measured at 90 mm. Test tube three bubble height measured at 150 mm. We concluded that the
increase in concentration results in an increase of reaction. M hypothesis was

Enzyme Lab
Introduction
An enzyme is a catalytic molecule that speeds up reactions to a rate that limits at equilibrium. When
a substance is going to have a reaction, it will require a activation energy and the enzyme lower that
activation energy. The ability to do this comes from the substrate that the enzyme contains. In the
enzyme molecule, there are active sites where it can interact with a substrate and then catalyzes
reactions. The enzyme activity is affect by its surroundings especially when pH, temperature, and
the concentration of activator and inhibitor are involved. When the pH rise or drops out of the
enzyme stretch in tolerance, the structure of the protein can be alter or in other worlds denatured.
Most of the enzyme in the bodies of humans ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The highest oxygen obtain as shown in Table 1 was 4.2 mL in the third trial and the lowest was 2.6
mL in the first trial. Of all the trails and all the different water solutions, the lowest obtained oxygen
was 1.4mL using salt water on the second trial and the highest was 4.2 on the third trial of distilled
water. The average of the distilled water solution was 3.3mL, average of tap water was 1.8mL,
average of sugar water was 2.2mL, and average of salt water was 1.5mL. In total, the overall range
was from 1.4mL to to

Enzyme Activity
Enzymes are proteins that work to expedite processes and enhance reactions that occur within cells.
Furthermore, enzymes act as catalysts, in which they cause a reaction to be accelerated. However, if
these enzymes are exposed to an abnormal environment or withstand extreme conditions such as an
increase or decrease in temperature or pH, they will become inactive. Proteins, such as enzymes,
must be in a three dimensional structure with active sites to function properly. Acidity, temperature,
and concentration all affect the structure and molecular base of amino acids (Controlling Enzymes,
2015). If temperature is decreased, enzyme activity will decrease as well. If temperature is
increased, enzyme activity will rise. However, if the temperature ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If there is an increase in acidity, the protein could change shape and possibly become inactive. An
increase in basicity will also alter the shape of the enzyme to the point where it will denature and
possibly become ineffective. The 3D shape of the enzyme is held together by hydrogen bonds.
Consequently, if the enzyme's environment becomes more acidic (more H+ ions) it will disrupt the
H–bonds of the enzymes and therefore denature it. Nonetheless, some enzymes can function in salt
concentrated environments. However, if the Na+ concentration is increased substantially, most
enzymes will not tolerate such an environment, denature, and become inactive. High salt
concentrations will offset the osmotic gradient and balance of enzymes, leading to them being
denatured (Factors Affecting Enzyme, 2015. In conclusion, enzymes can only function under
certain, desired conditions. If these enzymes encounter unbalanced conditions, they will denature
and become ineffective. The following lab will establish an answer to which conditions it is that the
yeast enzyme, catalase, lives and functions under

Enzyme Lab
Introduction Enzymes can be defined as substances that are produced by act as catalysts and they
look to bring a reaction, (Cooper, 2000). Various pH levels affect enzymes. This experiment will
show how pH levels affect the enzyme catalase process, (Daniel, Michelle, & Danson, 2010). This
experiment will look to measure the acidic fluid. The enzymes that are being used in this experiment
are pieces of chicken liver and the acid being used is hydrogen peroxide. Goal The goal of this
experiment is to see how temperature will impact how the enzymes are able to function when
chicken liver is added. Hypothesis If enzymes are heated or cooled, they will not function as well.
Enzymes function best when they are set at a specific temperature. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Basic Lab Kit 5. Hydrogen Peroxide 6. 2 beakers Procedure 1. Four pieces of chicken liver cut into
small pieces 2. Fill 5 test tubes with 10mL of distilled water 3. Test tube 1 has no liver present, test
tube 2–5 will have a piece of liver each 4. Test tubes 1–3 is then placed in the test tube rack 5. Test
tube 4 in a beaker that is full of ice and let it cool for about 10 minutes 6. Test tube 5 is then placed
in a beaker full of water on a hot plate and left to heat for about 10 minutes. 7. Hydrogen peroxide
added to beaker 3, (5mL) 8. Place test tube 4 in the test tube rack after it had cooled 9. Hydrogen
peroxide needs to be added to tube 4, (5mL) 10. Place test tube 5 in the test tube rack after it had
heated. 11. Hydrogen peroxide needs to be added to test tube 5, (5mL) Observations While
observing the experiment, there was no change in test tube 1 as there was no liver in it. When it
came to test tube 2, nothing happened because there is no hydrogen peroxide being added. For test
tube 3, set at room temperature, the bubbles started forming and the liver started to change color,
becoming white. For test tube 4, cold temperature, it bubbled slowly and it did not over flow as in
test tube 3. Nothing happened to the color of the liver. And finally in test tube 5, hot temperature;
there was no bubbling at all. The liver looked to be cooked and the liver turned yellow in

Enzyme Lab
Title:
The Effect of pH on Enzyme Productivity
Purpose:
The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the acidity and basicity of the environment
affects the rate at which a specific enzyme is able to produce products in a computer simulation.
Background Information:
An enzyme is a protein which serves as a biochemical catalyst. An enzyme increases the likelihood
of a collision between reactants that result in a successful reaction, in which substrates become the
product. However, enzymes are not necessary for a chemical reaction to occur. An enzyme is also
not changed or altered as the result of a chemical reaction, therefore the same enzyme can be used in
multiple reactions which convert substrates into products. Each enzyme is

The Effect Of Enzymes On The Enzyme Of A Reaction
1a. Enzymes are proteins, which speed up reactions – such as a "browning" reaction. We know that
an enzyme in fruits is responsible for making them "brown" after being cut. We also know that the
fruits do not "brown" prior to being cut. A reason that the fruits don't brown before being cut could
be that something in the air triggers the "browning" enzyme in the fruit. Therefore, when the fruit is
cut, it is possible that the huge increase of oxygen from the air could trigger the "browning" enzyme.
1b. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts. A catalyst is something that speeds up a
reaction without changing its form. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
of a reaction. The activation energy of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
pH and temperature also effects enzymes. If an enzyme is not at its optimal pH or optimal
temperature, it will not work as well. This is seen when looking at the browning fruit. If lemon juice
is put on the fruit or the fruit is put in a cold temperature it does not brown. Lemon juice is known to
be very acidic (much more than a piece of browning fruit) so the addition of lemon juice would
upset the optimal pH of the browning enzyme and stop it from working. We know that most
browning fruits (like apples) don't grown in the cold, which means that they have a warmer optimal
temperature. Therefore, putting an apple in a cold place (like a refrigerator) would alter its optimal
temperature and stop the browning enzyme from working. 2a. The reason that the drug DNP was so
harmful is that is stopped cellular respiration from being successful in cells. Cellular respiration is
the process, which all cells do in order to make energy. This energy is called ATP. In a healthy cell,
cellular respiration will produce approximately 36 ATP. However, the drug DNP resulted in only 4
ATP being made. The reason this happened was that DNP caused the phospholipid bilayer of the
mitochondrial inner membrane to become leaky to H+ ions. Cellular respiration has three steps:
glycolysis, the krebs

Enzyme Lab
Lab: Enzymes – Protein Catalysts
Abstract: Enzymes are catalysts therefore we can state that they work to start a reaction or speed it
up. The chemical transformed due to the enzyme (catalase) is known as the substrate. In this lab the
chemical used was hydrogen peroxide because it can be broken down by catalase. The substrate in
this lab would be hydrogen peroxide and the enzymes used will be catalase which is found in both
potatoes and liver. This substrate will fill the active sites on the enzyme and the reaction will vary
based on the concentration of both and the different factors in the experiment. Students placed either
liver or potatoes in test tubes with the substrate and observed them at different temperatures as well
as with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. a) The rate of enzyme activity is the highest at 37 degrees. The rate of enzyme activity is the
lowest at 100 degrees.
b) Enzyme reaction is very slow due to the fact that the molecules have low to no kinetic energy.
Molecular collision is minimal because molecules do not have enough activation energy for the
reaction to occur. The increase in temperature causes particles to move around faster (more kinetic
energy) therefore causing them to collide more often thus speed up the reaction. The lowered
temperature causes molecules to collide less frequently, therefore delaying the reaction. The rate of
enzyme activity for this particular enzyme is 37 degrees (Birju Amin , 2003) which means that after
this particular temperature the enzyme will begin to denature, therefore the reaction activity
decreases after this temperature.
c) Every substrate has an optimum temperature for its enzyme. This temperature can vary depending
on other factors such as how long the enzyme was exposed to this temperature. If the enzyme is only
exposed to the extreme temperature for a short period of time, it has the capability of surpassing its
optimum temperature. In the experiment performed, the liver was placed in a beaker of boiling
water for approximately 10 minutes thus not allowing its optimum to exceed its norm. (Jim Clark,
2007).
4. a) The rate of enzyme activity is the highest at a pH of 8. The enzyme reactivity is at 4.6. At the
two extremes on the pH scale,

Enzymes Essay
Introduction:
Enzymes are an important part of all metabolic reactions in the body. They are catalytic proteins,
able to increase the rate of a reaction, without being consumed in the process of doing so (Campbell
96). This allows the enzyme to be used again in another reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by
lowering the activation energy, the energy needed to break the chemical bonds between reactants
allowing them to combine with other substances and form products (Campbell 100). In this
experiment the enzyme used was acid phosphates (ACP), and the substrate was p–nitrophenyl
phosphate.
Enzymes are very specific in nature, which helps them in reactions. When an enzyme recognizes its
specific substrate, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this experiment, NaOH was the inhibitor used to stop the enzymatic reactions. NaOH is very
basic and when added to a solution, will cause a drastic increase in pH, causing denaturation of the
enzyme. The amount of product formed could be calculated by placing the test tube in a
spectrometer after the addition on NaOH. A spectrometer measures the absorbance of a solution,
which helps compare how much of a substance is in a solution.
I hypothesized that the rate of the reaction would increase, producing more product as the amount of
ACP in solution was increased because more enzymes allow for more substrate to be converted to
product. The same hypothesis was made that when we increased the substrate, p–nitrophenyl
phosphate, the amount of product produced would increase as well because there would be more
substrate that could bind to the enzyme and be converted to product. For the environmental
experiments, both temperature and pH, I predicted that the amount of product formed would
increase with the temperature and pH, but then begin to decline after the enzymes reached optimal
conditions. In other words, at the optimal temperature and pH, the enzyme velocity would be
greatest, producing the most p–nitrophenol. Also, I predicted when the pH and temperature

Enzyme Enzymes : Enzyme Type Of Proteins
Introduction
According to Alberte, et al, "all biological processes, including growth, reproduction, and
metabolism, require a constant supply of energy. The production of this energy is accomplished
through the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in cells and is regulated by biological
catalysts called enzymes." Enzymes are proteins that decrease the activation energy of the reactions,
thus increasing the rate of their process. It is important to know that these type of proteins are
specific to each substrate that it binds to, forming the enzyme–substrate complex. However,
enzymes are influences by several factors, such as pH, substrate concentration, salt concentration,
and temperature, therefore depending on the part of the body, each enzyme will react differently. For
instance, in the experiment made in this paper, we will focus on one enzyme only – amylase. This
enzyme is found in saliva (mouth) and in secretions from the pancreas; it is important because helps
in the hydrolysis (break down) of starch to glucose, which is the main reactant of the cellular
respiration. Regarding amylase, its optimal temperature, according to Coronado, et al, is 37 degrees
Celsius. Therefore, the significance of this experiment is to measure and confirm the amylases
optimal temperature for future reference. The importance of knowing how amylase works in
different environmental conditions, in this case temperatures, is because it can save many lives.
Amylase, besides breaking down

Enzymes
Introduction (5 marks)
Enzymes are globular shaped proteins that are found throughout the body, with their main function
being to act as biological catalysts. An enzyme can act to speed up or regulate the rate of the
reaction, in order to maintain an efficient rate of biological reactions. Enzymes, whilst having an
important role in the reaction of many chemicals within the body, are not consumed in the reaction,
and so are able to catalyze many reactions in their life cycle. Enzymes are able to reduce the
activation energy of the reaction; the energy required to break bonds between the reactants, and
form new bonds in the products, which allows more product to be formed. (Marieb and Hoehn,
2010, pp.51–53).
Enzyme activity is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Effect of temperature on alkaline phosphatase activity
| |Enzyme Activity |
|Temp |(nmoles pNP.min–1.mL–1) |
|((C) | |
|25 |15.43 |
|30 |16.83 |
|37 |19.61 |
|45 |24.11 |
|60 |14.73 |
Table 3. Effect of substrate concentration on alkaline phosphatase activity
| | |
|Substrate concentration |Enzyme Activity |
|mM pNPP |(nmoles pNP.min–1.mL–1) |
|(complete values in this column) | |
|0.25 |12.17 |
|0.5 |15.76 |
|1.0 |17.62 |
|1.5 |19.41 |
|2.0 |19.30 |
|2.5 |20.33 |

Effect of pH on activity of alkaline phosphatase
As can be seen in Figure 1. As the pH of the solution, the

Enzyme Lab
Objective The objective of this experiment is to study the effect of varying temperatures on the
enzyme catalase by measuring the oxygen production as it breaks down hydrogen peroxide.
Introduction Enzymes are used in our daily lives in many ways. From industry to agriculture,
enzymes play a necessary role in everything from bread to laundry soap. In medicine, enzymes can
speed up, slow down, or block cellular reactions in the body. Enzyme reactions can be measured as a
diagnostic tool. Enzymes and their effects are important to study because they are all around us,
speeding up cellular processes and making the work of the cell happen with a lot less effort.
(Novozymes, 2015) Enzymes are proteins that catalyze different cell reactions. They ... Show more
While the error bars did overlap on tubes two and three, the trend of the data supports the hypothesis
and prediction. At 0 degrees Celsius, enzymes can still function, but do so at a much slower rate.
Cold does not cause the breakdown of the tertiary structure as heat does, but this is not an optimal
temperature for enzymes to function. At 23 degrees Celsius, the rate of the enzyme activity speeds
up, and then goes up again at 37 degrees, which is the ideal temperature of human beings. This is
also the ideal temperature range for enzymes to function. Molecular collisions that bind the enzyme
and the substrate speed up in this temperature range, allowing for more bonding to occur due to the
increase in kinetic energy (Santhtosh, unk). At 55 degrees, the hydrogen and peptide bonds that
create the enzyme break down, destroying the tertiary structure of the enzyme. The substrate can no
longer bond because there is no active site for it to fit into. The enzyme is denatured, or broken
down to amino acids so the body can recylce the proteins for other uses (RSC, 2015). While the
error bars do overlap as shown in Figure 1, this may just suggest that the range of enzyme activity
was close due to both 23 and 37 degrees being within an

Enzyme Lab
In this particular lab, my team and I were determining and demonstrating how the change in pH
level and temperature affects enzyme activity. Enzymes are proteins in living things that speeds up
chemical reactions. We used a specific enzyme, catalase which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into
water and oxygen. The oxygen released from the chemical reactions creates gas bubbles, also known
as foam. By measuring the foam, we are able to determine how active the enzyme is. If there is a big
amount of foam produced in the test tubes, there is a lot of enzyme activity. If there is little to no
foam produced in the test tubes, there is little to no enzyme activity. The amount of foam was
measured by height. With this information, we did multiple tests ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Analysing the data, I decided to get the average height of the foam so I can juxtapose the data. The
catalase with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide produced an average of 0.6 cm of foam. The
catalase with sodium hydroxide produced an average of 0.4 of foam. The catalase with hydrogen
peroxide and hydrochloric acid produced an average of 0.33 cm of foam. The catalase with
hydrochloric acid produced an average of 0.3 cm of foam. The catalase with hydrogen peroxide and
vinegar produced an average of 0.26 cm of foam. The catalase with vinegar produced an average of
0.03. Looking at the averages, the catalase that included sodium hydroxide produced the most foam.
Sodium hydroxide is the only base out of the 3 solutions while the others were all acids. This means
there's the most enzyme when the pH is lower. Also, hydrogen peroxide is proven to make the
catalase enzyme more active. When we first began the experiment, we only put hydrogen peroxide
into the catalase and it produced the most foam. Additionally, if we compare the data set with the
hydrogen peroxide and the data set without the hydrogen peroxide, the data set with the hydrogen
peroxide had a significant greater amount of foam than the other data set. For example, the catalase
with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide produced an

Enzyme Lab
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up) biological reactions in an organism by lowering the
activation energy of a reaction. They do this by either straining the bonds in a molecule so that is
easier to break up or by placing separate molecules/elements close to each other so that bonds are
formed. Enzyme activity is influenced by an array of different factors such as enzyme concentration,
substrate concentration, temperature, pH and inhibitor concentration. All of these affect the rate of
reactions of enzymes and some such as temperature, inhibitors and pH can under circumstances
cause enzymes to become permanently affected.
Catalase is an enzyme found in almost all organisms on earth exposed to Oxygen. It breaks down
H2O2, a dangerous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extension:
Comparing the trends shown in enzyme activity increase in catalase activity when no inhibitors are
added to when a set amount of competitive inhibitors are added and a set amount of non–
competitive inhibitors are added could extend this lab.
Another possible extension is comparing the efficiency of catalase to other peroxidases by
conducting the same experiment and seeing which enzyme will have the highest rate of reaction
overall.
Furthermore, one could compare the amount of catalase in an organism/part of an organism by
finding the rate of reaction of different origins of catalase under the exact same conditions with an
excess of hydrogen peroxide

Enzyme Lab
The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the change of pH, enzyme concentration, and
temperature affect the rate of enzyme reactions. In this experiment, three tests were performed. The
first related the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme sucrase on a constant amount of a
substrate. The second experiment was used to investigate the changes in enzyme productivity based
on the temperature at which the reaction was allowed to occur. The third experiment tests the effect
of how the pH of a substance affects the rate at which the enzyme catalyses sucrose. Enzymes are
biological catalysts that are protein molecules. As catalysts, they work to affect the rate of chemical
reactions. Catalysts do this without being changed by the reaction or changing the reaction itself.
Enzymes are substrate specific meaning they can only catalyze one specific substrate. In the
experiment at hand, the substrate, sucrose, is hydrolyzed with sucrase to produce glucose and
fructose. The enzyme forms a complex with the substrate meaning there is a one–to–one
relationship. Each reaction would occur without the enzyme acting upon it but the biological
catalyst lowers the activation energy making the reaction happen faster. In general enzyme reactions
the equation would be:
Enzyme + substrate ––> Enzyme + product The specific equation for this substrate and enzyme is:
Sucrose + water + sucrase ––––> glucose + fructose + sucrase
Procedure Enzyme stock was prepared by adding

Enzymes Paper
Determining the Production of Glucose During Changes in Temperature and pH, and Manipulation
of Specificity and Cofactors
BIOL–1406–SL8
November 16, 2012
Abstract
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They work by lowering the activation energy needed to initiate a
chemical reaction. Enzymes work within an optimal temperature and optimal pH. Enzymes are
highly specific for a single substrate. The Enzyme is usually much larger in size than the substrate it
binds to. In some cases, an enzyme requires something called a cofactor to begin the chemical
reaction. There were four different experiments that were executed in the enzyme lab. Experiment
7.1, the first experiment, was performed to test the effect of temperature on enzymatic ... Show more
Specificity just means that specific substrates should bind best to specific enzymes. For example the
enzyme lactase should bind best to the substrate lactose, rather than lactase binding well to maltose.
A Cofactor is another key component in some enzyme reactions. Cofactors are small inorganic
molecules required for catalysis to occur in some reactions. Usually, cofactors are a metallic ion
such as copper, zinc, iron, calcium, and so on. Cofactors may be bound tightly to the enzyme as
permanent residents, or they may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate. A cofactor
will enter the active site before the substrate and act as a helper to start the reaction. Some enzymes
require the cofactor and some don't. The enzyme used in the four different experiments was lactase.
Lactase is an enzyme found in the small intestine, liver, and kidneys of mammals. Lactase binds to
lactose, reducing it to the simple sugars Glucose and Galactose, which can eventually be utilized as
a source of energy in cells. Lactase is an important enzyme and the absence of lactase leads to
lactose intolerance. According to the A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia, lactose intolerance is very
common in adults and is rarely dangerous. About 30 million American adults have some amount of
lactose intolerance by age 20 (A.D.A.M. 2012). Some symptoms include abdominal bloating,
cramps, diarrhea, gas, and nausea (A.D.A.M. 2012). These

The Effect Of Enzyme Concentration On Enzyme Lab
In this lab the effect of the enzyme concentration has on the speed of the reaction will be observed.
The amount of oxygen gas produced will be measured to determine the reaction rate. If the enzyme
concentration increases then the reaction rate will also increase. The measure of how fats oxygen is
produced will be how long it takes for the filter paper disk soaked in different concentrations of
catalase to rise to the top. If catalase is exposed to boiling temperature then it will denature.
Catalyst is a general term to represent anything that speeds up a reaction. A biological catalyst
speeds up chemical processes and cannot be used or changed in any way by the reaction. Catalase is
a common enzyme. It is found in almost all living organisms that use oxygen, like bacteria, plants,
and animals. Catalase is responsible for the degradation Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and breaks it
down into water (H2O) and oxygen (O), which are harmless to living organisms. This way its main
role is protecting the cell from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Hydrogen peroxide is a
byproduct of reactions in our bodies. If it were allowed to build up it would kill us. Enzyme are
catabolic protein that speed up and regulate all chemical reactions within a living organism.
Enzymes lower the activation energy needed, allowing reactions to occur more easily, quickly and
more efficiently. Almost all biochemical reactions within living organisms need enzymes. Enzymes
are amino acids made from

Enzymes
Enzymes in detergent
1) What enzymes are used to make this product?
There are essentially six main enzymes involved in detergent, specifically amylases, proteases,
lipases, pectinases, cellulases, and mannanases. Each of these enzymes are responsible for targeting
stains containing specific macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
2) What type of reactions do the enzymes catalyze, and why is this of value?
Amylases are typically responsible for catalysing the breakdown of starches which can be of value
in removing the stains of foods such as cereals, pastas, and gravies. The enzyme hydrolyses the
bonds within the starch molecule which decomposes it into dextrins and other oligosaccharides,
which are soluble and can easily be removed in the wash. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For example, the source of two types of proteases are Bacillus alcalophilus and Bacillus lentus. The
most common sources of amylases are the bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and
Bacillus licheniformis. On the other hand, lipases are currently being sourced from yeast, bacteria,
fungus, and from mammals. Biotex is the main source of cellulases, and have been in use since
1987.
4) Have the enzymes been modified for the process?
One example of enzyme modification for its use in detergents are cellulases. This enzyme which is
used to maintain the quality and brightness of clothing can be chemically modified to have a greater
stability when used in an alkaline medium. This is done by exposing the cellulases to certain
reagents like malcic anhydride. Another example of a modified enzyme would be the alkaline
protease, which replaced the endogenous protease. This enzyme was derived from an alkalophilic
strain of bacteria called Bacillus cereus, and is currently being used due to its stability at higher
water temperatures.
7) What careers are associated with the industry that produces the product you

Enzyme And The Enzyme Of Enzyme Essay
Introduction:
An enzyme is a macromolecule that works as a catalyst and speeds up chemical reactions through a
substrate that binds to the active site of the enzyme. When this process occurs, the enzyme lowers
the activation energy needed. This allows the reactant molecules to reach a state where they can
complete a reaction in most temperatures. The enzyme is not consumed when a chemical reaction is
taking place, however, it's shape changes in order to create a proper space for a substrate to bind to.
Since the enzyme is not consumed in the process of reactions, it can begin to lower the activating
energy of another process as soon as the first process is complete and it has returned to its original
shape. Without the assistance of enzymes, the pathways of metabolism in humans would be
obstructed because every process would take so long (Smith et., 2015). For every reaction
completed, a different, specific enzyme is utilized. Therefore, each location of each enzyme in the
cell is very specific. The speed of the enzyme that is being utilized is dependent on factors that are
found in the environment, for example, pH, temperature and the specific chemical reaction that will
be occurring. The rate that a catalyst can be most beneficial with regard to temperature is directly
proportional to the increase in temperature until the optimal temperature is reached. However, after
the optimal temperature is reached, if the temperature continues to be increased, the rate of the

The Effect Of Enzyme Enzymes On The Concentration Of An...
Introduction
Organisms cannot rely entirely on spontaneous reactions to produce all the materials necessary for
life. These reactions occur much too slowly. To produce these materials quicker, cells rely on
enzymes, biological catalysts, to speed up these reactions without being consumed. (General
Biology I, Martineau, Dean, Gilliland, & Soderstrom, Lab Manual, 2017, 43). To produce these
materials quicker, the activation reaction much be lowered, a very important part of this lab. Each
enzyme acts on a specific molecule, or set of molecules, called a substrate (43). The enzyme binds
to this substrate, forming an enzyme–substrate complex. An enzyme is a protein whose structure is
determined by the sequence of amino acids groups that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Methods
Experiment 1: Constructing a Standard Curve
The students first prepared to construct a standard curve. To do this, each group measured the
absorbance of starch solutions of unknown concentrations treated with IKI (General Biology I,
Martineau, Dean, Gilliland, & Soderstrom, Lab Manual, 2017, 45). The absorbance values were
determined for a range of samples, and plotted on a graph. A line of best fit was then used as a
reference to determine the amount of starch present in unknown samples.
Using the yellow tube, which included everything but starch, as the blank, each group zeroed their
spectrophotometer. This was done so that any absorbance observed depends only on the amount of
starch present, not on any other reagents (buffer, IKI). To zero the spectrophotometer, the
wavelength was first set at 580nm, using knob 3 (45). Next, the groups made sure that the light next
to "transmittance" was lit, and the chamber to be tightly closed. Having the chamber empty & closed
tightly provides reference for the darkest condition possible. Using knob 1, the transmittance was
turned until it read 0.0 (45). Before the groups used their blank test tube to zero the
spectrophotometer, each needed to wipe the tube with kimwipes to ensure a clean reading. Turning
knob 2, each group was then instructed to zero the absorbance, 0.000. Upon removing the blank,
each trial was inserted into the chamber (46). The

Enzyme Activity
Abstract
Enzymes are molecules that act as catalysts in the regulation of chemical and biological reactions in
humans and other species. Every organ in humans depends on enzymes, as they are essential for
optimal health. Most enzymes are protein molecules, which increase the reaction rate and function
best under optimal conditions or temperatures related to the environment and the host organism
where the enzyme is found. In this experiment, the digestive enzyme amylase was used in order to
determine the optimal temperature for enzyme function from human and fungal (Aspergillus oryzae)
sources in various temperatures. The digestive enzyme amylase that will be tested is responsible for
the breakdown of the polysaccharide starch into ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These organisms are known as thermophiles, for their ability to strive in such high temperatures
(Brock, 1985).
Furthermore, it should be noted that not all enzymes are proteins; it was found that RNA has a type
of enzymatic activity as well (Cech, 1987). RNA enzymes are able to do enzymatic activities even in
the absence of proteins (Cech, 1987). This is possible because RNA enzymes have the ability to
splice and joining of monomers (Cech, 1987). For the purposes of this experiment, protein enzymes
will be used.
In order to study enzyme optimal activity, human and fungal amylases (enzymes that metabolize
starch) will grown along with starch at the following different temperatures: 0C, 40C, 60C, and 95C.
At certain time intervals, samples of the incubating enzymes will be added to iodine in order to
measure starch concentration. The temperature that contains the first enzymes that mostly or fully
metabolize its sample of starch will usually be the optimal temperature for that type of enzyme
(Goldina et al, 2010). The alternative hypothesis predicted was that as temperature increases and
decreases past the enzyme's optimal temperature, the enzyme activity will decrease. In addition, the
null hypothesis for this experiment is that there is no correlation between the temperature and the
catalyzing activity of the enzymes. The negative control

Enzyme Activity Factors

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