Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Network

Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Network
1.1 What is a network?
In ITGS, a network is defined as 'system of interconnected computers, telephones, and/or other
communications devices that can communicate with one another and share applications and data'.
This system of interconnected devices, known as simply networks, can be either wired or wireless,
depending on the size of the network and the availability of suitable equipment.
A major advantage of networks is that users are not required to transfer their data to an external
drive (flash drives, CDs, etc.) in order to share the data among other users in the same network, this
can be done by the network utilities embedded in the operating system. In addition to data, users in a
network can share peripheral devices such as printers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Torrent as a peer to peer network, works over Wide Area Networks (the internet) by peers (clients)
receiving data directly from each other without being dependent on a file server, meaning that peers
are responsible for managing their own security. The fact that peers transfer files between each other
leads to low traffic and high data transmission speed, to add to that, peer–to–peer networks are much
more cost effective than client/server networks since there is no need of purchasing a separate server
file for storage and managing the clients. Another downside of client/server networks compared to
peer–to–peer networks is the immense dependency of clients on a server, if the server shuts down
due to maintenance issues then the clients will not be able to work and the whole network collapses.
These advantages of peer–to–peer networks are behind the rising popularity of torrents, although
security has always remained the weak point of torrents and peer–to–peer networks. In addition,
Torrents are not the only type of peer–to–peer networks, nearly all personal area networks (PANs)
are peer–to–peer, for example a smart phone can directly connect and manage a
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The Internet : File Sharing, And The Distribution Of The...
"Napster and its founder held the promise of everything the new medium of the Internet
encompassed: youth, radical change and the free exchange of information. But youthful exuberance
would soon give way to reality as the music industry placed a bull's–eye squarely on Napster."
With the emergence of the computer came new technologies, one of which is the distribution and
free access to information across the internet. Peer to Peer (P2P), a form of file sharing allows
people to participate in the distribution and sharing of multimedia files across a wide network of
connected computers on the internet. This allows them to transfer many files between two
computers across the internet through other file–sharing networks. It also created ... Show more
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Also, instead of just downloading files for individual gain, people can give back by "seeding",
where they leave their Peer to peer file transfer client open after finishing a download to help
distribute a file to others within the network. Originally, a central server was required to run and
organize the peer to peer networks, keeping information on its user base and the files that are
currently available. Though the file transfers were done between two users, the networks were
vulnerable in the case that the central server was taken offline due to a power outage, that all forms
of communication would be disabled. But with recent advancements in technology they've made the
network indestructible since you can now directly ask peers if they have a certain file. In the
beginning, Peer to peer file sharing wasn't a thing until the commercial release of the floppy disk in
1971 from IBM. It was the first time where widespread file sharing could occur and the only format
that was available at the time. Floppy disks at the time allowed individuals to physically exchange
data the cost of the time the floppy disk spent traveling to get to its designated location, preventing
companies from working with one another. In 1978, Ward Christiansen opened the gateway by
creating the first online bulletin board, allowing users to exchange messages and multimedia files
online. The online bulletin boards were mainly text–based and usually are devoted to a subject. The
only problem with

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of P2p File Sharing Systems
ABSTRACT
Peer–to–peer (P2P) file sharing systems are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility
and scalability. A peer–to–peer, or "P2P," file transfer service allows the user to share computer files
through the Internet. Examples of P2P services include KaZaA, Grokster, Gnutella, Morpheus, and
BearShare. This document is about the peer to peer file sharing technology. It discusses about what
peer to peer technology and file sharing is. It also states the pros and cons of the peer to peer file
sharing and how Network coding is useful to overcome the disadvantages of the traditional p2p file
sharing technology,also discusses some network coding based p2p file sharing and Microsoft
Avalanche.
CONTENTS
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Peer to peer file sharing 1 1.2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The originating server (the seed) makes available one copy of the file, which is then split up into
chunks. Different chunks are sent out to the various computers (BitTorrent clients) trying to get hold
of a copy of the file.
2. Each client uploads their part of the file to other clients while simultaneously downloading bits of
the file they don't have from other clients. All the clients work together as a swarm to share the file.
The file–sharing process doesn't happen in the systematic, sequential way we show here (purely for
simplicity): clients upload and download simultaneously and the file actually builds up in a more
random way. There are often hundreds of clients involved in each swarm.
3. Eventually, every client receives a complete copy of the file. However, in this example, as in real
life, one client (lower left) finishes downloading before the others. If the owner of that machine
switches off as soon as they're done, the other clients will never receive complete copies of the

Difference Between Peer Server Vs Client Server Network
Client–Server network Vs. Peer–Peer network.
Key differences between Client Server network and Peer–Peer network:
1. Data path: The prominent difference between client to server network and peer to peer network is
that in a client to server network, the designated clients request for services and the servers provide
them (data flows from server to client), but in peer to peer network, peers act as service providers
and service consumers and service providers at the same time (data flows within peers).
2. Configuration: The Client–server network requires a central security database which stores blocks
of shared data as a backup, but the peer–peer network does not contain the central security database
as each peer contains its own data.
3. Purpose: The purpose of Client–server network is to share ... Show more content on
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If any user crashes a computer and if some shared residue file is deleted, it poses serious threat to
the stability of the entire network.
9. Hardware and software requirements:
Client–Server network: Let us consider a client–server network, with up to 25 users as an example.
Hardware requirements:
 Dual processor: Each processor must be a Quad core with 2.6GhHz or more.
 16GB RAM.
 RAID–5 (Redundant array of independent drives) configuration with 3 disks of 250GB storage.
 Ethernet cables.
 This network has a dedicated server which has more computing speed, more memory and more
storage space. Software requirements:
 Microsoft Windows server 2008 R2 64 bit with SQL server 2008 R2 64 bit.
 CALs*, as much needed. *CAL– It is not a software product but it is a license that gives user the
rights to access the services of the server. In a Client–server network, the software needs to be
installed only in the server and not in the client

What The User Uses Use A Specific Lan For A Local Area...
Describe what the user mainly use a specific LAN for A local area network (LAN) is a computer
network within a small environmental area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, office
building or group of buildings. A LAN is composed of inter–connected workstations and personal
computers which are each capable of accessing and sharing data and devices, such as printers,
scanners and data storage devices anywhere on the LAN. LANs are characterized by higher
communication and data transfer rates and the lack of any need for leased communication lines.
Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables,
network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also
exist. Compare to Peer to Peer LANs and client/server LANs Peer to peer is an approach to
computer networking where all computers share equivalent responsibility for processing data. Peer
to peer networking is common on small local area networks, particularly home networks both wired
and wireless home networks can be configured as peer to peer environments. Computers in a peer to
peer network run the same network protocols and software. Peer networks are also often situated
physically near to each other, mostly in homes, small business or schools. Some peer networks
however utilize the internet. In a client/server environment, each computer still holds its resources
and files. Other computers can also access the resources stored in a

Peer-To-Peer Review Paper
Getting to know Peer–to–Peer and Server–based Networks
There are different ways to get a network up and running. Deciding on how to connect computers
together to suit the need can be a little challenging at times. A network is either peer–to–peer (also
called workgroup) or server–based (also called client/server network).
Peer–to–Peer Network
A peer–to–peer network is a group of interconnected computers in which all computers have equal
privileges to share and access information in the network without the need of a consent or approval
from a central authority. Each computer can communicate with every other computer (or peer) on
the network directly without any restrictions. The access rights are completely governed by the
individual computers and can be controlled by assigning passwords if required. Peers are both
suppliers and consumers of information and are able to simultaneously function as both client and
server. A client is someone who initiates the request and a server fulfils the request.
The devices of such a network are often situated physically near one another and are suited for
homes and small businesses as they are easier to set up and use. It is only natural that, computers in
a peer–to–peer network run the same networking protocols and software. There is no central
location for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since shared data is in one location, it is easy to back up critical information. Though the server–
based network demonstrates better performance and data handling, it is important to know that when
the server goes down it takes the entire network with it. Unlike peer–to–peer networks server–based
networks are more secure because security is handled for the network as a whole and not just for
individual computers. Owing to these benefits, server–based systems are extensively used by large
businesses and for various web

Nt1310 Unit 3 Network Analysis
When it comes to planning an entire system network is not a easy task. We need to explore the
options and I plan on covering this in the essay and will go into brief details about several key
concepts and explain key points in Peer to Peer (P2P) client / server architecture, web based
computing and how network and their protocols are required for successful network
implementation. With working with a Peer to Peer (P2P) network, it's a type of approach used in
computer networking that means every computer will share responsibility for any data processing.
This type of networking is common in small local LANs (local area networks), typically found in
home networking and even small businesses. This type of network can be wireless and even ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also the cross platform support, this means having the ability to access and use the
application no matter what type of web browser or OS you are using, this means complete cross
platform support from using Linux, Windows and even MacOS. Even browsers such as Firefox,
Internet Explorer and the less common ones such as Netscape, Opera and Safari will be able to
utilize the application web

Exploring Piracy within Systems Essay
Executive Summary:
In this research document, we explore piracy within systems. As informatics students we find that it
is essential to understand all aspects of systems and the role they play in aiding the transfer of
illegal, copywrite, intellectual property of others.
With extensive research into file sharing, we have discovered that that peer–to–peer file exchange is
one of the most common enabler of the exchange of illegal data. Peer–to peer file exchange occur
both physically through the use of USB drives and CD's as well as over the internet, through the use
of e–mails, shared files and torrents.
We then took a look at existing piracy threats focusing mainly on torrents and laws implemented to
help discontinue notorious piracy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Piracy as a System
Thanks to technological advancements file sharing over the Internet has become a very popular and
easy thing amongst Internet users. Different system protocols, such as BitTorrent enable quick, easy
and secure file sharing of large files. Abuse of these revolutionary systems result in the illegal
sharing of music, books, movies and software.
Problem Statement
Problem Statement:
Torrenting is a useful tool to gain access to large amounts of information. It grants the user an
opportunity to download media files with ease and accuracy. Due to its simplistic user interface, the
general public makes use of this software, which in return causes a problem for media and
production companies. Production companies lose millions of dollars each year due to their
copyright information being distributed between peers. Torrenting is both a problem and an
opportunity depending on the audience. Peers to other peers can consider Torrenting the distribution
of information. This is an act of copyright violation depending on the information being distributed.
Due to the nature of our degree, it is only appropriate to choose a topic that corresponds with our
interests and knowledge. As informatics students the technical aspects of torrenting is very
interesting as we learn to build systems such as these. Torrenting is an innovative and revolutionary
technique to distribute large amounts of information.

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Network Analysis
Contents Page Task 1
................................................................................................................................................... 3 Task
2.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Task 3....................................................................................................................................................
7 Task 1 Types of network LAN stands for Local Area Network. LAN is a type of network that
interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless and covers a greater distance. LAN is
mainly used in private organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses
wireless router at home these days and the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly.
The user can share the broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller
LANs can connect at least ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Advantages Disadvantages The user has the control to set up the network and it easier that client
server. The user does not need special knowledge of setting up the network. Performance of the
network might be slow as other users are also using the same network. It also depends on how many
computers are connected with the network. NOS is not needed for peer to peer network. Back up of
files and folders cannot be made centrally The user can share the files with other peers and can set
permissions for the files. Files and folders are unorganised as it does not have a particular share
drive therefore it is hard to locate files and is stored on individuals' computer. It can be run on any
operating system such as Windows. Each user is responsible for their own network so if a virus is
found in the network, the user is responsible for it. If one is affected, it does not affect the others
meaning files will be unavailable for that specific user, not all of them. Little or no security is
provided as sign in is not required for the users when using the

Development in System Networks
Development in System Networks
What is a Network?
Communication and information are the two most important concerns for an organization. Today¡¦s
organizations use a number of computers and communication tools (telephone, faxes, internet) to
help them function in their daily operations. Communication is crucial among departments, and
information and data throughout the organization needs to be easily accessed in order to allow for a
steady workflow. To overcome these obstacles, computer networks are necessary. Computer
networks allow the user to access programs and databases, and it provides communication
possibilities faster than other methods.
Networks allow the connection of computers and printers so that resources can be ... Show more
The drawback to a LAN is that there is a limit to the distances that computers can be shared and to
the amount of computers that can be connected to it. LANs can vary in size. A small LAN might
connect a few computers, while a large LAN could connect computers throughout a few buildings.
Common speeds are 10Mbps or 16 Mbps.
In a WAN, computers are connected together through further distances by telephone lines or radio
waves. A WAN consists of at least two LANs. The largest WAN is the Internet. A disadvantage to a
WAN is that message transmission may be delayed, lost, or damaged. Messages are passed from one
computer to another until it arrives at the destination. Effective routing techniques are important to
network performance. A single message may travel by different routes and arrive at the destination
out of order. Typical transmission speeds range from 56 Kbps to 1.54 Mbps.
A MAN is designed for a town or city. MANs are larger than local area networks, but smaller than
wide area networks. MANs are usually characterized by very high–speed connections using fiber
optic cables or other digital media (pcwebopedia).
Wireless Networks
The tremendous growth of the Internet is

Quality And Characteristics Of Different Platforms
Aim of this report is to identify nature, quality and characteristics of different platforms available
such as Peer–to–Peer, Client Server, and virtualization architecture to establish a communication
network between computers in relation with administration, security and usability. Communication
is the need for all businesses, with the growing number of population the demand to use better ways
to communicate and share resources are increasing, and thanks to the fast emerging new
technologies now organizations are able to share their resources efficiently. Today organizations can
easily established a network of the computers and devices to fulfill their need to share information,
files and resources over network. To do so, there are mainly three platforms available, each has its
own pros and cons. Even after establishment of the network there is also a need of care so that
network keep running smoothly without any problems. To optimize the working of the network, we
need to administrate the network with best practice in place. There are many roles and
responsibilities associated to in maintaining a network such as building, configuring, managing
user's permissions to performing regular test and optimizing network, but with the rise in the shift
the organization do their business also increases the threats associated to them. That is where the
need for security arises to protect with the increasing threats of malicious attack such as viruses,
hacking and botnets etc. So

Questions On The Internet Technology
Assignment 2
Of
ITC212 Internet Technology
"Short Answer Questions"
Submitted to:
Louis Hourany
Submitted By:
Upama ARYAL
11603918
ITC 212 Thursday Email: cathrina32@gmail.com
Answer 1:
The IPv4 has run out of addresses due to the rapid growth of number of devices connected to
internet every year. Thus, IPv6 is in needed. IPv6 uses 128 bit for providing space for addresses
whereas IPV4 uses 32 bit addressing which results in IPv6 having a very large increase in the
availability of IP addresses and creating a lot of advantages(Reddy et al., 2012).But the advantage of
IPv6 over IPv4 is not limited to this point. There are many other points that prove that IPv6 has
advantages over IPv4. Some of them are as follows:
a) More Efficient Routing
IPv6 makes routing more efficient and hierarchical by reducing the size of routing tables. With IPv6,
it is possible for ISPs to aggregate the prefixes of their customer's network into one prefix and
announce this very prefix to the IPv6 internet. Also, in the IPv6 networks, source device handles the
fragmentation instead of the router by making use of a protocol for discovery of the path's maximum
transmission unit ("Six Benefits of IPv6," 2011).
b) More Efficient Packet Processing
IPv6 has simplified packet header which makes packet processing more efficient. Unlike IPv4, Ipv6
contains no IP–level checksum. Thus, recalculating checksum at each router hop is not needed. It
was achievable due to the fact

It 240 Week 3 Checkpoint Essay
IT240 Week 3 Check Point Complete Case Projects 3–1, 3–2, & 3–3 of Guide to Networking
Essentials. After determining if a client–based or client/server model will be used, substantively
justify your choice in 200 to 300 words. Case Project 3–1 What changes in equipment are required
to bring this company's network up to date to solve the shared–bandwidth problem? The star
topology would change to an extended star topology; I would upgrade the cables to Cat 5e or Cat 6
UTP. I would upgrade the Hubs to 1000 BaseT Switches, upgrade the 5 extra computers with
802.11n Mbps Wireless NIC, Upgrade the 10 computers with 10/100/1000 Mbps NIC, and install a
802.11n Wireless Router. I would add a server and restrict access as ... Show more content on
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It is mainly used in small business with ten employees or less. Anymore, and the network can
become unstable. In a Peer to Peer each workstation is an administrator and the security is less to be
desired. There is almost no central security within the shared network. The only security is a
password can be added to your shared file. A different password can be given out to others as read
only. Downloading programs and files from the internet are not monitored. Shared documents would
be another uncontrolled action which will cause problems. Now my choice, Client/Server is used
throughout mid to large companies. It has a central security database. This will control all access to
any documents in the shared server. The server holds a list of user names and passwords. Only these
end users are allowed to log into the server and access shared files. The Client/Server can grow with
the company. There is an abundant amount of options for installation. Centralized Printers can be
shared throughout. Most important a centralized backup can be in place to protect valuable data. If
the server goes down or power failure accurse, lost data can be retrieved from the backup and the
company can return to business as usual. On the other hand it can be on the expensive side. A copy
of the software like Window NT can run close to a thousand dollars. Then you have the hardware for
the server. In the long run this

Should Downloading Be Broken Up? Essay
Traditional downloading is a very simple process: one goes online, finds the file that they desire,
and directly downloads the entirety of the file directly to their computer. This process is not only
time consuming, it also cannot be broken up, as doing so will cancel the entire process. This way of
downloading however can be done alone and without the assistance of anyone beyond the person
that uploaded the initial file. Peer to peer file–sharing is a networked way to download a much larger
file by downloading it one piece at a time. Users both download and upload pieces of a much larger
file at the same time, sharing their pieces with other people who are downloading the file while
acquiring new pieces. This process is guided by a very small file called a torrent that permits this
transfer to take place by acting similar to a radio frequency. Downloading and running this torrent
file will allow you to participate in the information exchange this allows the file transfer to be much
faster, seeing as multiple incoming sources exist simultaneously as outgoing sources, but it also
allows a user to stop and resume a download at will. The majority of uses for this technology are for
illegal downloading, though other companies and products have made use of the speed and clarity
offered by peer to peer file sharing. In a moment of irony, Steam, the largest online retailer of PC
games, uses the same process as the pirates in order to permit legal users to download the games the

Week 1 Term Paper
5.2 Merits:
Organizations often seek opportunities to maintain service and quality competition to sustain its
market position with the help of technology where the client/server model makes an effective
impact. Deployment of client/server computing in an organization will positively increase
productivity through the usage of cost–effective user interfaces, enhanced data storage, vast
connectivity and reliable application services.
If properly implemented its capable of improving organizational behavior with the help of the
knowledgeable worker–who can manipulate data and respond to the errors appropriately.
Improved Data Sharing: Data is retained by usual business processes and manipulated on a server is
available for designated users (clients) over an authorized access. The use of Structured Query
Language (SQL) supports open access from all client aspects and also transparency in network
services depict that similar data is being shared among users.
Integration of Services: Every client is given the opportunity to access corporate information via the
desktop interface eliminating the necessity to log into a terminal mode or another processor.
Desktop tools like spreadsheet, power point presentations etc can be used to deal with corporate data
with the help of database and application servers resident on the network to produce meaningful
information.
Shared Resources amongst Different Platforms: Applications used for client/server model is built
regardless of the

Comparison Between P2p, Client And Server And...
Comparison of P2P, Client/Server and Virtualization Networks A comparison is made between the
three models comparing different attributes to show which setup would be best feasible for a small
business unit. The network models that are compared are, Peer to Peer network, Client/Server Model
and Virtualization Models. The comparison between P2P, Client/server and Virtualization is
tabulated below. P2P Client/Server Virtualization Administration No Cost Less expensive when
compared to virtualization Very Expensive Security Less secure Secured Secured Usability Easy
Easy, fast Easy, fast Hardware Cost cheap Less costly Less costly Upgradation Easy easy complex
Maintenance Very cheap Medium cost increased Training Not required Required but very less
Essential, cost of training is high Recovery, Backup Not possible Yes Yes In terms of security, ease
of access and speed Client/Server Network Model and Virtualization Network Model are the best.
Virtualization is more complex when compared to Client/Server Model and the training and
maintenance costs are high when compared to Client/Server Network Model. Peer to Peer Network
Model is the least expensive and stable network model but does not offer security and fast access to
the shared resources. In comparison the Client/Server Network Model and Virtualization Network
Model provide high security and fast access. Recovery and backup is also possible with
Client/Server and Virtualization Models, whereas recovery and backup is not

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer ( P2p )
Peer–to–peer (P2P) networking is a network of computers that have the capability of being either a
client or a server. Furthermore, P2P is the use of your own personal computer for the purpose of
more than just basic client only tasks. Peers on a network are able to share resources, storage space,
and processing power directly available to others hosts on the network without the need of a
centralized communications model like the client/server model. Each user of the network is both a
supplier and a consumer of the resources provided on the network. Because peers are not connected
to a central server it removes the risk of losing data through a central server crash.
One of the most widely known forms of Peer to Peer networking is simply instant messaging. This
is P2P in its simplest form. AOL, Facebook, MSN, are all examples of software that uses Peer to
Peer networking in order to allow users to message one another in real time. The goal of P2P is to
make things faster and safer, so it makes sense that many companies have moved to implementing
instant messaging as a standard of communication.
Another use of Peer to Peer networking is for illegal purposes. Many of us have heard of the widely
famous software Napster. It was originally known as the pioneer behind peer to peer file sharing.
Napster was commonly used for the purpose free music downloading. Users from all around would
come and upload free music, but the problem with this was copyright infringement. Many

The Impact Of Peer Social Network On Smoking Behavior
Impact of peer social network on smoking behavior Introduction: Smoking has already become a
major problem among adolescent since long term smoking behavior may lead to many health
hazards including different types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases.
According to the policies of different countries in the world, the legal smoking age or legal age for
purchasing tobacco varies from 16 year–old to 21 year–old. In the United States, most of states have
set the legal smoking age from 16 to 21. However, based on report from CDC, every day more than
3200 adolescents start their first cigarettes before 18 years old. Another report from CASA (the
National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association) reveals that many high school students
have used additive substance including tobacco. At the same time, tobacco industries treat
adolescent as their future customer and start promotional campaigns to encourage teenage initiation
of smoking process. People in the country start worrying about the consequence of adolescent
smoking behavior including addictive substance abuse. At the same time, although no direct
evidence proves that all smokers will increase their smoking intake, research has shown that early
initiation of smoking will finally lead to habituation in life (Pierce and Gilpin, 1995). CASA study
compared adolescent with and without smoking behavior and found that those young adolescent
with smoking behavior are 5 times more likely to drink and

Network Administrator Has Higher Level Of Control
LAN stands for Local Area Network. It is a type of network that covers a greater distance and it
interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless. LAN is mainly used in private
organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses wireless router at home these
days and the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly. The user can share the
broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller LANs can connect at
least 2–3 computers using one cable. It also depends on the size of the organisation. Smaller LANs
are easier to manage. The users need to be careful when using larger LANs and need to make sure
that the network within it is transmitted efficiently. The user can increase the number of computers
connected by using routers and switches. This ensures that the network administrator has higher
level of control over the network. IEEE 802.3 is the wired Ethernet used by LAN and therefore it is
related to LAN. The set up cost for LAN is relatively cheap. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It
is a type of network that interconnects the LANs meaning it connects the LANs together over large
distance. WAN is used in school or college or in a joint network academy (Super Janet). WANs can
be both public and private. Frame replay is one type of technology used by WAN. Frame relay is a
standardised packet based protocol that is used for high speed data transmission to connect devices
by WAN. MPLS stands for Multiprotocol

Application For Peer Application Sharing Using Bittorrent...
ABSTRACT
The unique attributes of certain applications lend themselves amicable to the peer–computing
model. Peer–computing applications make efficient use of computing resources around the "edge"
of the network. The efficiency of peer–computing networks is enhanced by the availability of higher
distributed storage capacity and computational cycles. Certain applications take advantage of direct
connection between peer devices, thereby improving the efficiency of the communication link. In
this paper, the working of the BitTorrent protocol is discussed, along with the improved efficiency in
certain kinds of applications. This paper further talks about the usage of BirTorrent protocol over
local–area–network (LAN).
1.Intoduction
Peer to peer file sharing using BitTorrent protocol:
1.1 Problem Definition: A peer–to–peer computer network uses diverse connectivity between the
different participants of the network. In a conventional network where centralized resources are
used, operations such as file sharing, telephony etc., are not performed efficiently. On the other
hand, a peer–to–peer network uses the cumulative bandwidth of the different participants, thereby
improving the overall efficiency of the network. The deep dive is focused upon the file sharing
aspect of the peer–to–peer networks. Fig–1.1 An example of peer–to–peer file sharing
Among many techniques available

Positive And Negative Factors Of Mood Causes In Adolescent...
Adolescents are known for being moody, impulsive and emotional. They make decisions based on
how they're feeling without thinking about any consequences. Friends are crucial at this point in life,
but the having the right friends is even more important. Peer pressure is a part of everyday life,
however it can be either good or bad. Selection of affiliation is when people select the people they
want to be around and form friendships with. Affiliation is when people gravitate toward others with
like values and interests and provide support for context for views and behavior. Past research has
shown that mood components can spread among adolescent peer networks. These components
include both positive and negative characteristics. Yet, it seems highly more probable that negative
mood can spread throughout the network and affect the adolescent friends (Eyre, House, Hill, &
Griffiths, 2017). Preceding research used the same in–home interview surveys as in this study, with
adolescents as their participants. A list of recorded school friends was present and the mood of the
participating individual was scored based on the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression
scale. The scale was from 0–54, the higher the number the worse the mood that was indicated.
Previous studies have found a link between mood disorders in adolescents and social support; other
experiments show that emotional state of an individual can be affected by exposure to different
levels of mood (Eyre, House, Hill, & Griffiths, 2017). Over the years, researchers have found that
other illnesses are spread from person to person via social contagion. Behavior–based illnesses such
as obesity and smoking cessation have been proven to have been spread among peers. Friendships
form because of common interests, dislikes and things in common. Friendships are an open path for
spread of attitude toward certain things. Both healthy and unhealthy mood spreads and even
components of depression, but depression itself does not spread. The authors had not found any
evidence of consideration of depression symptoms in previous experiments (Eyre, House, Hill, &
Griffiths, 2017). However, in this study, they accounted for: anhedonia (loss of interest), poor
appetite,

Workstations A Workstations Is Used By Users That Work...
Workstations A workstation is a powerful computer which is used by users that work with advanced
applications. It's mainly used by IT workers with high level occupations. The advantage of having a
workstation is that you can use it as a storage device, restore you documents from it and keep it as a
database to record figures. Workstations are mostly used by IT users which carry out complex IT
tasks. ` Workstations are used for engineering programs as they have high quality graphics. Router It
is a device that shares the network connection with multiple computers. It has the capability of
connecting to other devices such as: game consoles, smart TVs etc. The advantage of having an
router that you can connect more than one device to the network. All the devices on the network can
directly communicate to each other. Routers are used a network point of connecting workstations
together. It allows operations to be carried on the network through the router access. Switch
Switches in computer networks help to send and receive data around. They help the data flow
between workstations by connecting multiple workstations on the hub. The benefit of having
switches on the network is that they prevent data from over–flowing. this is because they manage
the data speed between the switches. Switches are mainly used on the network by workstations. It
allows data to flow with ease. Connections can be made quicker with having various switches on the
network. Hub A hub is a connection

The Effect Of Integrating The Social Network Site Facebook...
(a) Problem Statement: The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of integrating
the social network site Facebook and peer reviews with in–class instruction on English writing. (b)
Introduction: In recent years, the global social networking site Facebook is being used by millions
around the world to connect, share, communicate, and socialize with each other in a virtual
environment. Researchers speculate that students can utilize Facebook to enhance their learning
through online social interaction. This way of communication can facilitate discussions and provide
students an opportunity to apply their knowledge learned in class in a supportive environment. This
research is conducted to explore the effect of a blended ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative approaches to the study. A pre– and post–test
were given to the students at the beginning and end of the semester to evaluate any improvement in
the students' learning. The test consisted of an essay similarly to that of the NCEE and focused on
five writing score criteria: content, organization, structure, vocabulary and spelling, and genre. The
students were also given a 5–point Likert survey questionnaire to provide feedback of the new
learning experience. The completed surveys were collected and analyzed by SPSS descriptive
analysis. A content analysis was also conducted to analyze the students' posts, comments, and
assignments on Facebook. Also, an interview was conducted on six students, which consisted of
three questions in order to gain feedback, perspective, and attitudes about the blended learning
English writing class. Implementation of this study started with the administration of the pre–test on
the 2nd week of the class. The first six weeks of the class was face–to–face learning in the
classroom. After the 8th week, all students were then divided into their groups and were to complete
the writing assignments and give feedback on Facebook for eight weeks. On week 17, the post–test
is administered and the survey and interviews were conducted on week 18. (d) Results: The results
of

Relationship Between A Children 's Peer Network And...
Sawka et al (2015) examined multiple categories of quantitative surveys on the relationship between
a children's peer network and dietary behavior outcomes. Unhealthy food intake findings associated
fast food and other low–density snack food consumption among friends. It is important to note one
study showed a difference between genders, as consumption of high calories snack and fast food
was higher between boys than girls. Healthy food intake findings were less significant than
unhealthy associations, although best friend vegetable intake was positively related peer friend's
vegetable intake. Additional findings suggest a potential relationship between popularity and
unhealthy low–nutrient food intake among boys. The overall findings of the review demonstrate a
potential influence of dietary behavior and friendship among adolescents. School and nutrition
professionals should consider the power of friendship when developing food–related policy and
healthy food encouragement campaigns.
P2: Adolescent behavior adaptation is positively related to mutual friend behavior adaptation
Eisenberg, Wall, Shim, Bruening, Loth, and, Neumark–Sztainer (2012) looked at adolescent
friendships and how friends behavior can influence participation in muscle enhancing, eating
disorder, or dieting behaviors. The study, based findings off of the EAT 2010 quantitative survey
data. The results included a number of overarching implications for how adolescents influence their
friend's behaviors. Same

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Network Virtualization
.2 Network Virtualization
In computing, network virtualization is the process of combining hardware and software network
resources and network functionality into a single, software–based administrative entity, a virtual
network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource
virtualization.
Network virtualization is categorized as either external virtualization, combining many networks or
parts of networks into a virtual unit, or internal virtualization, providing network–like functionality
to software containers on a single network server.
In software testing, software developers use network virtualization to test software under
development in a simulation of the network environments in which the software ... Show more
Obviously, we may utilize PVST or MST to give an unpleasant sharing of burden by part the
crossing tree inclinations for distinctive VLANs, however the outline still doesn't change generally
speaking. I've discussed this in East West and North South systems outlines. The fundamental point
is that there is a LOT of data transfer capacity that is never equally used – and that implies
squandered power, space and cooling (which cost more than the gear itself). When you move to a
Layer 2 MultiPath system, the intention is to evacuate the unused switches in your system and
expand the usage of every one of your benefits. This can be most successfully done by disposing of
the appropriation layer. Cisco FabricPath is a Cisco NX–OS programming development joining the
fitting and–play straightforwardness of Ethernet with the unwavering quality and adaptability of
Layer 3 directing. Utilizing FabricPath, you can construct exceedingly adaptable Layer 2 multipath
systems without the Spanning Tree Protocol. Such systems are especially suitable for extensive
virtualization organizations, private mists, and elite registering (HPC) situations. "Cisco turned on
yet another new component in the Nexus 7000 stage that essentially dispenses with the old and all
around sent crossing tree convention from system outlines, consequently empowering much bigger

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer ( P2p ) Network
In the event that a user decides to leave the network the referencing nodes will all be sent a message
stating that the node is leaving or has left which will then cause the referenced nodes to find the
nearest node to it and replace it with that node. This is very much similar to a node that crashes,
however the main difference is that no message is ever sent to alert the referencing nodes to notify
that the routing table has been compromised by the nodes disappearance. It is because of this
possible scenario that the reference node will periodically send a messages to the nodes that they
reference to make sure that they are still there. This proactive measure is a good way to avoid any
issues that could arise later on. (Peer–to–peer(p2p) Networks – basic Algorithms). Improvements
Joining a Peer–to–peer (p2p) network can be exciting, opening up an entire new world of shared
data and joining a large community who work together to strengthen the network. Though it is
exciting, there are many risks that come along with joining one and it is very important to learn what
users can do to stay secure. There are several precautionary steps we as users can carry–out to better
protect our–selves and not rely as much on the developers. When a p2p network is being developed,
there are issues that the developers must be aware of such as traffic control. The traffic on a p2p
network is very unpredictable and can change rapidly at any moment. There could be a sudden flash
of users

The Vs. Mathematical Model
V. MATHEMATICAL MODEL Although there are differences between the architectures discussed
so far, they however have 3 similar duties they perform [16] namely; 1) Infrastructure maintenance
of the peer–peer system: This task involves handling the periodic arrival and departure of peers to
and from the network. Prompt update of the indices of newly arriving peers and ensuring of
connectivity among peers is also important. 2) Query handling: This involves the use of efficient
mechanisms for propagating queries and returning responses. The target is effective search into the
network with minimum resource usage. 3) File transfer: This has to do with the reliability of the file
transfer between peers. In all the 3 architectures, once the requested file has been located, a direct
connection is set up between the two peers involved and the file download follows. These
similarities and differences are what have been captured by the mathematical model presented in
[16]. To capture the various characteristics, the peer–peer system was modelled as "a multiple class
closed queueing network" [16]. Each class comprises of a fixed number of peers, represented by N=
(N (1) .........N(c)), where C represents the number of classes. Workload is generated by peers online
when they generate queries or download files, they also increase the service capacity of the system
as more peers move from off–line

Network Administrator Has Higher Level Of Control Essay
Contents Page Task 1
................................................................................................................................................... 3 Task
2.................................................................................................................................................... 5
Task 3....................................................................................................................................................
7 Task 1 Types of network LAN stands for Local Area Network. LAN is a type of network that
interconnects computers and devices either wired or wireless and covers a greater distance. LAN is
mainly used in private organisations such as college or university. More or less everyone uses
wireless router at home these days and the user is able to connect between 5–10 devices wirelessly.
The user can share the broadband or the connection with ADSL by using Ethernet cables. Smaller
LANs can connect at least 2–3 computers using one cable. It also depends on the size of the
organisation. Smaller LANs are easier to manage. The users need to be careful when using larger
LANs and need to make sure that the network within it is transmitted efficiently. The user can
increase the number of computers connected by using routers and switches. This ensures that the
network administrator has higher level of control over the network. IEEE 802.3 is the wired
Ethernet used by LAN and therefore it is related to LAN. The set up cost for LAN is relatively
cheap. WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is a type of network that interconnects the LANs
meaning it connects the LANs together over large distance. WAN is used in school or college or in a
joint network

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer Network
 Peer To Peer Network Deep, Bagga, 4429850 Abstract– In this paper, they are going to review on
Peer to peer networking being pursued by couple of research papers, to get an idea of latest
upcoming technology on given topic. Peer to peer system is more than file sharing; it is a distributed
application architecture that partitions task between peers. It common aspects are fault tolerance,
Redundancy, Shared resources, decentralized management, self–service and so on. In this research
of project have five topics where give an overview results for better future. Index Terms– Social
Networking service, modelling, decentralized service, Semantic small world, Service Capacity. I.
INTRODUCTION In its simple structure, a shared (P2P) system ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To get all these required services they have to pay high cost. But, P2P (Peer to Peer) communication
system gives much easier results for all kinds of distributed resources for accessing. For the most
part, the P2P communication technology gives a support of sharing assets of clients on an
assortment of wired or remote systems utilizing terminals of the clients under a universal situation.
In other words, as the correspondence environment and an individual terminal 's execution are
enhanced, requests of substance sharing and service interworking between diverse gadgets,
whenever and anyplace, are expanding. The P2P executes a virtual space for giving a consistent
association between the individual terminals, so that services and substance are looked and shared
between P2P based devices.[1] From the perspective of the package, in future, it is expected that the
Internet deeds (e.g., E–mail or E– banking) will be for the most part led through a cellular
telephone, the cell telephone will substitute for a current server entry, and an area data service
utilizing a client 's area data will be created. Further, numerous issues brought about by the customer
server environment shows up, and the dependability of substantial measures of data flowed on the
Internet is extremely low. As such, it needs to be noticed that all data circled on the Internet is not
genuine. Thus, clients must devise how to secure

Classes of Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Networks Essay
Decentralized Peer–to–Peer (P2P) overlay networks are distributed systems in nature, without any
hierarchical organization or centralized control. They are typically divided in two main classes:
structured and unstructured [39].
Structured P2P overlay network have tightly controlled topologies and content is placed at specified
locations to efficiently solve queries. Some well–known examples are Content Addressable Network
(CAN) [44], Chord [15] and Pastry [45]. Such overlays use a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) as
substrate, where data objects (or values) are placed deterministically at the peers whose identifiers
correspond to the data object's unique key. In DHT–based systems, node identifiers are uniform–
randomly assigned to the peers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to route a query, each node checks its routing table and forwards it to a node that is
numerically closest to the key. Since the focus of this paper is not on structured P2P networks, for
the reasons highlighted in the next Subsection 2.2, we refer to [39, 40] for more information about
them.
An unstructured P2P system is composed of peers joining the network with some loose rules and
without any prior knowledge of a specific topology to preserve [39]. The resulting topology may
have certain properties, though the placement of objects at the peers is not based on any specific
topology–related property [41]. Thus, unstructured overlays provide complete flexibility on where
resources can be published by the peers; search methods are not based on hash functions and can
naturally support non–exact matches.
Search techniques for unstructured P2P overlays are typically categorized in blind and informed [41,
43].
Blind search schemes employ flooding or random–based techniques to relay queries to peers in the
network. Peers keep no information about the P2P network or the probable locations of objects for
routing queries [41]. Flooding is the typical mechanism used to send queries across the overlay with
a limited scope (e.g. Gnutella [23]). It consists in a Breadth First Search (BFS) of the overlay
network: when a peer receives a query, it returns the results if present,

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer Networks
Peer to Peer networks are one of the most popular of all social media platforms. A peer to peer
network also called p2p, which we will use throughout this investigation, "is a distributed
application architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers" (Peer–to–peer, 2014.)[2]
The interest in p2p has steadily been growing since the introduction of Napster in 1999. There are
several different types of p2p networks, platforms and architectures which we will discuss. The p2p
networks while improving still suffer from structural and security vulnerabilities, we will examine
these issues and discuss possible improvements. Discussion Peer to Peer file sharing networks are
dangerous and pose many threats to those who choose to use them. While we know that p2p traffic
consumes almost 70% of all internet traffic and in March 2014 there were 31.7 million unique ip's
using these networks (P2P Still Ranks, 2014.) These networks are popular for making popular and
copyrighted content available, much of the activity that takes place on these networks is either
sensitive or illegal which is why developers have gone a long way to make these networks and their
users as difficult to track and anonymous as possible. Current p2p software such as BitTorrent use
protocols that make it very difficult to determine where traffic is going or coming from (not difficult
enough though.) While malicious activity and attacks through these networks has been improved
upon in recent years, p2p

Peer Vs. Simplified As P2p
Peer to Peer (or simplified as P2P) connections are a way to share to share a variety of files. Some
examples include music, movies, games, and documents. Essentially, with a P2P model, each user is
also a server. Users can download data being shared on their peer's servers, and in turn share the data
they downloaded with other users as well (makeuseof). So in more practical terms, P2P sharing
gives the users total control over what is uploaded and downloaded in a P2P network. It's the Wild
West of file sharing. It has lawful and legitimate uses–such as a business using a P2P network to
share important documents with its employees–but it is also an efficient tool for piracy. Typically,
web services use a client and server model. In this model, one server can host multiple clients–
clients referring to users. Peer to peer connections work differently than client/server environments.
Instead they work on the grounds of seeders and leechers. Seeders are users that have downloaded a
file/files and are hosting a personal upload server for their peers to also access and download said
files. Leechers are people that download files without sharing them with other users. In a P2P
environment, everyone can potentially be a server and a client. The more people in a P2P
environment, the more efficient it will be. Whereas, in a typical client/server environment, the more
clients connecting to a server, the more it slows down. This is because traditional client–server

The Pros And Cons Of Linus Operating Systems
tab
International Baccalaureate
Extended Essay
"To what extent is Linux (Ubuntu) more secure than Windows 8 on a school network"
An investigation into Linux and Windows operating systems.
Mahdi Karbalai
Tehran International School
2014
Word Count:
Number of Pages:
Abstract
|| To be written at the end of the essay.
Table of Contents
Introduction 4
Chapter 1: Networks 5
1.1 What is a network?
1.2 Network Structures
1.3 Network topology
1.4 Network components
Chapter 2:Network Operating Systems 9
1.1 How do they work?
1.2 Windows 8
1.3 Linux (Ubuntu)
1.4 Linux (Ubuntu) vs Windows 8
Chapter 3: Implication of networks in Schools 4
3.1 Networks in School
Introduction
The research question is:
"To what extent is the Linus operating system ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...

There are three major types of network topologies; bus network, ring network and star network. The
topology of a networks is the virtual structure and how the devices are connected to each other. As
mentioned, this structure is virtual and the physical structure may not correspond with the name, for
example a network set up in a straight line at an office may have a ring topology, not a bus topology.
The bus network gets its name from the linear bus system (see figure 11, where all clients are
connected to a linear cable. At both ends of the bus networks, there are terminators which deny the
transmission of network signal. When a node wants to communicate with another one in a bus
network, it sends out signals across the cable for all other nodes, but the intended recipient only
accepts and receives the data. However, a software is required for bus networks to control the
transmission of data and to prevent data collision, as data loss is a possible threat in bus networks.
Compared to ring topology (mentioned below) , low cable length is required for set up, which leads
to one of the bright points of bus networks; cost effectiveness. In most peer–to–peer networks, bus
topology is used since it is to set up computers and peripheral devices. A bus network is exactly like
a series electric circuit, if there is one gap in the

Personal Narrative : Social Network Analysis
Roshan Ravishankar Dr. Carton MGMT 101 2.20.2016 MGMT 101 Paper: Social Network Analysis
As alluded to in the assignment description, it is useful to first define what my own personal idea of
success entails. I view success as maximizing my achievement and that of my close friends and
family, while defining achievement as the accomplishment of difficult and rewarding goals.
Moreover, my personal ambition is to contribute to the implementation of knowledge from statistics
and mathematics into the biological and biomedical sciences – either through a career in academia
or industry. Maintaining a strong network can help me by serving as a source of new ideas,
emotional support, guidance, and insight. For convenience, and because they are not ... Show more
My first goal is to strengthen my ties with some of the individuals in my mentoring network,
because my current network is diffuse and weak. My mentoring network consists of my advisors,
research coordinators, and other career–oriented mentors. The density of this network is only about
15%. This group is more varied in terms of age, gender, and race than my peer network. After
studying my mentoring network, I have realized that I need to improve the strength of my
relationships with the members of this network. For example, I rarely interact with these members
outside of instances where their direct consultation is necessary (such as when courses need to be
selected, a form needs to be signed, or a roadblock is encountered in a project). This ultimately
hampers my own accomplishment because it prevents me from benefiting from the advice and
guidance that my network has to offer. Thus, in the future, I plan to communicate with the members
of my mentoring network more frequently. First, I will keep them more updated on my progress, and
not allow months to pass by without communication Sending updates will strengthen our
relationship by showing them how much I value their mentorship. Second I will request their
opinion and guidance more often. This will not only demonstrate my desire to better myself, but also
grant be knowledge and perspective that will be helpful as a I move further in my

Fast Track Network Protocol Is Unique
As already discussed, this Fast Track network protocol is unique. This has become the point of
curiosity for individuals and firms to try and halt the Fast Track protocol.
Thus the majority would be the giFT project. With reference to Bergner, the preliminary indication
of giFT was the regularly used interface to FastTrack. This giFT almost reached the point to break
the FastTrack protocol. Therefore, FastTrack responded by customizing their encryption technique
making it more complex.
Since the FastTrack protocol became more complex, the giFT changed to enhance a system that can
accumulate many assorted heterogeneous networks and even then, acted as an entity which can
share files.
From then on, it was transformed to giFT Internet File Transport. This transformation triggered the
development of a brand new and improvised network protocol very similar to FastTrack. That is
known as OpenFT.
6.1 The OpenFT Architecture
OpenFT protocol divides the peers in its domain into different roles but instead of 2–tier
architecture, it has added an extra tier building 3–tier control architecture as demonstrated in the
figure.
Peers are divided into different categories based on few factors. They are network access
performance, processing speed, usage of its memory as well as accessibility.
The first tier is made up of numerous traditional machines which are also called as User peers.
Every peer in this tier has connections to big group of search peers. The user peers later on might

How Lan Can Use A Specific Lan For Essay
Describe what the user will mainly use a specific LAN for: LAN is a local–area network which
covers a relatively small area. Most LAN's are restricted to a single building or groups of buildings.
One LAN can be connected to other LANs for any distance through telephone lines and radio
waves. LAN connects the computer hardware in a localized area for example in an office or home.
Furthermore, LANs use wired connections to link the computers to each other and to a variety of
peripheral devices such as printers. Devices that are connected to a LAN enable the access of data
from any machine that is connected to the network. LAN users can communicate with each other by
chat or email. Compare and contrast the characteristics and the purposes of peer to peer LANs and
client/server LANs. On a Client/server network, every computer has a different role; for example a
client or a server. A server has been designed to distribute its resources within the client computers
on the network. Servers are located in prohibited areas such as closet, separate room (server room)
because they consist the most valuable data of an organisation. The servers do not have to be
accessed by the operators on a continuous basis. The other computers of the organisation work as a
client as shown below. Although every device on a LAN is connected to every other device, they do
not communicate necessarily with each other. There are two common types of LANs, based on the
communication patterns between

A Brief Note On P2p Vs. P2p
4.1 Description:
A peer–to–peer (P2P) network is created when two or more PCs are connected and share resources
without going through a separate server computer. A P2P network can be an ad hoc connection–a
couple of computers connected via a Universal Serial Bus to transfer files. Peer–to–peer (P2P)
networking is the networking between the same type of devices. Peers are equally privileged. P2P is
an alternative network model to that provided by traditional client–server architecture. In a P2P
network, every machine plays the role of client and server at the same time.
Peer–to–peer (P2P) is a decentralized communications model in which each party has the same
capabilities and either party can initiate a communication session. Unlike the client/server model, in
which the client makes a service request and the server fulfills the request, the P2P network model
allows each node to function as both a client and server.
In a peer–to–peer (P2P) network, every machine plays the role of client and server at the same time.
Although a P2P network has a number of advantages over the traditional client–server model in
terms of efficiency and fault–tolerance, additional security threats can be introduced. Users and IT
administrators need to be aware of the risks from propagation of malicious code, the legality of
downloaded content, and vulnerabilities within peer–to–peer software. Security and preventative
measures should be implemented to protect from any potential leakage of

A Brief Note On Peer And Peer ( P2p ) Applications Have No...
10. Peer to Peer (P2P) applications have no knowledge of the underlying network topology. They
also generate large amounts of undesired traffic. All P2P traffic must be policed and limit to
eliminate network performance degradation caused by them. 11. QoS Policing must be configured
for the undesired traffic and scavenger traffic classes over the WAN links. 12. Figures below depict
the recommended classification and queuing methods for different traffic types. 13. Below table
depict the recommended classification and queuing of different application traffic classes on DFS
wide area network. D8. Data Replication With the significant growth of data replication
requirements between field missions and FTOC, and the associated WAN ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
3. Applications for data replication over the VPN must include (but are not limited to) OnCourse,
DataDomain, and Mail backups. Any other data replication related traffic should also be examined
for feasibility of replicating over the VPN link. 4. The VPN between the mission and FTOC must be
established using secure and strong encryption methods. 5. The maximum transmit/receive
bandwidth limit parameters for VPN tunnels must comply with the FTOC's recommendation. In
general, the outbound traffic from the mission towards FTOC over the site–to–site VPN should not
exceed more than 5–10mbps. 6. If it is required, Email routing to FTOC should be routed over the
VPN not only to improve operational and performance related issues, but also to free up bandwidth
from the primary WAN links for other business applications. 7. Establishment of VPN and data
replication traffic related matters must be liaison with FTOC network managers. D9. Event Logging
1. All the network devices must be configured with the centralized logging mechanisms and the
active logs must be available at least for 90 days and the older logs must be archived and stored
securely for later analysis requirements. 2. The logs from network infrastructure devices must be
proactively monitored and analysed for any possible threats or attacks and must be addressed
immediately for the threat mitigation and

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