Performance Evaluation Of A Wimax Testbed

Performance Evaluation Of A Wimax Testbed
Performance Evaluation of a WiMAX Testbed under VoIP Traffic
ABSTRACT
Among several first mile solutions proposed so far, the key advan¬tage of the IEEE 802.16 standard, widely known as
WiMAX, is to ensure large area coverage and rather inexpensive equipment at the subscriber side. Modern requirements to
wireless connectivity include mandatory QoS guarantees for a wide set of real–time appli¬cations: this is the case of the ever
growing trend of VoIP calls. To this aim, WiMAX supports natively real–time traffic. In this paper, we report on the results of
measurements performed on a WiMAX Alvarion testbed, located in Turin, Italy. In particular, through syn¬thetic VoIP traffic
generation, we obtained the corresponding E– model figures, thus tracing the system operation intervals.
Categories and Subject Descriptors
C.2.1 [COMPUTER–COMMUNICATION NETWORKS]:
Network Architecture and Design
General Terms
Experimentation, Measurement, Performance
Keywords
WiMAX, IEEE 802.16, Quality–of–Service, VoIP
1. INTRODUCTION
As multimedia services gain momentum, new broadband access technologies emerge to address the specific requirements of
such services. To this purpose, there exist several traditional first mile solutions, leveraging cables or fibers, and a novel family
of Broad¬band Wireless Access (BWA) technologies. Among BWA tech¬nologies, the IEEE 802.16 standard [1] is considered
the leading technology for the provision of Internet–based broadband services in wide
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Internet Of Things : Computer Technology
INTERNET OF THINGS
Now days, everyone uses computer technology developed, generally we do communication between machine to human, human
to machine. in Internet of things what is things it can be any anything like appliances, goods, objects, vehicles, buildings,
animals, plants, and trees. IOT is a communication between machine to machine communications. We can connect physically
anything anytime anywhere. Internet of things also called internet of everything it connects with software, sensors, embedded
etc. Internet of things, also called internet of objects, refers to wireless network between objects, usually the network will be
wireless and self–configuring, like household application. Various internet applications are available in market. Wearable's is
the application where we can wear it on body. It connects via phone, Bluetooth, Wi–Fi, and laptop. It is best for smartphone
peripherals, instant UI usage, nearby things. Wearable is used directly on body, tracks the information. And related to security
and identification. Fit bit is the wrest bracelet provides indication of location of thing where we left. It related to health and
fitness it provides biometric measurement such as heart rate, oxygen levels, blood pressure. It also gives the information about
how many calories burned, steps climbed, and walking distance. We can connect wrest band with other things it can maintain
your room temperature and car temperature.
Pebble steel

Wireless Sensor Network Essay
Introduction:
A Wireless Sensor Network is one kind of wireless network includes a large number of circulating, self–directed, minute, low
powered devices named sensor nodes called motes. These networks certainly cover a huge number of spatially distributed,
little, battery–operated, embedded devices that are networked to caringly collect, process, and transfer data to the operators,
and it has controlled the capabilities of computing & processing. Nodes are the tiny computers, which work jointly to form the
networks. The sensor node is a multi–functional, energy efficient wireless device. The applications of motes in industrial are
widespread. A collection of sensor nodes collects the data from the surroundings to achieve specific ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
taxis or buses sending their position obtained via GPS) as well as approaches relying on location information of mobile phones
obtained from real–time location databases of the cellular network operators.
For example–:Electronic tickets, which typically employ RFID technology for registering the access to a subway station, bus
or tram, effectively turn the passenger into a part of a sensor network. The possibilities for gathering information about
passenger movement and behavior can be further increased if smart phones are used to store electronic tickets. Especially for
gathering information about intermodal transportation habits of passengers, electronic ticket applications for smart phones offer
possibilities that conventional electronic tickets cannot provide. It remains to be seen, however, to which extent users will be
willing to share position data in exchange for the convenience of using their mobile phone as a bus or metro ticket.
2. Environmental application–: These sensor networks are used in different type of environmental applications.
A common example is of 'Zebra Net'. It is used to track and monitor the movements and interactions of zebras.
Advantages of WSN
1. Wireless sensor networks are used in those hostile environments where wired networks can't be deployed. For example in a
forest, wireless sensor nodes are dropped from the air because going down there and deploying a wired setup is not possible.
2.Another

The Performance Of G.711 Viopcoder For Different Networks
Evaluation of G.711,723.1 and 729A VIOP Codec Using Guided And Unguided Communication Network
Tasnim Abdalla Abbas Mohamed / Dr.Amin Babiker A/Mustafa
Department Of Communication Engineering .Al–Neelain University
ABSTRACT
Voice over Internet Protocol is a technology that allows telephone calls to be made over computer networks like the Internet.
There are several implementations of VoIP in the internet today. Many major telephone companies like AT&T have moved over
to VoIP completely. It is still not clear how the performance varies with different network conditions, considering that the
Internet does not provide QoS guarantees. The main objective of this paper isto evaluate the performance of G.711 VIOPcoder
for different networks. Wired, Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
(WiMAX) and Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) networks were implemented in OPNET Modeler The
quality is compared using different QoS parameters like end–to–end delay, MOS, throughput and jitter. The VoIP codecs used
in the measurements of QoS are: G.711,723.1 AND 729A. Simulations showed that G.711 is the best schemes that provide
high quality of voice in Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communications .The results analyzed and the performance
evaluated will give network operators an opportunity to select the codec for better services of VoIP for customer satisfaction.

Measurement And Criteria For Selecting A Cdn
Measurement and criteria for Selecting a CDN The original purpose of measurement in CDN network is to judge whether the
CDN network has the ability to provide customers with desired content and service. performance implications of data center
consolidation by the same CDN is important because it eliminates a possibility that unrelated issues in different CDNs could
affect the results[11]. .The measurement is achieved with a combination of hardware and software–based probes distributed
around the CDN, as well as using the logs from various servers within the CDN [13]. There are five critical quality metrics.
Cache hit ration means the ratio of the amount of cache document divide The total documents. If a CDN network exploits an
efficient ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
External measurement using a third party to informs customer of content that the performance verified. There distributed many
computers which are used for measurement connected through main internet backbones in several different cities. These
computers measure if the specific Web site perform well from the end user's viewpoints. Information Group is often involved
in the external measurement. It is often act as evaluator by analyzing several parameters in a CDN network, the parameters
include scalability, manageability, area of coverage, the degree how easy it can be used, budget. For both the internal and
external measurement, depend on the types of parameters, different networks statistic acquisition are exploited. For instance, t
Traffic monitoring is a measurement technique where the traffic between the client and the surrogate is monitored to know the
actual performance metrics[13]. Network probing is a measurement technique where the possible requesting entities are probed
in order to determine one or more metrics from each surrogate or a set of surrogates[13]. Surrogate servers can also send
feedback to help acquire the data for CDN. In order to obtain the CDN status information, networks statistic acquisition are
employed rely on a number of metrics. Stimulation measurement Stimulation tools are always used to measure performance of
CDN. In stimulation measure, no actual hardware are involved in this

Network Security : Information Security
CIS647–NETWORK SYSTEMS
COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY
Prof : Philip Fitzpatrick
By:
Suresh Palleboina
(21063613)
COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY
Introduction:
Computer network Security is the most essential and complex topic in IT field. It is important that all user must have an
awareness about computer network security. Internet is a biggest network in the world which connects all computer devices in
the world. In our daily life millions of people communication each other by using internet. So it is very difficult task to protect
data which is transfer through internet. So many pioneers are try to hack the information of well reputed organizations for their
personal benefits.
What is Network security?
Network is an interconnection of many computer devices which is useful for flexible data transmissions and reception.
Network security is the process of take care bout information resources in a universal networking (Internet) environment.
Why we need Network security?
Information security is very important to every organization. If organizations fails to maintain proper networking security
measures it got losses in all aspects like software damages, Financial problems and etc.
Network Security Goals:
There are three main goals for maintaining secure networking.
1. Confidentiality
2. Integrity
3. Availability
Confidentiality is a phenomenon of operating functions in a computer is done by authorized persons only. Maintaining secrecy
in the data transformation and

The Basic Physical Layout Of A Lan
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Discussion 3
Conclusion 5
References 7
Appendices 8
Introduction:
As computer became more commonly used in universities and research labs in the late 1960s, the need of having high–speed
interconnections between computer systems within a small region generated a new interest of Internet development. The initial
motivation for building such networks was generally to share storage and printers, which were both expensive at the time.
Early Local Area Networks development started in the late 1970's by enthusiasts and commercial companies. From that time
until the present a variation of LAN's design has been offered in the marketplace. However, in the late 1980's people began to
recognize Ethernet as the flavor of choice. The following report will concern only Ethernet.
The figure in appendix shows the basic physical layout of a LAN. As illustrated, a LAN contains various data equipment that
all need to communicate with each other. A data equipment could be a web server, a printer or a database. Each data equipment
constitutes the users of the LAN. The communication between each device is accomplished by sharing a common
Transmission Medium. The Transmission Medium is typically some type of cable. This cable provides transmit and receive
capability and all needed intelligence. Knowing the physical structure helps us to better understand the potential requirements
when designing a LAN.
When it comes to design a LAN, not only

Application And Network Performance For Many Service...
1. Introduction The Domain Name System (DNS) is a major component of the Internet that maps human understandable names
to machine level IP addresses. From the past few years, as the Internet are evolved across the regions, more service providers
started using DNS in a way which was not meant such cases were used often in content delivery networks (CDNs),
NXDOMAIN Remapping and URL auto completion. But the paper mainly focus on the new class of DNS misuse called
disposable domains and author found that various service providers, popular search engines, social networks and security
companies, started heavily using automatically generated domain names to send 'one–time signal' to their servers. These
disposable domains are generally created on demand in abundant which belongs to common parent DNS zones. They have
unique cache hit rate percent which distinguish them from non–disposable domains (Yizheng et al., 2014). These unique ways
of using DNS, invents the new useful applications and network performance for many service providers. Hence, claimed that it
is important to monitor and analyse the DNS usage from the Internet service providers within ISP network and make sure
under what conditions current DNS practices are employed such that there should not be any negative impact on the network
infrastructure. In this paper, author and his team design a system that automatically identifies the disposable domains and
observes the detailed measurements on how disposable domains are

Notes On Lan Management Performance And Security Management
INTRODUCTIONS TO LAN MANAGEMENT Network management is a concept analysis which is being use on different
tools, techniques and systems to help people in dealing with numerous devices or network. Fault, Configuration, Accounting,
Performance and Security management short for FCAPS. It was created by the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) to help in allowing people around the world to better understand the major function of network management. It will be
explain below what each of these management does and how it helps in maintaining the whole network management FAULT
MANAGEMENT The fault management's goal is to detect, log, notify users and to fix network issues to keep it running
smoothly. In such cases, downtime of several kinds are not accepted. The following rules that are listed below are steps for
fault resolution of a fault management: Separate the problem by using tools like, ITU x.733 Alarm Reporting Function to
determine signs Sort out the problem Record the process that was used to find out and solve the problem. Regardless of the
importance of step 3 is, it is often not used. Unwanted effect resulted from neglecting step 3 which causes administrators to
follow steps 1 and 2 blindly instead of consulting troubleshooting tips in the database. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
It is the configuration management's objective to ensure that network and system configuration information are monitored in
order to manage and track the effects on

SDN Traffic Engineering Article Analysis
This article discusses the best in class in traffic engineering for SDN with attention to four cores including flow management,
fault tolerance, topology update, and traffic analysis. The challenging issues for SDN traffic engineering solutions are talked
about in detail. SDN is a developing networking administration that isolates the network control plane from the data sending
plane with the guarantee to significantly enhance organize asset usage, streamline network management, reduce working
expenses, and promote development and advancement. For network performance optimization by dynamically analyzing,
predicting, and regulating the behavior of the transmitted data, traffic engineering is an important subject. Over the last two
decades ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In load balancing for the control plane SDN may cause the network controller to become a potential performance bottleneck, to
overcome this controller load balancing schemes have been used. They are logically centralized and physically distributed
controller, physically distributed controller, hierarchical controller, hybrid controller, multithread controllers and generalized
controllers. The multithread controllers are developed to improve the request processing throughput. The parallelism
architecture of servers is used to provide high throughput with scalability at the controllers in multithread multicore SDN
controllers. The research challenges in flow management are dynamic load balancing scheme for the data plane and dynamic
load balancing scheme for the control plane. Now coming to the second core i.e. fault tolerance: for ensuring the reliability of
the network, SDN must be able to perform the failure recovery straight forwardly and effortlessly when a failure occurs in the
network. Even though a switch could be used in such a failure, it has neither the insight nor the information to make new route.
For this it has to depend on the controller. In this manner, we discuss the research efforts on fast failure recovery in SDN
networks. For fault tolerance in the data plane we have two failure recovery mechanisms, which are restoration and protection.
In restoration, the recovery path

Interward And Inward Network Policy
Operators are responsible for constructing the TS policy based on the targeted TS objective in any particular location for any
particular instance. TS policy will assist user's device to participate in TS operation for achieving the desirable TS objective.
Each TS policy has some upward network status sub–factor (NSF_U) and some downward network status sub–factors
(NSF_D). TS policy prefers higher values of NSF_U and lower values of NSF_D. Table I represents the considered upward
and downward factors for each TS policy. Enhancement: In order to fulfil the users' satisfaction requirement, network must
ensure the QoS requirement of the users. For enhancing QoS and service experience, users' throughput demand should be met,
which can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once different network factors are identified and users profile is constructed, utility function is used to present different
domains parameters on a single platform. In this paper, sigmoidal form of utility function [21] is used for TS policy's utility
value evaluation. where and corresponds to upper bound, lower bound, and tuning parameter respectively. Based on the user
profile these values are determined. The parameters and are the tuned steepness, modeling user sensitivity to network status
variation. NSF_U utility value is calculated by (1), whereas NSF_D utility value is obtained by (1– ). Each TS policy has a
different combination of NSF_U and NSF_D, based on the TS policy requirements. Equation (2–4), representing the TS policy
utility value for enhancement, utilization, and reduction at the same NAP. where and represent different combination of NSFs
in TS policy. is weighting factors for different NSFs based on user profile. For a given user in any instance the available
options for making decision same as (5), when operator considers not only the mentioned policies but also other different
policies which may be defined in future. The column and row of this matrix indicate policy and available NAPs respectively
for a given user. When policy is triggered by the operator the optimal destination for a given user under that policy

How The Dynamic Traffic Engineering Technique Can Choose...
On the Benefit of Information Centric Networks for
Traffic Engineering
Please Write Your Name Here
School of Electronics and Information Engineering
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Wuhan, China
Please write your email
Key Idea–This work proposed a resource allocation scheme that will describe how the dynamic traffic engineering technique
can choose specific paths based upon selected content attributes, and compare this with a typical min–MLU (Minimum Link
Utilization) traffic engineering strategy. Also this research is intended minimize the response time of the overall network using
the benefits of an ICN (Information–Centric Network) architecture which will give a better approach to do traffic engineering,
resulting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(5) It demonstrates that a significant benefit of ICNs lie in their tighter granularity in describing the network content, and that
content knowledge can improve network performance and perform better resource allocation.
II. WEAKNESS AND FLAWS
The work of this research is based on some assumptions are unrealistic and not applicable in the practical situation, these
assumptions such as:
Assuming the network is stable so all the traffic coming into network leaves the network.
Considering that the node making the allocation has a global view of the domain, where the view is a measure of the
congestion in the network.
Assuming that each node on the path keeps track of the amount of traffic allocated to the node 's outgoing links.
Assuming that transport mechanisms (say, TCP, or some form of interest–shaping in ICN) shares the bandwidth in a fair
manner among the different flows. So the response time will not be affected by head–of–the–line blocking, but by how many
flows are contending over a bottleneck resource.
III. PROPSALS FOR FUTURE WORKS
A number of open problems may be suggested for future works as follows:
Design multipath selection and allocation algorithms for robust traffic engineering in the underlay network core to deal with
the uncertain traffic fluctuation generated by overlay networks.
Present a dynamic programming (DP) approach for the computation of the minimum transportation cost paths

How Web Analytics Can Help Businesses Or Organizations...
Introduction Web analytics can help businesses or organizations with a web presence stay competitive, leading to profitability.
The use of analytics can be a powerful tool in a company's strategic approach that can be used to differentiate it from its
competitors and serve as a form of competitive advantage for the organization in competing in this twenty first century. In this
essay, various definitions of web analytics and other key terms used in this field will be examined. Definitions According to on
online–behavior.com, analytics is defined as the "process of obtaining an optimal or realistic decision based on existing data."
[1]. Davenport and Harris (2007) defined analytics, as the "extensive use of data, statistical and quantitative analysis,
explanatory and predictive models, and fact–based management to drive decisions and actions." [2]. Web analytics is defined,
according to a document from Clark University, as the "practice of measuring, collecting, analyzing and reporting on internet
data for the purposes of understanding how a website is used by its audience and how to optimize its usage." [3]. The same
document gives a much more simple definition of web analytics, as the "study of visitor, navigation, and traffic patterns to
determine the success of a given website." [3]. The document states further that "web analytics does not purely focus on the
amount of traffic which might only be helpful in evaluating your bandwidth usage and server capabilities. Instead

Advantages And Disadvantages Of 5g Mobile Architecture
This article presents an architecture vision to address the challenges placed on 5G mobile networks. A two layer architecture is
proposed, consisting of a radio network and a network cloud. Three main concepts are integrated; ultra–dense small cell
deployments on licensed and unlicensed spectrum, NFV and SDN and intelligent use of network data. This article proposes a
novel 5G mobile network architecture that accommodates the evolution of communication types, end–user behaviour, and
technology, trends in end–user and technology that motivate the challenges of 5G network and articulation of a 5G mobile
network architecture. There are 6 challenges of 5G mobile networks; higher capacity, higher data rate, lower E2E latency,
massive device connectivity, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A radio network has different types of base stations and RRUs performing a set of L1/L2 functions while a network cloud has a
U–plane entity (UPE) and a C–plane entity (CPE).This architecture will simplifies the network and facilitates quick, flexible
deployment and management. Network clouds allow resource pooling, reducing overprovisioning and underutilization of
network resources. By employing SDN and NFV, CPE and UPE functions in the network cloud can be deployed quickly,
orchestrated and scaled on demand. Resources within data centre can be quickly shifted to support popular applications. A
cloud infrastructure provides flexibility with respect to the available raw processing capacity. Parts of the platform can be
rented out to third parties. With virtualization, NAS and AS protocol can be integrated into a single protocol, removing
redundant functionality. Functionalities provided by different RAN and CN protocols can be merged. A single U–plane entity
can provide radio transport services and gateway functionalities.

Energy Efficient Wireless Network For Green Radio Project
Energy Efficient Architectures and Key Techniques to Enable Energy Efficient Wireless Network in green radio project
Abstract:
Technical innovations changed every day life as fast and profoundly as the massive use of personal mobile communications.
With rapid increase of modern communications networks, problems like emission of CO2 and energy consumption has
emerged which have a potential adverse impact upon the environment and their operating energy costs are also increasing.
Since 2006, data traffic on mobile networks has been increasing at a rate of approximately 300% and is expected to grow even
at much faster rate. This has forced the researchers to address how to design future wireless networks which can reduce the
energy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2007, analyst Gartner reported that ICT sector share about 2% in carbon emissions. It might appear small at first sight but
the overall footprint of the whole ICT sector is expected to double between 2007 and 2020. Mobile data traffic is going to
increase dramatically in the next 5 years and one of the main reason is increase in mobile video traffic. In developing countries,
electricity connections may not be directly available. So, for example, Vodafone uses extra 1 million gallons of gas per day to
provide power their network. The above example gives us an idea of how the energy is consumed by the information
technology. They are increasing energy costs with larger base station site densities which leads to increase in energy price.
Many companies have decided to reduce carbon emissions, for example Vodafone has set a target to reduce it CO2 emissions
by approximately 50% by 2020. From an operators perspective, lowering of operating expenditure is possible with reduce in
energy consumption. 3% of world wide energy is used by the Information and Communication architecture which is causing
2% of world wide CO2 emmission. The main key reason behind the development of mobile VCE green radio program is to
reduce carbon emissions (CO2) and Reduction in operating expenditure for wireless cellular networks. The challenge of energy
reduction should be achieved without compromise in the quality of service which is experienced by the

Reducing Traffic in Mumbai Local
Part of the RealInnovation Network
Home > Tools & Tactics > Breakthrough/Disruptive Innovation Tools
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Articles
A D LIN KS
Case Study: Reduce Traffic By Resolving Contradictions
By KRD Pravin Population explosion is a curse as well as a boon for India. It is the second biggest market of the world. It is a
strength, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Measurement of Problems
It has been observed that during peak hours, each train is over filled by 3–4 times its seating capacity. And during peak hours
on roads, there are frequent long traffic slowdowns or halts. These busy times are measured as follows: for local trains the
percent full per train and for roads the minimum speed of traffic. This measurement system can be mapped to measure the
effect of solving transportation problem on the overall quality of life of Mumbaikars. By maximizing the suggested
measurement specifications, a train can be filled up to 1.4–1.6 times its seating capacity and on roads, there should not be a
complete traffic halt (apart from exceptional circumstances) and traffic movement should maintain a minimum of 25–35 km/h.
A solution "fails" if it does not meet these specifications a minimum of 95 percent of the time. For calculating impact on
quality of life in Mumbai, it is assumed that transportation problems contribute 15 percent to the overall reduction. If the
solution system works within specifications, it improves a person's quality of life by 15 percent. If the solution fails to
www.triz–journal.com/content/c081208a.asp
1/3
meet specification, it is discarded and even better solutions are looked for, or if the solution is acceptable then the quality of
life will be affected proportionately. A higher penalty, however, for not meeting

Wireless Based Third Generation ( 3g ) Wireless Network
UMTS–BASED third–generation (3G) cellular network can be seen operating & working in many of the countries across the
globe. The 3G networks offer a substantial increase in the capacity for data and voice communications compared to the 2G or
2.5G networks. The 3G networks are built on WCDMA. HSDPA [2] is an updated version of Release 99 versions of the 3G
networks, providing as high as possible downlink speed of 10 Mbps. We will be going to examine 3G network capacity and
delay performances of IP–based applications on 3G and HSDPA networks. Extensive efforts are being taken to find the high
no. of users that CDMA–based systems can support while maintaining the desired quality of service for everyone [3], [4]. But
these are more useful for preliminary capacity approximation and network planning purposes. There have been a measurement
studies on 3G networks but are mainly focused on the performance of pure data traffic under lightly loaded or controlled
environments [9]. Another study [14] was done which separately measured the voice and data call capacities of an
experimental 3G network. However, the measurements were conducted in a fully controlled environment, where the network
configuration consisted of only one cell, with the admission control disabled. The study describes the performance of live 3G
networks under saturated conditions by usage of data, video, and voice traffic. Field measurements were conducted on three
commercial 3G networks in Hong Kong with the

Spatial Big Dat Challenges And Applications For Spatial...
Abstract– There has been rapid increase in spatial big data over the years which shows the role it plays in many new wireless
networking applications. We take a look at the problems that arise when dealing with spatial data and a few applications for
spatial big data, their specific design patters, research challenges and overcome these challenges by looking at a few highly
scalable parallel processing frameworks for spatial data in the Hadoop frame work using the MapReduce computational model
developed by the authors of the paper. Their results show that using Hadoop enables highly scalable implementations of
algorithms for common spatial data processing problems. Implementing these algorithms requires one to possess specialized
knowledge ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Studies show that in 2020 about $600 billion can saved using efficient routing options with the help of Geographic Information
System. Tracking endangered species– Geographic Information Systems information can be used to maintain a database for
better animal tracking. detecting extreme events like earthquakes, wildfires, floods, tornados and other naturally occurring
disasters can be detected using the built–in sensors like accelerometers and gyroscopes available in smart phones. There are
various challenges that we come across while working with Spatial Big Data like Retaining computational efficiency, Storing
Spatial Big Data into the cloud, applying new data when there is a change in the old Spatial Big Data. This paper puts some
focus on the role spatial data plays in emerging wireless applications. Due to the increase in the number of smartphones and
other mobile terminals, we are capable of measuring large numbers of different properties of the surrounding environment, and
information on the performance of the wireless networks themselves is becoming available through new information gathering
interfaces, mobile phones are moving and distributed all over is likely to make them a dominant source of sensing information
either directly from the sensors that can be embedded into the terminal equipment or as a mobile gateway that works as a data
relay for other sensing

Population in India Equates to Unbelievable Traffic Essay
Management in Action – Social, Economic and Ethical Issues
Indian government is facing the problem of traffic congestion in its four metro cities namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and
Chennai. Delhi is the worst affected. Reports say that on an average 1,200 vehicles are added to delhi roads daily. In September
2010, Mail Today carried a report quoting CRRI scientists. It said, "Six years of Delhiites', careers are spent in snarls as 7
million man hours and Rs. 100 crore in productivity are lost to gridlocks, making the capital the worst congested city in
India."What has the ministry worried is that though the Master Plan projection for public transport usage is an impressive 80
per cent by 2020, it has actually slipped to under 40 per cent ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
VEHICULAR GROWTH: The uncontrolled and ill planned growth of urban centers has resulted in a number of problems like
traffic congestion, shortages of water and electricity, deteriorating environment and public health. The growing cities have
generated the high levels of demand for travel by motor vehicles in the cities. To match the increasing travel demand
commensurate efforts have not been made to develop the mass transport systems
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS: This section describes the traffic characteristics such as traffic volume and composition,
Travel patterns and speed measurements on major roads in few case studies in Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore. Comparison is
made as to how the traffic characteristics are changing over a period of time and the emerging issues are highlighted
TRAFFIC VOLUME: The traffic has grown tremendously on the road network of Delhi in all the areas. The maximum average
growth was observed in the inner area (8% per annum) followed by outer area (6% per annum) and middle area (3% per
annum). The typical hourly variation of traffic volume on selected road sections in each of the areas
TRAFFIC COMPOSITION: It consist of cars, two wheelers, auto/taxies, busses, trucks etc
Answer 2.
Traffic generation model
A traffic generation model is a stochastic model of the traffic flows or data sources in a communication network, for example a
cellular network or a computer network. A packet generation model is a traffic generation model

The Installation Guide For Screen The System With No...
establishment procedure will get the product prepared to screen the system with no further confused hindrances. The
Installation guide can be found under Appendices (Paessler Ag; Nearly 95% of Customers Would Recommend PRTG Network
Monitor, 2016) (See Appendix A)
8.1 Login
In the case of everything works fine, the user won 't see the login screen on the first startup yet the gadget tree promptly. The
user just needs to sign in physically in the event that the user switches the program. (See Appendix A)
8.2 Smart Setup
For the new establishment on a PC, The PRTG naturally demonstrates the Smart Setup. This setup partner, spoke to by a
portion of the Paessler 's well–disposed workers, will control the client through the underlying setup of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
it will control you through 5 fundamental setup steps where you can enter more data about the system. PRTG will run another
auto–revelation with this data to include more gadgets and sensors to the checking gadgets. Obviously, the client can likewise
alter the observing settings gave amid the Smart Setup later whenever. the client can simply alter the checking to their
necessities. (See Appendix A) (Paessler.com, 2016)
9 General Layout
The Welcome page keeps the user informed about the current Alarms which allows the user to see the issues in the network or
the device that went down. (See below Figure A)
9.1 Tree View Layout
Clicking on the Review Results on the Welcome page will re–direct the user to the Tree–link device view which will be a
starting point for everyday use or click Devices in the main menu bar. Figure B Tree–View and Discovered Devices in
Network
PRTG scans the network system by pinging the IP addresses in the subnet of the PRTG framework and adds every single
reachable gadget to the particular system observing structure however for the gadgets that are on various subnets required
physically begin an Auto–Discovery to find different gadgets. (See above Figure B)
The main menu provides access to all the important aspects of the software such as:
9.1.1 Devices
This page shows the devices from the monitoring database from one group (and its subgroups) and The user can click

Network Performance Tools For Network
In this present time, wide range of network performance tools are available. These tools are very helpful for network
administrator to check out the changes in the traffic over the network. However, network performance tools upsurge so it
becomes very difficult to find out the appropriate tool. Whereas in this paper we worked on various network performance tools
and find out the different metrics with various network performance tools. After manipulating different tools we evaluate these
tools and find out which tool suits best over the others. By figuring out their main attributes, strengths and flaws. Keywords
Performance Evaluation, Benchmarks, Network Monitoring, Traffic Generation. Network communication is an increasing
phenomenon as associated technologies are improving. This is very important in the all aspects of life. In present time, there is
a lot of traffic over various kind of networks. Due to this, the network performance gets compromised. There are wide range of
network performance and traffic generation tools available and these are very useful for the network administrator. With the
help of these tools, they can monitor and test network performance. However, it is not an easy task to find an appropriate tool
and start checking performance related attributes. It is like looking for a needle in a haystack due to the large number of
availability of these tools. It is very difficult to find tools that are suitable with desired characteristics and features.

Integrative Network Design For Mcdonald Fine Foods
Integrative Network Design For Kudler Fine Foods Carrie Warnecke NTC 362 University Of Phoenix Christina Spencer
February 9, 2015 Introduction Kudler Fine Foods is a specialty food store located in the San Diego metropolitan area. The
company has three locations; La Jolla, Del Mar, and Encinitas. There are currently 30 employees split between the three
locations (Kudler Fine Foods, 2007). After review of Kudler Fine Foods (KFF) current network, it has been determined that a
network upgrade is necessary for all locations. Current Network In reviewing the Kudler Intranet site it can be determined that
all three Kudler offices are connected via a dedicated T3 line, set up as a bus topology. Each location is built around a 100base
T, fast Ethernet environment. La Jolla serves as the home office location and the location for the main company server. The
main server is an IBM blade server system C3000 with a UNIX operating system. As the main company server it runs all the
corporate procurement and logistic software (SAP, ERP) and is responsible for all the print/file services, network services,
company e–mail, storage control, and the internal and external web. Server backup is provided by a 10GB network–attached
storage system. The retail stores are connected to the network via a point of sale server and point of sale terminals.
Communications in and out of La Jolla are ported through two Cisco routers with firewalls. The La Jolla

The Core Layers Of Defense
Internet of Things is a new technology that delivers communication among billions of smart devices via the Internet such as
smart car, vending machine, smart house, health system and business system, etc. Nearly 50 billion devises and sensors will be
connected to the Internet by 2020 and most of them will perform their duties without having security. In addition, the critical
mission of a massive interconnected devices are security and interoperability. Hackers will use more complex tools and
techniques to breach the network system. Hence, companies should establish strong security countermeasures and the best
approach to provide superlative is security by deploying multilayer security method which is called defense in depth. Defense
in depth is considered as a vital part for securing the Internet of Things because defense in depth eludes a system from facing
single point of failure. This paper discusses the seven core layers of defense in depth approaches which are policy, procedures
and awareness, application security, data security, physical security, host and server security, network and perimeter security,
and wireless security. The first layer of defense in depth are policy, procedures and awareness, which are the most important
parts of the defense in depth. The first part is policy, policy is a set of rules and principles which are written to govern all
organization areas in order to secure the assets. Policy should clearly and accurately determine all of the

Internet Of Things : Computer Department
INTERNET OF THINGS Submitted to Dr. Salam Professor Computer department Southern University and A&M College By,
Cluster Number: 5 Sravanthi Kodadala Sharath Karre Akila Palamoor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We can connect wrest band with other things it can maintain your room temperature and car temperature. Pebble steel is a
watch it connects though mobile it gives mobile phone notifications and calculates health measurements also. If you feel sick it
informs that you're not feeling well. And also gives warnings too. Google glass is wearable technology developed by Google. It
connects with your phone. It is hand free device communicate with internet via voice commands. It has a features like touch
pad located on side of the glass, operate by swiping the screen displays on screen; camera, it has ability to take photos and
record video and display led display it reflects on a virtualized screen it display the photos and video on projector screen. It can
also use for security purpose also it gives the people entering in the home/office if we can lock or unlock door through glass.
Samsung galaxy gear is similar to apple watch it connect with your phone it has control panel, display it shows all the
information of connected devices and messages and time, wrest band to secure your device, cradle connector plates and
speaker. Fig 2.wearable in IOT Home Automation: With advancement in technology, application of IOT is increasing rapidly
and in different fields like agriculture, construction, Transportation and smart cities. In this

Network Management Model Essay
Abstract: Telecommunication networks are becoming more and more complex, as a result telecommunication operators are
facing big operational problems to monitor or manage the performance of the system. Telecommunication Management
Network (TMN) is the framework developed by International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization
Sector (ITU–T) for managing telecommunications networks and services. Performance Management (PM) is one of the five
core management functionalities identified by ITU–T. A Network Management System (NMS) falls under the Network
Management Layer of the TMN. This paper provides the foundation for understanding PM principles and PM operation
workflow by analyzing architecture for a PM System in NMS and to understand the challenges in the implementation of PM
System ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Business Management Layer (BML) is responsible for the implementation of policies and strategies within the
organization that owns and operates the services and possibly the network itself. The Service Management Layer (SML) is
responsible for the customer contractual aspects that include service complaint handling, order handling and invoicing, of
services that are being provided to customers or available to potential new customers. The Network Management Layer (NML)
takes care of coordination of activities of a network which involves managing relationships and dependencies between network
elements that are required to maintain end–to–end connectivity of the network. The Element Management Layer (EML) is
responsible for functions related to either a single or a small number of network elements located in a small geographical area.
The Network Element Layer (NEL) represents telecommunication equipment (or groups/parts of telecom. equipment) and
supports equipment or any item or groups of items considered belonging to the telecommunications environment that performs
Network Element

The Institute Of Electrical And Electronics Engineers Essay
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is a worldwide association of professional dedicated to the
advancement of technology. They have developed 802 Standards that have impacted most of the modern era of
telecommunications and computer networking. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) overlooks standardization
over a broad spectrum of products and services in numerous industries including technology, electronics, construction, dairy
and livestock. Established almost 100 years ago, ANSI has provided standards for many products including lamps, cameras and
computers. The International Organization for Standards (ISO) is a similar body that has an international focus in providing
standards for many different sectors including technology, food safety, agriculture and healthcare. Similar in nature to ANSI,
ISO was originated in the U.K. after World War II. All three associations are committed to in making advancements in products
and services and avoid waste and ensure safety by implementing standards in business industries to create stability and
commonality. The three bodies have working agreements of cooperation. Also, each organization was founded by engineers.
The IEEE is more focused on telecommunications and technology. The IEEE has a global membership and has many working
groups that target the critical standards in today's telecommunications. Its foundation is based on the very beginnings of
electricity and the enormous growth of

Mobile Ad Hoc Network Research Paper
A Mechanism for Detection of Cooperative part attack in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks "Jaydip Sen ; Sripad Koilakonda ; Arijit
Ukil" A mobile impromptu network (MANET) could also be a assortment of autonomous nodes that communicate with one
another by forming a multi–hop radio network and maintaining connections in an extremely localized manner. Security
remains a significant challenge for these networks due to their choice of open medium, properly dynamical topologies, reliance
on cooperative algorithms, absence of centralized observation points, and lack of clear lines of defense. Most of the routing
protocols for MANETs are so in danger of various types of attacks. impromptu on–demand distance vector routing (AODV)
could also very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Flooding attack is one such kind of DoS attack, at interval that a compromised node floods the entire network by inflicting
associate in nursing large of faux RREQs to nonexistent nodes at interval the network, thus resulting in network congestion.
Throughout this paper, the protection of painter AODV routing protocol is investigated by distinctive the impact of flooding
attack on it. A simulation study of the implication of flooding attack on the performance of the AODV routing protocol is
presented. The simulation surroundings is implemented by using the NS–3 network machine. it's determined that as a result of
the presence of such malicious nodes, average proportion of packet loss at interval the network, average routing overhead and
average system of measurement demand – all can increase, thus degrading the performance of painter significantly.
Simulation study of part and Jellyfish attack on painter victimization NS3 "Nidhi Purohit ; Richa Sinha ; Khushbu Maurya"
Wireless networks are gaining quality to its peak recently das result of the user's need wireless property regardless of their
geographic position. There is associate increasing threat of attacks on the Mobile Ad–hoc Networks (MANET). The attacks
studied throughout this paper are against the routing protocols in Mobile impromptu network. We've got used AODV for
simulating this attacks NS3. Region attack is one in each of the protection threat

Automatic Frequency Planning & Optimization
Automatic Frequency Planning and Optimization Algorithm for Cellular Networks Muhammad Umair, Waleed Bin Shahid,
Masab Javed Abbasi, Department of Electrical Engineering Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) SE100–44 Stockholm,
SWEDEN E–mail: mumair@kth.se, waleed.shahid@mcs.edu.pk , masab.abbasi–pc@telenor.com.pk Abstract– Frequency
planning in ever growing cellular networks is an extremely arduous task. Any effort to lay down manual frequency plans
promulgates inefficiency in the cellular radio systems. The extensive deployment and penetration of cellular networks
necessitate the need to carry out automatic frequency planning. This paper presents a novel and ingenious algorithm for
automatic generation and optimization of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
II. PREPARING INPUT DATA FOR ALGORITHM A. Development of Hypothetical Grid for Topographical Analysis The
very first step is to divide the geographical area under consideration into square regions of identical dimensions. These small
regions are called bins. The concept of bin facilitates in analyzing the topography because the network parameters are changing
with changing values of geographical coordinates, and by following the hypothetical grid approach it has been assumed that
network parameters do not change within a bin, which is basically a small unit area. An important aspect to be highlighted here
is that keeping the size of the bin smaller enhances accuracy. So, in this regard the dimensions of these bins have been set to be
so minute that the bin can be approximated to have the same value of longitude and latitude. Also due to this minute area of
bins, it is assumed that the signal strength does not change or deteriorate in a particular bin. The coverage area of each of the
base station in the network is a calculation of the total number of bins for which that particular base station acts as the best
server. B. Inter Cell Dependency Matrix (ICDM) Development of an efficient frequency planning algorithm requires in–depth
knowledge of the cellular environment and live system measurements can also be of great help in this regard. As the ICDM

Analyzing Dynamic Traffic Management Of Railway Traffic...
Genetic Algorithm Based Train Simulation using Concurrent Engineering
VENKATA KRISHNA KOUSIC JAMILI jamiliguf13077@gmail.com
Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science
Fall 2014
Under the guidance of Dr. Mais W Nijim
Texas A&M University–Kingsville, EECS Dept.
MSC 192, Kingsville, TX, USA 78363
Abstract –– Current practices in the operational level management of railway traffic network is mostly based on predefined
rules and on the ability of traffic controllers and train dispatchers to detect and avoid conflicting situations. Delays caused by
technical failures, fluctuation of passenger volumes, or weather conditions can be partly absorbed by a stable and robust ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to this project also designs a feedback controller that computes the most effective actions, based on the
measurements of the actual train positions. The control measures are restricted to changing the order if running trains on the
same track.
Keywords –– Dispatchers, Information Flows, Simulation, Related Process, Division Head, Linear Programming, Waiting
Time
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Model: Consider a periodic railway operations system that follows a schedule, in nominal operation mode, assume that all
the trains follow a pre–scheduled route, with a fixed train order and predefined connections. If for any of the reasons
mentioned before delays are introduced in the network, it might be advantageous to change the train order so as to minimize
the delays.
1.2 Requirements Specification:
 In this project my main goal is to control the train accidents and also developed a system for trains which allows minimum
and maximum waiting times.
 The division head has control and timings by using the map.
 It also make the count of no. of trains entered into the station as well as individual platform.
 Train active status is also developed by selecting the associate train number and the motion also developed.
1.3 Problem Statement: The problem statement concentrates on the data entry perspective and expectations. It is the basic input
to the software requirement and

Load Optimum Mpls Routing With Routers And Links
Load Optimum MPLS Routing with Routers and Links (N+M)
ABSTRACT:
MPLS is now a days the most important thing in the intra domain routing (i.e. routing in own domain or network). The main
advantage of MPLS is the flexibility it offers towards traffic engineering ex. To support higher demand without overloading
any links. Most of the major vendors are now offering MPLS routers and many ISPs are deploying MPLS in their IP backbone
as well as in ATMs and frame relays. Because of this increase in transition to MPLS we are required to increase our knowledge
towards the importance and limitations of MPLS.
Mitra and Ramakrishna from GLOBECOM'99 has showed optimum routing solutions can be found to achieve the goals for
diverse set of Traffic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It can provide applications like Traffic Engineering, Quality of Service and Virtual Private Networks. The packets in MPLS are
directed through the network based on an assigned label. The label is associated through the network with an assigned path
which allows a higher level of control on the packets than in packet–switched networks. MPLS routing allow differing QoS
characteristics and priorities to be assigned to particular data flows. Traffic Engineering explains the optimization of
fundamental abilities of the network [2]. " Traffic Engineering is the process of controlling how traffic flows through ones
network so as to optimize resource utilization and network performance"[3]. It is performed by detouring the traffic to paths
that are lightly loaded in order to balance the load amongst the paths as per the various calculated metrics. These can be
divided as two types. They are state dependent and time dependent. Both of them are focused to balance the traffic so that they
can avoid the congestion. State dependent policies change the traffic in short time scale depending on different metrics
calculated both online and offline of the present traffic and the time dependent policies engineer it based on long time scaling.
Both these methods aim to balance the traffic so as to avoid the congestion.
The problem that we face while using previous MPLS routing solutions is that

Nt1230
Chapter 2 NT1230 10/3/2014
1. When was the first major standard describing a structured cabling system released? c. 1995
2. What doe EIA and TIA stand for? i. EIA – Electronics Industries Alliance ii. TIA – Telecommunications Industry
Association 3. What are the three parts of the EIA/TIA 568–B standard? i. EIA/TIA–568–B.1: Commercial Cabling Standard,
Master Document ii. EIA/TIA–568–B.2: Twisted–pair Media iii. EIA/TIA–568–B.3: Optical Fiber Cabling Standard
4. Identify the six subsystems of a structured cabling system. i. Building Entrance (Also called (EF) Entrance Facilities) ii.
Equipment Room (ER) iii. Telecommunications Closet (Also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ii. Most manufacturers are recommending the use of UTP cable for cabling computer networks except for very noisy
environments.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Section 2–4
21. What are the color maps and pin # assignments for T568A and T568B? i. T568A – White–Green/Green/White–
Orange/Blue/White–Blue/Orange/White–Brown/Brown a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ii. T568B – White–Orange/Orange/Blue/White–
Blue/Green/White–Green/White–Brown/Brown a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
22. What is the difference between T568A and T568B? i. They are just two different manufacturer standards used to wire the
modular connector hardware. a. There is no performance improvement with either, just a color order choice. b. Industry tends
to favor T568A wiring order; however, either order can be used as long as the order is maintained throughout the network.
23. How many wires are in a CAT6 twisted–pair cable? i. 8
24. How many wire pairs are in a CAT6 twisted–pair cable? i. 4
25. In regards to a CAT6 cable, what pin numbers in an RJ–45 connecter are used to carry data in a FastEthernet network?
26. What does an "X" on

The Impact Of Information Technology On An Institution 's...
Introduction
Information technology has become so pervasive in our lives that acts and ordinances are being enacted and amended on a
regular basis in order to keep a check on its exponential growth. Nearly every field has a law that institutions need to be in
compliance with; the healthcare segment has the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, retail has the Payment
Card Industry Data Security Standard, the banking sector needs to comply with the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, and educational
institutions receiving funding from the government have the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act. Even though these
acts are as comprehensive as possible in terms of covering security features organizations need to implement, there always
exist circumstances wherein certain entities exploit vulnerabilities in an institution's security program, thereby compromising
the sensitive data of its stakeholders. Therefore, in order to supplement the controls set in place by the aforementioned acts,
individual institutions need to evaluate their current security frameworks and accordingly deploy monitoring, metrics, reporting
tools and analysis (MMRA) so that they can either proactively fix gaps in their system, or react in the shortest time possible to
any security threats to the system.
Different organizations approach MMRA in different ways. They could decide to use tools and methods developed internally,
use off the shelf packages, or even a hybrid of the two. The rest of this

Advantages And Disadvantages Of LTE Networks
These technologies bring the network closer to mobile users and improve spectral efficiency (SE) per unit arena (i.e capacity).
Due to lower power and smaller physical size, pico/ femto/ relay cells can also be deployed to eliminate coverage holes and
relay cells can be used in backhaul, where wire line backhaul is unavailable or not economical [150]–[152]. The heterogeneous
deployment of LTE networks comprising of conventional Macro cell base stations overlaid with LPNs. The often random and
unplanned location of these access points can cause severe interference problems especially for cell edge users. This problem
was typically addressed by coordinating base–station transmissions to minimize interference. Figure 2.10 shows a
heterogeneous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Disadvantages: Despite the benefits that can be achieved by this technique, there are some challenges that need to be
addressed, including management of the interfaces between heterogeneous environments and the dead zone problem. Towards
this direction, 3GPP LTE standard has introduced Inter Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) methods since Release 8
specifications. ICIC was developed to deal with interference issues at cell–edge and mitigates interference on traffic channels
only in heterogeneous network. These limitations were bypassed with Release 10 specifications which introduced enhanced
Inter Cell Interference Coordination (e–ICIC). Enhancements were brought to deal with interference issues in Heterogeneous
Networks and mitigate interference on traffic and control channels. In such networks, two major scenarios for severe inter cell
interference should be highlighted: macro–pico scenario with Cell Range–Extension (CRE) and macro–femto scenario with
Closed–Subscriber–Group

Essay On Dynamic Channel
Dynamic Load Balancing Using Selective Borrowing in Wireless Network. Mohammad Aghaz Khan M. Tech. Scholar
Department of Computer Science Al–Falah School of Engineering & Technology, Faridabad. Jawed Ahmed Astt. Professor
Department of Computer Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi Keywords : Efficiency, Channel allocation, Mobile
communication, FCA, DCA, Resource flexibility, CBWL, LBSB Abstract The demand for mobile communication has been
growing day by day. Resource flexibility is one of the most important issues in the coming generation of mobile
communication. Radio frequency channels are a scarce resource and have to be reused as much as possible. Different
techniques are required to increase the efficiency & flexibility of the network to deal with new services and to adopt the new
traffic profiles and characteristics Many channel assignment schemes such as fixed channel assignment (FCA), dynamic
channel assignment (DCA) and hybrid channel assignment (HCA) have been proposed to assign frequencies to cells with a
goal to maximize the frequency reuse. In this paper, we make a review of the characteristics of various channel assignment
specially dynamic (LBSB )schemes.

Internet of Things is a new technology that delivers communication among billions of smart devices via the Internet such as a
smart car, vending machine, smart house, health system and business system, et cetera. Nearly 50 billion devices and sensors
will be connected to the Internet by 2020 and most of them will perform their duties without having security. In addition, the
critical missions of a massive interconnected device are security and interoperability. Hackers will use more complex tools and
approach to provide better security by deploying a multilayer approach which is called Defense in Depth. Defense in Depth ...
A good policy should be concerned with providing data confidentiality, integrity, availability, resource protections, and also
should be audited periodically. An example of policy is to send out critical data via the Internet, the data must be encrypted.
The second part is procedures: which are a detail of the steps and documentations that explain how a particular function or job
should be done. For instance, a detail instruction which tells how a particular program should be installed. The last part is the
awareness and training which is very critical to take into consideration. Thus, all employees should be trained and aware of
general security by providing them with security training whenever it is necessary and educate them about cyber security.
The second approach of Defense in Depth is application security: applications are programs which are run by users for multi–
purpose tasks. Users directly interact with applications, such as internet browsing and using email; therefore, applications have
more associated with security risk and vulnerability. Vulnerability is the weaknesses of a system which hackers may take
advantage of and can compromise the system. There are a lot of way to protect applications from intruders, such as
vulnerability scanners which is tools and programs used to detect vulnerability before the attacker compromises the system.
Another security tool is the penetration test which breaks into network systems after finding the

Characterizing Web Page Complexity And Its Impact Essay
2. Literature Review
2.1. Characterizing Web Page Complexity and Its Impact
In these paper author focus on finding the gap in understanding how complex individual Web sites are and how this complexity
impacts on the usersperformance. Also characterize the Web site both at content level (like, number and size of images) and
service level (like, number of servers/origins). It may happen that some categories are more complex than other such as 'News
'. Out of hundred 60% of Web sites fetched content from minimum five non–origin sources, and these give more than 35% of
the bytes downloaded. In addition, they examine which metrics are most suitable for predicting page render and load times and
catch that the number of objects requested is the most important factor. With respect to variability in load times, however, they
alsofind number of servers is the best indicator. Two techniques Correlation and Regression are used For Correlation the
computation analysis between the median values of various complexity metrics of Web site and median values of Render End
(Render Start) across multiple measurements of that Web site.This analysis tells the good indicator of time that requiresto load
page.
2.2. Website Complexity Metrics for Measuring Navigability
Now recent years, navigability has become the axis of website designs. Existing mechanism haveproblem into two types. The
major is to assess and measure a website's navigability in contrast to a set of principles. Another is to

Data Center Network : Neha Maid Essay
Data center networks
Neha Maid
Abstract – Presented here is a survey paper that puts light on the recent work and research done in the field of Data Center
Networks. This survey paper is divided into sections describing each aspect of data center networks. The aspects covered are
Routing in data center networks, networking infrastructure inside a data center, five generations of datacenter networks,
congestion control protocol, Green data centers. Brief description has been provided regarding the power consumption of data
center networks and the need for research in this area to make the data center networks environmental friendly by optimized
energy utilization.
INTRODUCTION
In today's world each sector of industry need the internet services. The way we enjoy the deep services provided by the internet
is only possible because of data centers. They play a critical role for enterprises by helping them expanding their capabilities.
Incorporating software abstractions with DCN has helped with the evolution of DCN. As the need for cloud based applications
increase so does the need of DCN to work more efficiently increases as well. Because of cloud computing the DCN are
growing even larger in size and will grow further more in future. DCN contains thousands of servers. Interconnecting all these
servers is the challenge the researchers face. They are generally connected via network interface cards, cables, routers and
switches. Placement of all these devices

Internet of Things is a new technology that delivers communication among billions of smart devices via the Internet such as a
smart car, vending machine, smart house, health system and business system, et cetera. Nearly 50 billion devices and sensors
will be connected to the Internet by 2020 and most of them will perform their duties without having security. In addition, the
critical missions of a massive interconnected device are security and interoperability. Hackers will use more complex tools and
approach to provide better security by deploying a multilayer approach, which is called defense in depth. Defense in depth ...
A good policy should be concerned with providing data confidentiality, integrity, availability, resource protections, and also
should be audited periodically. An example of policy is encrypting critical data in order to send it via the Internet. The second
part is procedures, which are details of the steps and documentations that explain how a particular function or job should be
done. For instance, a detail instruction which tells how a particular program should be installed. The last part is the awareness
and training which is very critical to take into consideration so as to employees protect the company's information and inform
the responsible staffs. Thus, all employees should be trained and aware of general security by providing them security training
whenever it is necessary and educate them about cyber security.
The second approach of defense in depth is application security. Applications are programs which are used by users for multi–
purpose tasks. Users directly interact with applications, such as internet browsing and using email; therefore, applications have
more associated with security risk and vulnerability. Vulnerability is the weaknesses of a system which hackers may take
advantage of and can compromise the system. There are a lot of ways to protect applications from intruders, such as
vulnerability scanners, which are tools and programs used to detect vulnerability before the attacker compromises the system.

Week Three Homework
Carlyle Brown
Network Protocols and Standards
Week 3 Homework
1. When was the first major standard describing a structured cabling system released?
c. 1995
2. Why is balance an issue in UTP cables, and what is TCL?
i. The balance or symmetry of the signal over the wire pairs helps minimize unwanted leakage of the signal. ii. TCL –
Transverse Conversion Loss – The TCL measurement is obtained by applying a common–mode signal to the input and
measuring the differential signal level on the output. a. TCL is sometimes called LCL (Longitudinal Conversion Loss). The
ELTCLT value (expressed in dB) is the difference between the TCTL and the differential mode insertion loss of the pair being
measured. TCTL is the loss from a balanced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
18. What is the data rate for gigabit Ethernet? i. 1000Mbps (802.3z)
19. What is a benefit of using shielded twisted–pair cabling? i. Cable with the addition of a shield is called shielded twisted–
pair (STP) cable. The addition of this shield reduces the potential for electromagnetic interference (EMI) as long as the shield
is grounded. a. EMI originates from devices such as motors and power lines, and from some lighting devices such as
fluorescent lights.20.
20. Which cable, UTP or STP, is preferred by the industry? i. Industry testing on STP cable has shown that the addition of a
shield does increase the usable bandwidth of the cable by increasing the noise rejection between each of the wire pairs.
However, the tests have shown that there is not a significant advantage of placing a shield over a properly installed 4pair 100–
ohm UTP cable. ii. Most manufacturers are recommending the use of UTP cable for cabling computer networks except for very
noisy environments.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Section 2–4
21. What are the color maps and pin # assignments for T568A and T568B? i. T568A – White–Green/Green/White–
Orange/Blue/White–Blue/Orange/White–Brown/Brown a. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ii. T568B –

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