An Overview Of Selective Mutism Essay

An Overview of Selective Mutism Essay
Hesselman coined the term "selective mutism" in 1983 to describe the disorder previously called
"aphasia voluntaria, elective mutism, speech phobia, psychological mutism, and hearing mute"
among fourteen other historic terms (Dow, Freeman, Garcia, Leonard, & Miller, 2004; Kearney,
2010). The American Psychiatric Association, or APA, characterizes selective mutism by a
"persistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speech is expected, despite speaking in
other situations." Selective mutism shifted in recent years from being viewed as a response to
trauma sustained early in life to a manifestation of an anxiety disorder (Dow et al, 2004). This paper
briefly covers all aspects of selective mutism from signs and symptoms to ... Show more content on
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(Beidel & Turner, 2005, p. 229) Many children with selective mutism speak normally, and often,
while around or in familiar people and situations. Situations recognized as familiar and comfortable
vary for each child. Generally, children feel most comfortable in their home. One child might
whisper to a teacher at school while another child might only speak to one friend in the school
setting. While children with selective mutism might have several close friends, the environment in
which they are determines whether the child will interact with them. Many will speak freely during
play–dates at home and not say one word while at school. Most parents fail to recognize their child's
disorder until early kindergarten years and contribute the lack of speech prior to entering school as
shyness or fear. The average age of onset for selective mutism occurs between three and five years
(Beidel & Turner,
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Selective Mutism Study
There are many treatments for Selective Mutism, such as psychodynamic, family systems, and
pharmacological approaches, however the most commonly used techniques are behavioral
interventions (stimulus fading, contingency management, shaping, learning theory approaches,
escape–avoidance, and self–modeling techniques) (Mitchell & Kratochwill, 2013). It is very
important that children who begin to display signs of Selective Mutism get treated right away to
avoid further impairment in their academic success and social interactions.
Much of the treatment used for Selective Mutism utilizes the same cognitive behavioral principles
that successfully treats social anxiety in children, but with more emphasis on speech (Barlow, 2015).
Treatments for

Selective Mutism Essay
Selective Mutism
Selective mutism is an extreme anxiety disorder, and although children with selective mutism speak
and act very normally in their home environment together with family members, they are unable to
talk in social settings out of their comfort zone (such as at school). Most of the kids with SM have
social phobia or social anxiety, and they are not mute intentionally, but they are unable to speak.
Usually, SM is mistaken for autism; that is a much more severe problem. Not all children show their
tension, in the same way, some may be totally quiet and not able to talk to anybody in a social
setting, others may have the capacity to address a chosen few or be able to whisper. They may stop,
be blank, unemotional and may be socially isolated. Excessive shyness, withdrawal, clinging
behavior, temper, negativism are some of the characteristics of selective mutism. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment requires a team work, involving therapists, teachers and family members. It is critical
for the teachers to understand the nature of selective mutism, and cooperate with therapists and
family members. Usually school is the most difficult place for kids with SM where they can be at
risk of being bullied by other kids or in some cases, their classmates may pressure these children to
interact and speak to them. Teachers should develop a warm, supportive relationship with them, and
remember that the selectively mute children are not silent on purpose, but they literally cannot
speak. The teachers should examine environmental factors to determine possible barriers preventing
the child from talking, and should try to lessen the anxiety for the child. Visiting the child at home is
a beneficial way to develop a good rapport with the kid and an efficient way to know each

Selective Mutism
Selective Mutism, a disorder that is complex and differentiated by an individual's failure to
communicate effectively and speak in social settings. Although adults also have this disorder, this
study is related to children only with this disorder and how to support them in a regular classroom
setting (Harwood, & Bork, 2011).
Children with Selective Mutism refuse to speak in specific situations where the child is expected to
communicate, such as school and other social situations. Furthermore, at home, the child's speech is
normal without manifesting this anxiety disorder (Harwood, & Bork, 2011). Over 90% of children
with Selective Mutism exhibit social anxiety when among other children (Shipon–Blum, 2015).
Additionally, SM is not caused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unfortunately, the nonawareness of some teachers causes detrimental effects to the SM child due to
the teacher's pressuring the child to speak (Cohan, Chavira, & Stein, 2006). As Cline and Baldwin
(2005) state interpretation of the persistent refusal of the SM child to speak is sometimes considered
as rudeness or defiant or controlling and manipulative. Unfortunately, this results in some teachers
becoming frustrated and showing a lack of sympathy towards the child. In addition, this leads them
to view the anxious and mute behavior as controlling and manipulative (Baldwin & Cline, 1998;
Imich, 1998). After two decades a lack of information and understanding of SM is still present
among parents, school counselors and teachers. In fact, also among health care professionals who
often misdiagnose SM as shy behavior that will eventually be outgrown" (Harwood & Bork, 2011,
pg.138). Also, the lack of diagnostic tools used by clinicians to identify Selective Mutism hinders
the gathering of valid information. Moreover, the longer a child remains untreated, the more
crystallized behaviors associated with this disorder become, thus decreasing the efficacy of
interventions (Krysanski, 2003). Pediatricians Schwartz and Shipon–Blum (2005) acknowledge that
pediatric literature, which states that symptoms usually resolve after a few months and is misguided,
erroneous information that results in many late

Childhood Is Selective Mutism ( Sm )
Anxiety has a large spectrum of disorders that can effect different stages of life. A specific disorder
within this scope that is relevant to early childhood is selective mutism (SM). Selective mutism is
defined as, "a consistent failure to speak in social situations in which there is an expectation for
speaking (e.g. at school) despite speaking in other situations" (American Psychiatric Association
[DSM–IV–TR], 2000). This leads to a variety of criteria in order to be diagnosed for this disorder.
Along with that, there are various research modules that have been associated with this disorder in
terms of understanding and treating it.
Some of the measures to consider in diagnosis is that, selective mutism can disrupt educational and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence the name, this disorder could be undiagnosed if the child's mutism is away from home, and
might not be recognized until the child enters a new continuous social setting. Though even in say, a
school setting, the issue might be ignored, as educators tend to have more of a focus towards
children with behavioral and conduct issues (Kumpulainen, 1998). Therefore, it can take up to four
years before symptoms are recognized, if at all (Viana, 2009).
There are several ramifications of the problem for development in terms of the biological,
psychological, and social domain. Biological consequences are genetic and neurologically based.
Selective mutism and related anxiety conditions (e.g. social anxiety) can be passed through
generations. For example, one longitudinal study found that amongst 45 children diagnosed with
SM, between the years of 1964 and 1979, 9%, 18%, and 18% of their fathers, mothers, and siblings,
had similar histories of selective mutism (Remschmidt, 2001). Some neuro–developmental delays as
a result of selective mutism can include a later onset of communication disorders. In one sample of
children with SM, it was found that 30.3% developed speech and language disorders (Steinhausen,
2006). Though these neurological delays were found to be not as severe as expected. Another
biological result of selective mutism are auditory processing deficits. One study looked at issues in
the ability

Selective Moutism In Preschool Children
Wanda Johnson
April 9,2017
Language
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to view various aspects of this particular disorder. After learning about
a preschool child that is developmentally delayed, it is clear to see that speech plays a big role in
their development. This report will bring to light a particular disorder that affects many children
before they reach 5 years old. This disorder is considered a psychological concern, but the speech
pathologist has a roll to play in the treatment of a child with this disorder. Many have been confused
an unsure how the disorder is diagnosed and treated. Through some research we will learn what this
disorder is, how it is treated, and how the child is affected by this within the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Years ago children that were diagnosed with selective mutism were taken away from their homes
and placed in a treatment center. Later a study ws done by a man name Baltaxe in 1994 who looked
at records within the facilities these children were placed and it was found that the children had
speech/language issues, 75% had expressive deficits, 86% had failed auditory processing measures,
60% demonstrated receptive language problems and 75% had articulation problems.
What to look

Selective Mutism Paper
My proposed area of study for my dissertation is to look at and explore the phenomenon of Selective
Mutism as it appears in children. I will specifically be examining the symptoms of this behavior
utilizing a variety of cognitive and behavioral theories. Contemporary forms of treatment for SM
will also be researched in my dissertation. Through the totality of my research I will be able to draw
conclusions and report my findings to the psychological community. These findings will provide
insight on how to detect, diagnose, and treat this rare, but serious condition. Selective Mutism (SM)
is a rare multidimensional childhood disorder which was formerly known as elective mutism. The
American Psychiatric Association (APA) Diagnostic and Statistical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as well as Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT) are
being used for the treatment of SM and they have proven to be quiet effective in treating SM.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is done individually where the therapist and client work together to
meet a common goal and GCBT is done as a group either as family therapy (Sharkey, Nicholas,
Barry, Begley, & Ahern, 2008) or as group therapy where other children with SM work together
(Cohan, Chavira, & Stein, 2006). Another intervention modality used to treat and cure SM is
Behavioral Therapy (BT). Role play is usually used in BT because SM is considered to be a learned
behavior at times, as mentioned earlier (Lang, Regester, Mulloy, Rispoli, & Botout, 2011). Other
intervention types will also be discussed for the treatment and or cure of

Pros And Cons Of Working With A Responsible Dog Breeder
One of your priorities when trying to get a new puppy for your family should be to find and work
with a responsible dog breeder, typically because this can ensure that your dog will be as healthy
and well–adjusted as possible throughout its life. Listed below are just two of the many ways to tell
that you are working with a responsible dog breeder.
They Will Be Willing To Discuss Any Breed Concerns That You May Encounter
A major way to tell that you are working with the responsible dog breeder is if the breeder is willing
to discuss any breed concerns you may encounter over the course of your puppy's life. Many
disreputable and irresponsible breeders will often attempt to convince you that there are no issues
with their particular dogs and

Review Of Compansano's Article 'Selective Mutism'
Camposano, L. (2011). Silent suffering: Children with selective mutism. Professional Counselor,
1(1), 46–56.
The purpose of Compansano's article was to increase awareness of the disorder Selective Mutism
and the issues connected with the anxiety disorder. Compansano addresses the current treatments,
and the need for early intervention. Compansano concludes her article by suggesting the need for
more research and training for educational counselors. Compansano described Selective Mutism by
using the American Psychiatric Association's definition as "persistent failure to speak in specific
social situations (e.g., school, with playmates) where speaking is expected, despite communicating
in other situations" (American Psychiatric Association,

Understanding The Differential Diagnoses And Selective Mutism
To ensure that criterion E has been satisfied an understanding the differential diagnoses is
imperative. Differential diagnosis can be understood as, "the distinguishing of a disease or condition
from others presenting with similar signs or symptoms" ("Differential Diagnosis"). Selective
Mutism has differential diagnoses under three domains, communication disorders;
neurodevelopment disorders (including schizophrenia and similar disorders) and social anxiety
disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2013a). Understanding the differences in these
diagnoses versus selective mutism benefits the client and ensures that they receive the correct
treatment and care. Communication disorders are commonly misunderstood as both at face value
deal with communication. However, it is important to recognize that communication disorders, such
as social pragmatic disorders, language disorder, speech and sound disorders and childhood onset
fluency disorder are characterized by an in ability to communicate, regardless of setting. This differs
from selective mutism due to the disorder not presenting itself in all settings. Arguably if there were
systemic difficulties with communication, such as vocabulary, syntax or stuttering were present
these disabilities would be noticed prior to entering grade school and would be present in situations
where selective mutism children are present speaking. Another potential differential diagnosis is
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) characterized by

Selective Mutism Analysis
Selective Mutism (SM) is a complex disorder, portrayed by the individual's failure to communicate
in the social environment and surroundings. However, as Harwood and Bork (2011) pointed out, the
child's actions at home presented no symptoms of the disorder, and the child was a chatterbox at
home. The American Psychiatric Association (2013) defined SM as a social phobia disorder. But
owing to Doctor Shipon–Blum (2015) it was removed from classification Disorders Diagnosed in
Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence. Selective Mutism has now been re–classified as an anxiety
disorder, but researchers still argued the classification was incorrect. Many theories have evolved to
explain the etiology of Selective Mutism (SM), but the attempt to explain

Selective Mutism In Early Childhood Education
DATA COLLECTION PLAN
The survey is the most familiar and ever–present method used to collect demographic information,
feelings, and opinions, and to learn about a defined population (Graziano & Raulin, 2010). Also, use
of a web–based survey will allow for immediate distribution of data (Greenlaw & Brown–Welty,
2009). In addition, to get a feel for the type of question to best use on the questionnaire, a focus
group will also be used. Questions will on the survey will be related to the following information
needed, i.e., 1) How much do teachers know about Selective Mutism?
2) What model in professional development will give them the knowledge they need
About Selective Mutism, and 3) Does the educational environment have any type of support
3. systems for Selective mutism, If so how can the systems be utilized? 4) Alloted time for training,
5) Once children are identified, what strategies do teachers use, if any? How do they measure or
know that these strategies are working? Where or from whom do teachers learn these strategies
(e.g., School Psychologists, Web)? 6) 5)What are the challenges that teachers face, both personally
and professionally in terms of teaching a child with selective mutism (e.g., lack of ... Show more
Section 2 will assess teachers' awareness of SM. This section will list some anxiety disorders that
are closely related to SM. I want these listed because I believe that listing some different anxiety
disorders closely related to SM will cut down on lucky guessing or picking SM choices because the
survey is about SM. Section 3 will ask teachers to rank such items on a Likert Scale from 1 to 5 such
as preparedness for accessing anxiety

Selective Mutism Paper
This study was a quantitative study using and exploratory, descriptive design to explore the role of
the school psychologists, their involvement, knowledge and training regarding the Selective Mutism
child. The study's purpose was to measure how much knowledge the school psychologists had
regarding intervention used when an SM child was identified. The research questions developed
(Ellis, 2015):
What percentage of practicing school psychologists know what selective mutism is? What
percentage of practicing school psychologists have treated SM, What methods/interventions have
school psychologists used to treat SM? What results have they had? What kind of training has
school psychologists had to work with selective mutism? Are there differences ... Show more
In addition, a survey was used from the Los Angeles Unified School District, who used school
psychologists to discuss their exposure and experience with the SM child. Content validity was
assured through asking psychologists from 7 practicing schools to check the initial draft for clarity,
readability, and easiness of question responses. Participants were obtained from practicing
psychologists in California and a link placed on the local affiliate organization of psychologists. The
qualitative research design used was a descriptive survey to collect data for the Quantitative Study.
Regarding ethical considerations, the study was approved by IRB it was an anonymous study with
only adults participating. There was no identifying information on the participants; It was also
explained to the participant that they had the option to opt out of the study at any point of the study.
Data was analyzed through survey and completed questions on the survey was compiled, scored and
organized. Also, input integrity of data was checked. Furthermore, the number of SM cases vs. the
number of years the school psychologist worked were correlated. Study weaknesses were the lack of
random sampling and small. In addition, survey results taken from school psychologist accepted that
they answered the questions honestly, forgetting that most of the respondents answered from the
memory of the number of SM students they worked. Also, no way to determine if school
psychologist had treated the same students was built into the study. Lastly, no criteria for
determining if the child had SM was established.
Strengths of the study was it was the first such study to examine the school psychologist knowledge
of SM. The study data showed that school psychologists do provide service on a limited basis for
SM

Selective Mutism Theory
Selective mutism psychological disorder that is a lack of ability to speak or interconnect with people
.Usually appearing Pre–K students between 3 and 5 years when they go to school . Mostly, parents
understand their kids SM (selective mutism) when they go to school because SM kids generally they
are fine with their family, however, they can't speak in certain situations such as in the classroom.
All exciting and thrilling conditions are triggering the SM .These kids' very silence and they don't
speak totally shut down, look freezes and never contact anybody in certain situations. Early
identified disorder very important to helping the SM children run over their problem. Sometimes
confusing SM for autism, however, they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All thrilling and anxiety conditions are activating the SM .These kids' very quietness and they don't
communicate totally shut down, look freezes and never contact anybody in certain situations. We
can help these children with less terrifying, bullying, and yelling at them. Teachers and parents
should communicate together .They will visit each other repeatedly. The teacher can use the
Pavlov`s classical conditioning theory. They can give candy or something to stimulate SM kids in
the classroom situations. That kind of rewards helps kids adopted the new atmosphere. We can
teacher selective mutism child with patience and

Selective Mutism In Education
Selective mutism is a mental disorder that typically occurs in children or adolescents. This disorder
is categorized by children being silent in some settings, mainly social situations, but are able to talk
and are freely able to do so in some situations. Selective mutism is a diagnosis and is credited, but
there has not been many studies on it. The term "electiver mutismus" was first used in 1877, and
was used from then on by some people to discuss people who were extremely shy. In 1963, 4 cases
out of 2000 children, were described as having elective mutism. The 4 children were of normal
intelligence, had no psychosocial trauma, and seemed as if they would have a positive outcome in
the next ten years. There are not many papers published on ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Two of these students were interviewed by a specialist. The other three were not interviewed, either
due to the parents not wanting to make the muteness into a big deal, but to also ensure that ethical
guidelines were still in place, by attempting to only interview two children. With the results, these
five children were considered to have selective mutism, even the three who were not interviewed by
the authors. The ages of these children are as follows: 9 years old (1 girl, 1 boy), 10 years (1 girl), 12
years (1 girl), and 13 years (1 boy). All of these children had been completely silent in the classroom
for two years or

Selective Mutism In The Classroom: Case Study
Moreover, the lack of proper treatment causes more manifested negative behavior due to the lack of
therapy for the SM child (Krysanski, 2003). As of 2014, the only researcher addressing or
investigating the teacher's role in supporting an SM child is Omdal (2014). Due to the lack of
teacher knowledge, and academic support, it is vital that more is learned about Selective Mutism in
the environment of learning, so appropriate strategies are executed in the classroom (Krysanski,
2003; & Shippon–Blum, et al., 2015). There should be very few cultural factors that affect its
implementation; however, there are two examples that need to be carefully watched when analyzing
the data section on behavior. Human behavior encompasses how we communicate,

Addressing Wauseon City Council Speech Transcript
ADDRESSING WAUSEON CITY COUNCIL SPEECH TRANSCRIPT 12/15/2014
INTRODUCTION My name is Tasha Grieser, a certified professional dog trainer and resident of
Fulton County with more than 15 years experience training dogs and studying dog behavior. Thank
you for giving me the opportunity to speak here tonight. I am a former dog bite victim. When I was
a child, I was bit by a chained, untrained, under socialized, unneutered, neglected dog in my
neighbors back yard. I was playing tag unsupervised with the neighbors child and ran just inside the
reach of where their dog was chained up. The dog grabbed my arm and shook it like a rag doll, and I
required many stitches. Why I believe my story is important is because its a perfect example of ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are aggressive dogs in any breed of dog and all breeds of dogs are capable of becoming
dangerous in the wrong hands. The factors that cause dangerous dogs include: the socialization and
training dog has had genetic disposition their health status their reproductive status the quality of
ownership they receive and victims behavior that usually provokes a dog bite. INHERITABILITY
AND SEVERITY OF CANINE AGGRESSION
Across the nation, media outlines will read, "Pit bull mauling", used to scare people into enacting
legislation to discriminate against the breed. Mr. Banister has been quoted in the Toledo Blade and
the Crescent News stating that its not so much about how often they bite, but when pit bulls bite, its
more much more severe. He shared a poorly structured "study" of severity of pit bull bites with you.
In "Mortality, mauling, and maiming by vicious dogs", they treated 228 patients. Of those 228, only
82 identified the breed of dog involved. Of those that reported a breed, only 29 were bit by pit bulls.
They found that compared with attacks of other identified breeds of dogs, attacks by pit bulls were
more severe. There are problems with this study: The study did not include the other 146 people
treated due to lack of ability to identify the breed, only using 64% of their targeted population. This
would severely skew the results.

Essay On Selective Mutism
Do you know a child who can speak freely at home but appears frozen in other public places? Do
you know a child who is so shy that they take a long time to become comfortable in social
situations? Or sometimes not even become comfortable at all? I was that child. I was diagnosed with
selective mutism at age five and it controls my life every day. Selective mutism is an anxiety
disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in certain situations or
to certain people. Selective mutism co–exists with shyness or social anxiety. For children, it can be
painfully debilitating and can hinder their ability to advance in things such as school, making
friends, and participating in activities. Children and adults with this disorder have an actual fear of
speaking and of social interactions where there is an expectation to speak and communicate with
others. These children are able to speak and communicate in settings where they are comfortable,
feel secure, and relaxed.
At ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The educational history review seeks information on academic reports, teacher comments, and
standardized testing. Hearing screening seeks information on hearing ability and possibility of
middle ear infection. The oral–motor examination looks for information on coordination and
strength of muscles in lips, jaw, and tongue. The speech and language evaluation looks for
information on expressive language ability, language comprehension, and verbal and non–verbal
communication. After they got done evaluating me and gathered everything I finally got to go back
to mom but, they had to interview her. They asked my mother information on any suspected
problems, environmental factors, my amount and location of verbal expression,

Train Your Dog Research Paper
Train yourself to train your dog
Having a pup can be a rewarding and yet burdensome task sometimes. In order for both you and
your dog to feel the most comfortable and at place, it is advisable do to a little bit of training.
Dogs resemble people in more ways that you think – just like a person; a dog seeks and desires one's
approval. Its happiness primarily derives from pleasing you, its owner and friend.
Most dogs are fairly easily trained to do certain tasks. Still I don't recommend going out and trying
to teach it all of the fancy stuff like jumping over boxes and riding bicycles and stuff right away.
Start off with more basic things such as toilet and obedience training routines.
➢ Toilet training
Maybe the most important thing your dog should learn. Upon beginning its training it's important to
isolate it in a small room, or better off a big crate. By doing this your canine friend will slowly but
surely learn that it should conduct its "business" outside. It is advisable that you offer it plenty of
opportunities to do so during the day by taking it outside for walks and play time. Offer it treats
when it does ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As you may already know, an obedient dog is as a pleasure as a disobedient one is a pain in the
neck. I recommend you start off with the simple commands such as Sit, Drop, Heel, Stay, and Come.
It is advisable you go with the positive reinforcement method as it yields the best results and is the
most pleasurable among methods. Dogs, as I mentioned earlier, resemble humans, and how do
humans learn to do certain stuff? They mimic the actions of others. (If you got this one right – treat
yourself to a cookie) So, in order to teach your dog to sit for example, you should basically sit (yep,
sit down, now!) and see if it follows you example. If and when it does, give him a treat to again
embed the whole thought process in its

Selective Mutism Assessment
Assessment tools such as the Selective Mutism Questionnaire (SMQ) and the Social Anxiety Scale
for Children–Revised, can be completed by caregivers to garner information on their child's level of
communication and anxiety (Busse & Downy, 2011). By completing the assessments, suggestions
for treatment can take place. In addition to questionnaires, a functional analysis of SM generally
involves interviews, behavioral observations and daily logs (Kearney & Vechhio, 2006). Looking at
SM in a school setting, it can interfere with a child's ability to interact with other students and have
an active voice within the classroom. SM not only hinders a child's social interaction and growth,
but it delays the development of appropriate oral reading and

Diagnosing Selective Mutism
Diagnosing Selective Mutism By Susha Cheriyedath, MSc Diagnosis of selective mutism is mostly
on the basis of the patient's clinical history. A speech–language pathologist (SLP) plays a key role in
the diagnosis of the condition. A child who shows signs of selective mutism should be taken to an
SLP, apart from a pediatrician and a child psychologist. All of these health care professionals need to
come together and work as a team with parents, teachers, and the affected child. Most of the
characteristics of children who suffer from selective mutism are linked to social anxiety. These
children may be sensitive to crowds, sounds, touch, and lights. Children with selective mutism may
have a blank face without any expression, don't make eye contact ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Sometimes the child may not speak up with the SLP and the parent may need to help the child in
speaking up or record and bring a video of the child talking at home for the SLP's reference. This
assessment also employs standardized tests to assess language comprehension and verbal and non–
verbal communication levels of the child. The SLP may look at a drawing done by the child or
engage in non–verbal games with the child to understand the level of effective non–verbal
expression the child can handle. Informal observations can also be used by the SLP to assess the
communication patterns of the

Selective Mutism Research Paper
The greatest challenge I've faced is a communication disability. It started before I came to the U.S.,
but it got worse after I started life in this new place. Adults might think I am just shy or being polite,
however, I think my case is selective mutism after I did some research about that. Selective mutism
is not a common anxiety disorder, and many overcome it without noticing. Unfortunately, I am not
one of them. The anxiety makes me afraid to talk to others, and I cannot even look straight into their
eyes. My voice is shouting in my head, but nothing can come out from my mouth. This obsticle
blocks my way to make new friends.
Even after the four high school years, I still do not have much close friends. I do not want to be the
same lonely

Mixed Breeds Vs Purebreds
For the past couple centuries, dogs have been a large part of human everyday life. We use them as
pets, friends, helping hands (paws), etc.; they've become an essential part of our lives and we don't
mind that. With a total of 525 million dogs in the world (as of 2012), people have responsibilities of
caring for another living creature everywhere. When it comes to picking one of these companions
that we know will only be around for a little over a decade (about a tenth of our lives!), people can
get very curious about the differences between mixed dog breeds and purebred dogs. While there are
quite a number of differences between mixed and purebred, it's up to dog owners to care accordingly
and know what these differences truly mean.
Dog breeding ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The different jobs offered that relate to mixed dogs include Breeders, Shelter workers and owners,
behaviorists, etc. These are all important to families and their dogs in different ways, whether it be
to give homes to dogs, train them, etc. Speaking of dog shelters, it's been concluded that around
75% of total shelter dogs are usually mixed. If anything, they're providing jobs for people
worldwide without even knowing! Also, mixed dogs are usually priced with more expensive tags
because of their healthier states (compared to purebred dogs). Finally, an example of how mixed dog
breeds have found their way into a different workplaces in through their backgrounds. Cattle
herding, guarding, sensing illegal drugs, etc. are all different small jobs that certain mixed breeds are
given because of their special

Midterm Case Study
The final main axis of PTSD is altered arousal. Generally those with PTSD experience hyperarousal,
an unprovoked irritability and aggression towards others, but Melinda did not display this level of
hostile sensitivity. Instead, her anxiety manifested more as a constant tension rather than an
adrenaline–based reaction. Though she was largely lethargic, encounters with Andy could suddenly
catapult Melinda into episodes of intense stress, causing her heart to "stop, then stutter and pump
again" (Anderson 108). Another component of altered arousal is self–destructive behavior, which
Melinda exemplified when she cut her wrists. Issues with sleep are also a telltale sign of PTSD, and
Melinda has a constant desire to escape to her bed: "I just want ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If not addressed, it can worsen over time and become a component of one's identity. It used to be
referred to as elective mutism, but was renamed in the DSM–IV as the mutism is not an intentional
refusal to speak (Busse). The etiology of selective mutism is not entirely known, but it is thought to
vary on an individual basis. The most common theories suggest selective mutism is a "reaction to an
unresolved conflict with parents, a product of conflicting familial relationships, or a method of
controlling anxiety" (Busse). The genetic factors of selective mutism are also uncertain, but research
has found anxiety in parents as an influence on development (DSM–V 196). With more awareness,
prevalence estimates of selective mutism may increase as more will seek

Selective Mutism Research Paper
What You Need to Know About Selective Mutism
Selective mutism is a condition that affects speech. It usually occurs in children who are younger
than 5 years of age. You may not notice the symptoms until your child starts going to school.
A child with this condition knows how to speak and communicate well at home and usually with
friends. But in social situations, especially at school, the child does not speak. A child with selective
mutism may have other emotional issues, such as anxiety.
HOW DO I KNOW IF MY CHILD HAS SELECTIVE MUTISM?
Your child may have this condition if he or she:
Refuses to speak in certain social situations, such as at school.
Refuses to speak in those situations for longer than 1 month, not including the first ... Show more
Nervous or afraid in social situations.
Anxious.
Fearful of social situations.
Very afraid of being embarrassed in public.
Sometimes children with selective mutism have developmental delays.
Your child's health care provider can diagnose this condition based on your child's health history and
symptoms. The health care provider will collect reports from parents and teachers. Your child may
also have tests to confirm the diagnosis or to rule out other conditions. These tests may include:
Hearing tests.
Testing the strength and coordination of muscles in the mouth and jaw.
Psychological and emotional tests.
Tests to rule out other physical or mental causes of mutism, such as an injury to the brain.
WHAT ARE SOME STEPS I CAN TAKE TO HELP MY CHILD?
The first step is finding a speech–language pathologist to work with your child.
Some other ways you can help your child include:
Taking video of your child talking and then watching it with your child.
Praising your child for communicating, even without speech, in social situations.
Gradually introducing your child to one new person at a time. Encourage your child to speak to each
new

Hamlet As A Prismatic Dramaturgy
Is it possible for fingers to become sore to the point where they are about to fall off– not to be
dramatic or anything. It was mid–October, but with the relentless Bay Area climate, it was almost
eighty degrees–in a classroom with air conditioning, which didn't seem to help at all. I sat around a
huge table, furiously typing my notes on Hamlet for almost two hours. My Metanarratives class and
I were discussing the structure of Hamlet as a Prismatic Dramaturgy, where Hamlet puts planning
into the play within the play and out is reflected storylines where the characters unknowingly play
out a continuation of the play within the play. But did I mention that I was one of the four people
taking that class? And did I also mention that on that scorching October day, half of the class had
decided to become sick? Yes, that's right, I was having the most engaging and demanding discussion
I have ever had in class with one other student and my teacher. Now keep in mind that this was an
extremely complex subject that I had no idea existed until the first day of class. My teacher's
expectation: that I would be fully engaged and bring new ideas to the table. My attitude: bring it on.
My performance in this class may seem like an amazing feat for someone, but it seems even more
amazing for me. I could not have even begun to imagine this experience given how I was when I
was a child– it was like when kids say they want to become astronauts, but nobody really takes it
seriously. I am proud

Selective Mutism In Schools
When a child is unable to speak around certain people or in certain settings they may have an
anxiety disorder called selective mutism. ("Parents Guide to Selective Mutism." Child Mind
Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2017. page 1) It is very common for kids with selective mutism to
be very chatty at home with family and friends but then silent at school right every other public
setting. Parents start noticing the size of selective mutism at around age 3 or four. Although of the
disorder might not be diagnosed until he/she is school–aged, when their speech problems become
more evident. Child with selective mutism could go a whole year in the classroom or other school
setting without talking to the teacher, Students, or counselors. Usually kids with selective mutism
are very well behaved and polite meaning they listen they just don't know how to communicate is
someone there not comfortable with, so their silence can be misunderstood as shyness but is usually
never addressed as a possible wall/barrier to their learning. According to the parent's guide to select
mutism from the child mind Institute selective mutism can cause significant impairment in a child's
life. It can interfere with kid's performances at school, both academically and ... Show more content
However there is good news and that is that with the right help and the right amount of time and
effort kids with selective mutism get better.
Also according to the child mind Institute the signs of selective mutism include
talking freely at home, but becoming completely or mostly nonverbal school or around strangers
inability to speak even familiar adults (such as parents) in the presence of others
difficulty talking with peers in

Analysis Of Selective Mutism
Selective Mutism (SM), a disorder that is complex and characterized by an individual's failure to
communicate effectively and speak in social settings. Although adults also have this disorder, this
study is related to children with the disorder and how to support them in a regular classroom setting
(Harwood, & Bork, 2011). This study seeks to expand on an earlier study on teacher awareness by
using a larger group of faculty and combining questionnaires, interviewing and re–testing (Omdal,
2014). Children with Selective Mutism refuse to speak in specific situations where the child is
expected to communicate, such as school and other social situations. Moreover, at home, the child's
speech is normal without manifesting this anxiety disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In addition, teachers without training in identifying the SM disorder often misread these students'
behavior as lazy, defiant or manipulative (Hanie & Stanard, 2009). Consequently, the student's
withdrawal from classroom participation interferes with the assigned daily classroom routines, and
lack of social and academic involvement may negatively impact the student's academic and
emotional development (Bitter,

Does Jm's Language Have Selective Mutism?
JM's use of language suggests he has delayed language ability for his age. At 3 he should be
consistently using 3–4 words in sentences (Owens, 2008) but was found to be using 1–2 words in a
sentence consistently.
There also appeared to be immaturity in JM's language, as he was using language such as 'no want',
an utterance more evident at 2 years old; whereas a 3 year old would start to use contractions such
as 'don't want' instead (Lahey,1988). Also, 3 year olds should be able to use correct pronouns such as
'he' or 'she' instead of 'man', again more evident at 2 years old (Lahey, 1988).
Due to the findings above, the student SLT was able to accept clinical question 2.
Clinical question 3:
Does JM's language difficulties have an impact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Findings and evaluation
If JM is observed to communicate effectively with Mum and not his cousins and found to
experience consistent anxiety or behavioural issues he is likely to meet DSM–IV (American
Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria of selective mutism.
In this case, the student SLT would liaise with an educational psychologist who could aid with
implications (Johnson and Wintgens, 2001) selective mutism may have on JM at nursery and at
school in the future.
Differential description:
JM has met all of his developmental milestones and is medically healthy. He demonstrates
appropriate eye contact with an adult and ability to attend to activities for 1–2 minutes. JM's
attention level can interfere with activities as he will often move to other things around the room and
need continual prompting to pay attention.
He was able to, with prompting, complete a comprehension screening assessment to provide a
profile of his receptive language abilities and could attend to short informal assessment to elicit
expressive

Pitbull Vs American Pit Bull Essay
Some breeds today can be so similar, it can be hard to tell them apart. A prime example of this can
be the American Staffordshire terrier and the American Pit Bull terrier. There are many similarities
and differences to the American Staffordshire and American Pit Bull terriers. The breeds, in fact, are
so similar most are referred to as just "pit bull". Both the American Staffordshire and American Pit
Bull belong to the same breed known as the molosser group. The differences between the two are
found in their body and head size, power and agility, and temperament. The similarities are found in
their history, lineage and popularity throughout the years. Dog fighting, also known as pit fighting,
was not only legal but a popular activity among ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This breed, with a weight up to one hundred and ten pounds, is broad and confident. The breed is
stocky, with a height of only eighteen to twenty two inches. This breed is known for its pulling
ability, using their hind legs for power. The American Pit Bull, although sometimes misunderstand,
can be a loyal guard dog to any family. This breed is affectionate and good natured, usually never
viscous. The American Pit Bull, needs a strong confident owner to teach them proper obedience. If
raised properly, in a loving environment, this dog will curl up on the owner's lap and shower them
with kisses. The most common health problem with The American Pit Bull is obesity and skin
allergies, especially is the blues. This breed can become a loving member of the family for around to
twelve years. The pit bull breed has been making its way through the world since the 1800's.
Whether it be an American Staffordshire or American Pit Bull, each portrays a great sense of
confidence. Both breeds, being people–oriented, can make a great addition to a family. The
American Staffordshire is an excellent choice for the active family. The American Pit Bull can warm
a heart with their affection and be stunning with their strength. Although very similar looking, both
have unique qualities that make them different and

A Brief History of the American Kennel Club
>> Man's best friend, or as people simple call them, the dog has been a part of family life thousands
of years. Ever since the beginning man and dog have lived side by side. Whether as guard dogs,
hunting buddies, or simply a member of the family it's impossible to have never seen or heard of a
dog. Organizations have developed means of determining which dogs are the best of the best. Today
the most recognizable and known organization for dogs is the American Kennel club, or AKC.
>> The AKC was founded by a group of men on September 17, 1884 after twelve of them received a
summons in the mail by Messrs. J. M. Taylor and Elliot Smith. The men that Taylor and Smith
gathered each had held a significant place in different dog clubs. These men were highly skilled in
their individual styles of dog shows and it was on this expertise that the American Kennel Club was
born. Being composed of men from all different types of kennel clubs and shows, this was the first
kennel club to cover a whole variety of breeds instead of one specific class. At their second meeting
in Madison Square Garden a few months later Major James M. Taylor became the AKC's first
president, having written and delivered many of the founding laws the AKC still follow today.
During its first years the AKC developed a type of organization still used today, the National
American Kennel Club Stud Book which listed all the studs, unneutered male dogs, that the AKC
deemed best in their breed.
>> During the early

Selective Mutism Report
In order to effectively support the Selective Mutism child, there is a need to provide classroom
support, along with, awareness of the disorder of parents, school psychologist and teahers Through
training programs. Selective Mutsim children refuse to verbally participate with the teacher and
peers in the classroom. Consequently, when teachers try to interact with the SM child difficulties for
the teacher and child arise. In fact, not only does the disorder make it difficult for child as well as
the teacher, but it affects the SM child's peer interactions, academic progress and prevent teachers
from educatining the SM child. Furthermore, the SM child does not have a language comprehension
problem and communicates in the home in a normal fashion(Laimbock, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Questionnaires will be distributed at the tutor/teachers weekly meeting by the Director of the 21st
Century Program. Once a review has been made of the completed questionnaires a follow up
interview will be conducted of each individual tutor/teacher to discuss their answers in more detail
and to explain more thoroughly, when necessary, the way some of the questions were answered ( the
interviews will most likely take at least four month given the time constraint of only one and a half
hours for the monthly meeting. Open ended questions will be used so the tutor/teachers are free
expound more freely on the subject in the interview. The researcher will take note as well as well as
record information from the interview.
Data Analysis
The Glaser and Strauss (1967) method of grounded theory will be used in the analysis of the study.
Grounded theory is a methodology that is systematic and involves constructing theory by analyzing
data. Grounded theory starts with a question and researchers review the data collected over and over
to look for repeated ideas or concepts using doces to group the theories into categories and possibly
into new theories (Broadhed, 1983). There are five steps when using grounded theory(p.87:.
1.

Animal Fear And Aggression Is Important For Our Safety And...
Genetics of Domesticated Behavior in Foxes
Genetic Mapping of Canine Fear and Aggression Looking into animal fear/anxiety and
anger/aggression is a big outlook into why animals act the way they do and how it takes a toll on
their lives. Understanding canine fear and aggression is important for our safety and the dogs. Also
by being able to look into canine breed behaviors explains the traits that were studied within foxes.
Seeing that canine fear, aggression, and tameness have been traced back to their domestication it
easy to see why the study was taken place. The following study also allows the information to be
used to explain why fox behavior may vary from tame to aggressive based on the information
received within canine DNA and the use of domestication. However, canine genetic mapping has
taken place to solve the mystery as to why certain canines experience more aggressive behavior. In
addition, researchers were required to look at and map genetic variation among many different
breeds (approximately 400 breeds). Seeing that canines are more similar within breeds and more
different across breeds this can indeed make it more difficult to research their genetic make–up.
Along with the fact that dogs have more phenotypic variation than most other land mammals, which
is due to "evolutionary" selection under domestication. Furthermore, researchers within this study
will determine whether breed stereotypes of fear and aggression can be mapped out by crossbred
GWA. To

Selective Mutism Is A Changeable Anxiety Issue Defined By...
Selective Mutism is a changeable anxiety issue defined by a child 's lack of talk in different social
places, for example, school. These children can talk and communicate where they are friendly,
secure, and relaxed most of the times these students are very talkative at home but in the school they
don 't talk. I have seen a lot of students like that they are super shy in the school but when I have a
chance to visit their home they are very talkative. Also, I know some of these students are very
smart but they don 't respond to any question but when I checked their writing responses it is
perfect. I have seen different students like that some of them have genetic problems about anxiety.
Also, some of the kids have serious anger problems at home but in the school they are shy and
unresponsive to the environment. I have seen a lot of K–5 classrooms, and most of them are look
like a room of a house I think it will help to reduce anxiety. Unfortunately, it is hard to set up the
same environment in high school classes.
Classical condition is a term that used to describe what has been gained through experience. Parts of
a classical condition hypothesis are the unconditioned help. Unconditioned help is anything that can
bring out a reaction without former learning. For example, when a dog eats some food it causes the
mouth to salivate, or when it sees his owner who comes to play with it, it begins to salivate. It is the
same for a child who is with his family he will be active or

Selective Mutism Disorder
Wouldn't it be sad if someone wanted to speak but nothing came out? The saddest part is that
someone really wanted to let words flow through their mouth but just couldn't. Many people deal
with this, It is called selective mutism which is a mental disorder. Most cases of selective mutism
are found in children who are usually shy or has social anxiety. This mental disorder is something
that can be discovered at a young age. Selective mutism is commonly found in children with normal
families even though many people would fight that the family is dysfunctional.This research have
thought many people that most children suffer from social anxiety more than anything; they really
do want to speak and be apart of society but their tongue is not letting them. Selective mutism is
when a well–developed child can't speak in certain environment.
The cause of selective mutism differs on the case of the person. Selective mutism is hard to
categorize because so many cases are different each having their own cause and effect. Many would
say that the children with SM are stubborn and choosing not to speak. The reality of it is that these
children really do want to have friends and to be active in the classroom but themselves won't let
them. Their parents usually just think it's shyness and sometimes punish the child for not talking or
being social. The children can't help it and it's sad to think that not a lot of people know about this
disorder because many children suffer with it. They

Academic Abilities of Children with Selective Mutism
Development Research
Academic Abilities of Children with Selective Mutism
Children with selective mutism suffer from anxiety and the inability to speak in certain social
situations. One very common social situation that all children face is in the classroom, with teachers
and classmates. This situation is often the very first social situation that children are without their
parents. This may have a correspondence to the act the selective mutism often emerges in preschool
years (Cunningham, McHolm, Boyle, & Patel, 2004). A common situation where selective mutism
appears is when in communication with a teacher. However, the social anxiety appears to have little
to no influence on children with selective mutism and their math and reading ... Show more content
Instructional Decision
Many in class activities involving group interaction could be intimidating to children with social
anxiety. My job as a speech pathologist is to communicate with the student and obtain a good sense
of what the student finds to be the most beneficial social interaction. I would also be working with
the student on how to cope and adjust to more uncomfortable circumstances, gradually introducing
them to more difficult social situations. For example, after the child is able to be comfortable talking
to me, I may introduce them to a knew adult and have them work on speaking to and in front of
them. I might also gradually increase the size and diversity of the group that the child talks to.
However, I would take the information on what I know promotes or diminishes the student's
capabilities to learn and relay that to the teacher (AG 3.16). For example, if I learn that the child
works best in groups of the same gender, I may suggest that learning environment to the teacher.
Possibly, the child must have a reminder picture or word on his/her desk to remember to stay calm
and how to speak. I may make the teacher aware of this icon on his/her desk, and if the child has an
episode of mutism, I will suggest that the teacher just subtly touch the student's desk to remind them
of their "helper card". Therefore, the

Case Study Selective Mutism
Research Question
The researchers discussed the importance of the assessment process, and how it can be a vital
component to determining the most effective treatment approach for a child with selective mutism.
Based on the information that I gathered from the article, the research question was, "Can we
effectively implement treatment for selective mutism based on the data that is gathered from the
behavior observation?"
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to focus only on the data collected from the behavior observations,
and see if it was possible to determine the most effective treatment option, either stimulus fading or
shaping, for children with selective mutism.
Population/Sample
The population that the study targeted was children with selective mutism. In this study, the sample
involved case studies of two boys who were observed, and both children suffered from selective
mutism. The first case study focused on a white male named Darren. At the time of the study, he was
10–years–old, and was in the fourth grade at a public school. His parents were separated; Darren
lived with his mother and his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time of the study, he was attending a public school in a suburban area, and was in the second
grade. Alex lived at home with his two siblings and his parents. According to records, he did not
have any problems with speaking in his home; however, he had significant difficulty with speaking
in public, both with his parents as well as other adults, including the adults that were at his school.
While he would not speak with adults, he would interact and converse with his peers at school, so
long as the teacher was not able to hear him. The reports noted that if he suspected his teacher could
hear him, or the teacher was present, his voice would change to a whisper. However, Alex did not
take any medications, and no concerns regarding his health or academic abilities were

The Importance of Purebred Dogs by Babette Haggerty
Take a moment and picture a dog in your head. What do you see? You may see many different
things depending on your own personal encounters with the species. There are many types of dogs
out there. Some small, some large, long–haired or short–haired. There are many variances in what a
dog can look like. One thing that does not change, or should not change, is the importance for every
dog in this world to be given love and affection, no matter its characteristics. This is what leads me
to believe that the obsession with producing and owning purebreds needs to come to a halt.
Continuing to create these so–called "best dogs" is dangerous to not only the purebred's health, but
also devalues mixed breeds and can cost them their lives in animal ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They look at the dog's pure genes as a guide to knowing the dog's characteristics and personalities
comparable to that specific breed. Something they aren't remembering is that genes carry health
issues as well, and in reality purebreds are more susceptible to genetic diseases than mixed breeds.
Veterinarian and blogger, Dr. Patty Khuly, claims that she "generally observe[s] at least one genetic
disease in nine out of 10 purebred patients during their first examination (Khuly)." That's at least
one disease in 99% of the purebreds that she is personally examining. The reason mixed–breeds are
less likely to face these issues is because they derive from different breeds of dogs and "when you
mix two or more separate gene pools, the recessive genes that carry the health problems are buried
("Why Mixed Breeds")." Simply put by a blogger from Global Animal, "genetic diversity in dogs
leads to healthier, stronger individuals (Armentano)." Although I agree that it could be helpful to
know how a dog is expected to act and the skills it should have, I feel what is most important and
what people really should be concerned with is the health of the dog, rather than knowing the
expected characteristics. According to what I have researched mixed–breeds are just healthier than
purebred dogs and I think that is something that should definitely be noted. Not only is this
obsession with producing purebreds dangerous to those

Persuasive Essay On Dog Breeding
For being man's supposed best friend, humans too often make choices to benefit themselves instead
of dogs. People decide what traits make a dog cute and disregard what traits make them healthy.
Dog breeding is a harmful practice for dogs both biologically and culturally due to superficial
standards. These dogs are bred to be cute, but that cuteness can inadvertently carry a gene that can
lead to disease, or even the cuteness itself could be debilitating, such as with the poster pug's flat
face makes breathing significantly more difficult. Dogs are living, breathing creatures and the
standards set for their reproduction should factor their well–being into the standard of the dog.
Dog breeding is dangerous because to make a perfect dog they too often inbreed and cause birth
defects and other health issues in dogs. Terry Allen, an "In These Times" senior editor who has
written the magazine's monthly investigative health and science column since 2006, argues in "We're
Breeding Dogs to Death" that "neither price, pedigree nor being loved like a member of the family
can shield a dog from the pain, breathing difficulties, cancer, panoply of debilitating genetic
disorders, mental illness, crippling physiognomy and shortened life span that disproportionately
plague purebreds." The article "Selective Breeding or Artificial Selection" explains that in dogs, the
"frequency of being homozygous for rare recessive disorders increases when inbreeding occurs,
potentially causing severe

An Overview Of Selective Mutism Essay

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