Presentation on Decision Making

2. Group Members
 Aima Hassan BBHM-F16-009
 Mohsin Ali BBHM-F16-003
 Alee Raza BBHM-F16-002
 Shehroz Ali BBHM-F16-004
 Noman Azam BBHM-F16-010
 Husnain Mavia BBHM-F16-012

3. Decision Making

4. Contents
 What is Decision Making
 Decision Making Process
 Barriers of Decision Making
 Decision Making Steps
 Types of Decision Making
 Decision Making Condition
 Decision Making Theories

5. What is Decision Making
Decision making is the cognitive process leading to the selection
of a course of action among alternatives. Every decision process
produces a final choice. It can be an action or option
It begins when we need to do something but we do not know
what. Therefore, decision making is reasoning process which
can be based on explicit assumption
Example
Shopping, decision what to eat, what to wear, when to sleep etc.

6. Decision Making Process
 Identifying a problem and decision criteria
 Developing, analyzing, and selecting an
alternative that can resolve the problem.
 Implementing the selected alternative
 Evaluating the decision effectiveness

7. Barriers of Decision Making

8. Barriers of Decision Making
 Hasty
Making quick decision without having much thought.
 Narrow
Decision making is based on very limited information
 Scattered
Our through in making decisions are disconnected
 Fuzzy
Sometime, the lack of clarity on important aspect of a
decision causes us to overlook certain important
consideration.

9. Decision Making process

10. Decision Making Process
Steps
1. Define the decision clearly
2. Consider all the possible
choices
3. Gather all relevant information
and evaluate all the pros and
cons of each possible choice
4. Select the choice that seems to
best meet the needs of the
situation
5. Implement a plan of action and
then monitor the result, making
necessary adjustment
1. A lot of decision making goes wrong
at the starting point
2. Successful decision makers explore
all of the possible choices of the
situation
3. Analyze the advantages and
disadvantages of each choice
4. Synthesize all what you learn in
previous steps and make a
conclusion that you believe to be
your “best” choice
5. Once you have selected your best
choice, you need to develop and
implement a specific and concrete
plan of action
Tips

11. Types of Decision Making
 Programmed decision
Programmed decisions are those that are traditionally made using
standard operating procedures or other well-defined methods.
These are routines that deal with frequently occurring situations,
such as requests for leaves of absence by employees.
In programmed decisions managers make a real decision only once,
when the program is created. Subsequently, the program itself
specifies procedures to follow when similar circumstances arise.
 Non-Programmed decision
Non-programmed decisions are unique. They are often ill-
structured, one-shot decisions. Traditionally they have been handled
by techniques such as judgment, intuition, and creativity.

12. More recently decision makers have turned to heuristic problem-solving
approaches in which logic; common sense and trial and error are used to
deal with problems that are too large or too complex to be solved
through quantitative or computerized approaches.

13. Decision Making Condition

14. Decision Making Condition
 Decision Making under Certainty
A condition in which the decision maker knows with
reasonable certainly what the alternatives are and what
condition are associated with each alternative
 Decision Making Risk
A condition in which the availability of each alternative and
its potential payoffs and cost are all association with risks
 Decision Making Under uncertainty
A condition in which the decision maker does not know all
the alternative, the risk association with each, or the
consequences of each alternative

15. Decision Making Theory

16. Decision Making Theory
 Snyder’s Theory
We know that the general systems theory of David Easton and the
structural- functional approach of Gabriel Almond and other related
theories are more or less static in nature which means that all these
theories deal with those elements that are static. But Snyder’s point
of view is that society is not only complex but also dynamic.
If so the real approach to the study of politics would be to
conceptualize the analysis so that it can cope with dynamic aspects
of society or the changes that are taking place very frequently.
Snyder, therefore, claims that his decision-making approach is
dynamic. While the decision makers make decision they consider all
the (or most of the) situations. If they fail to do this the decision will
not achieve acceptability and credibility.