Why Did Bristow Leave Australia

Why Did Bristow Leave Australia
Introduction In the mid 1800's, my ancestor, Abraham Bristow traveled across the ocean to find himself on the shore of Australia. Reasons why he
left are still unknown, but I believe that I have four solid reasons as to why he may have left. The push factors being Great Britain declaring war
against Burma or the fact that Australia was known to be a giant prison at that time, therefore leading me to the possible conclusion that Abraham
Bristow may have committed a petty crime causing his life to turn 'upside down'. Reasons for Abraham to want to leave England and migrate to
Australia include many opportunities to better his life for him and his family through employment or the fact that there was a gold rush in Western
Australia in 1851. This ancestry inquiry will further discuss the life of Abraham Bristow and possible reasons for his migration to the land down
under, better known as Australia. Background Information on my ancestor Abraham Bristow was born in Deddington, Oxford, England in the year of
1816. Deddington is a magnificent village situated 6 miles south of Banbury in the county of Oxfordshire. He was born and raised under the watchful
eyes of his mother Martha West... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People were desperate to leave the poverty, hardship and overpopulation occurring in Great Britain for the possibility of finally getting ahead in life
that was being offered in Australia. Even many convicts, after they had served out their time in the penal colony were given pardons and also a
parcel of land to farm as most convicts were farmers or skilled tradesmen. The land in Australia was seen as being fertile and great for farming and
settlement and therefore labour was in abundance in Australia as there was a need to develop this new country. This meant it was easier to find
employment, and that despite hard beginnings opportunities to prosper were in abundance. Even convicts in turn would now be seen as
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Frankenstein By Mary Shelly
Frankenstein by Mary Shelly is a novel about Victor Frankenstein, who creates a hideous creature in an unusual scientific experiment. Frankenstein's
monster ends up getting revenge by killing Victor's family and close friends, including his newlywed wife the night of their wedding. When Victor
dies of exhaustion chasing down his creation, the monster pays a final farewell to him, saying that he will depart for the northernmost ice to die as
well. In the interactive oral we discussed certain themes shows in the novel such as gothic and romance. Elements of the Gothic genre that are used in
Frankenstein are mystery and supernatural activities. Gothic novels tend to take place in dark and gloomy places like castles, dungeons and towers to
create

Similarities Between Alice In Wonderland And The Victorian...
The Victorian novel was forged in the Victorian Era, hence it is impossible to conceive it without the understanding of the context in which it
sprouted. The Victorian Era comprises the reign of the Queen Victoria, from her ascension to the throne in 1837 until her death 1901 (and subsequent
coronation of Edward). However, in literature the Victorian Age is also considered to begin with the death of Sir Walter Scott in 1832 and sometimes
it extends until 1914. It was a period of great changes, as the British way of life based on landownership turned into a modern economy characterized
by trade and manufacturing. For England this shift was even harder to assimilate, being the first country to become industrialized. The Victorian Period
has... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His fame rests on a pair of fantasy novels, being considered the best example of non–sense literature. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) was
probably inspired in his colleague's daughters, actually the story originated in a boat trip with them. Alice is the little heroine girl who falls through a
rabbit hole into a world of fantasy. Its narrative structure, imagery and characters have been enormously influential in the literature, particularly in the
fantasy genre, and popular culture, as it has had numerous film and story adaptations. On the other hand, Through the Looking–Glass, and What Alice
Found There (1871) was not as popular even though it constituted a mirror image of the previous novel. The sequel was featured by a darker mood,
reflecting perhaps the changes in the authorВґs life, as his father's death plunged him into a depression which lasted some years. Finally, Sylvie and
Bruno comprise the last novel of Dogson published in two volumes (1889 and 1892). It is made up of two plots, the real world and time of its
publication, the Victorian Era; and the fantasy world of Fairyland, resembling in this way to Alice's

The Legacy Of Queen Victoria
Queen Victoria was the queen of England for 63 years. Holding the 2ed longest monarchy of England. During her rule she had accomplished many
things and throughout her legacy she will not be forgotten. Queen Victoria was a very powerful and looked up to queen in her time. Some of her
accomplishments were that she had become an empress of India (1877), got a demand jubilee (1887), and the great exhibition (1851). Queen Victoria
along with her husband Prince Albert had created "the great exhibition in 1851 it was the first international exhibition of manufactured products". The
great exhibition was held like a fair type event. By Queen Victoria doing this she encouraged trade in England a tis made the economy stronger. Doing
this at her time

World Study Guide Essay
VU21481
Student Name: Yating Chang
Student ID: GEC000007P
Task1
1.Tahiti
2.
a)The sea was dangerous.
b)The winds did not always blow in the right direction for the sea travel.
c)It was such a long way it was difficult to bring enough food and water.
3.
a)Many people in Europe thought that in the Southern Hemisphere.
b)It must be a great big country but no one really knew much about it.
c)People loved the idea of sea adventures and new discoveries.
d)England was very interested in setting up a naval base and supply post in the Southern Hemisphere.
4.Captain James Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean.
5.
1)A Seaman
2)An astronomer
3)A mathematician
4)A cartographer
5)A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3.Led irons were shackles placed around a prisoner's ankles joined by a chain to restrict movement. Prisoners who attempted to escape were flogged
and locked in solitary confinement on a diet of bread and water. A prisoner being flogged was secured to the flogging triangle, their legs were tied to
the base of the flogging post and their hands to the top. Their back was stripped bare and a protective leather kidney belt buckled around their waist to
protect their vital organs.
4.Convicts and prison guards both are from Britain to Australia. Although their identity is not the same, but they are all go out of Britain people. If
the convicts did not listen to prison guards, they have had punished, prison guards used this way to control prisoners. Prison guards had watch the

prisoners of punctual work, lazy or sick. Have crimes of people one day, prison guards will be appearance.
5.Food: The daily ration for a convict in Fremantle equated to roughly:
пЃ¶Half a litre of tea and a third of a kilogram of bread for breakfast.
пЃ¶Half a kilogram of meat and half a kilogram of potatoes plus a bowl of gruel or oatmeal soup for dinner.
пЃ¶Half a litre of tea and a quarter of a kilogram of bread for supper.
Clothes: In 1862 the convict uniform consisted of:
пЃ¶A leather belt
пЃ¶Two pairs of boots
пЃ¶Four pairs of socks
пЃ¶Four handkerchiefs
пЃ¶Four cotton shirts and two flannel shirts.
In winter, they received one fustian jacket and one duck jacket, a woollen vest and a

Mary Shelley Biography
Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley "Mary Shelley" was best known an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer
is best known for her horror novel. At the age of sixteen Mary ran away and got married to poet Percy Bysshe Shelley who was twenty–one but there
was only one problem he was married. She was born on August 30, 1797, in London, England. Mary Shelley was a reflection of her parents. Her
mother, Mary Wollstonecraft, published the classic manifesto of sexual equality, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. Her father,William
Godwin, established his preeminence in radical British political thought with his Enquiry Concerning Political Justice in 1793 and won a permanent
place in literary history ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They died in the summer of 1796. By the time Mary Shelley was nineteen year old she had written one of the most famous novels ever published.
Embodying one of the central myths of Western culture,Frankenstein first published in 1818, tells the story of an overreacher who brings to life the
monster who inhabits one's dreams, a tale which still stands as a powerful and enduring example of the creative imagination. She wrote the novels
while facing difficulties series in her life but the worst was when her half–sister, Fanny Imlay committing suicides. And she was overwhelmed when
Percy ex–wife committed suicide too. While Mary seemed devoted to her husband, she didn't have the easiest marriage. Their marriage was riddled
with adultery and heartache, including the death of her two children. By her third pregnancy she gave birth to a son born in 1819, their son was
named Percy Florence, he was the only child to live to adulthood. Mary's life was rocked again by another tragedy in 1822 when her husband Percy
drowned in a boating accident. He was out sailing with a friend in the Gulf of Spezia. Made a widow at age 24, Mary Shelley worked hard to
support herself and her son. Mary Shelley died of brain cancer on February 1, 1851, at age 53, in London, England. She was buried at St. Peter's
Church in Bournemouth, laid to rest with the cremated remains of her late husband's

Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel Research Paper
Albert Francis Charles Augustus Emmanuel was born in Bavaria, Germany on August 26, 1819. He attended college at the University of Bonn in
Germany before marrying Queen Victoria in February of 1840. Albert then assumed the role of prince consort of England and Ireland. He was
Victoria's most trusted advisor because his advice was usually level–headed and reasonable. While Albert had the respect and trust of Victoria, the same
wasn't true of the public. They looked down on his foreign upbringing . He was also disliked by the British aristocracy because of his rude demeanor
and the fact that his family lacked true wealth and power. Because of the public's attitude towards Prince Albert, he was not officially awarded the title
of prince

Essay on Queen Victoria
The Dawning of a new age– Queen Victoria The Early Life of Queen Victoria Queen Victoria, the well
–known Queen of England did not start out as
some would expect. Her Grandfather, King George the third of England had fifteen children, his third child was The Duke of Kent, Queen Victoria's
father. The Duke of Kent married Princess Victoria of Saxe– Coburg– Gotha. Later they had a baby girl together on May twenty– fourth eighteen–
nineteen. They christened her as Alexandrina Victoria. Her childhood was not a happy one. She did not have a lot of money and did not have many
children her age to play with. Since she was heir to the throne she had a strict education. She was extremely smart and was excellent at languages, yet
she had trouble... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He had charm that pulled the wool over many people's eyes but behind this charm concealed a greed for money and power. His charm seduced
Victoria's mother and people thought him her lover. He secretly took her mother's money. By then Victoria was third in line to the throne after her
uncles George the fourth and William the fourth. Conroy believed these two men would die before Victoria was of age, which meant her mother
would be regent. So Conroy believed he would be in power behind the throne. In eighteen–thirty two Conroy organized many tours through out
England, he thought it a good plan for Victoria the lands that she would rule one day and for the people to see something of her. The central reason
for these trips was to increase the popularity for Victoria. King William was enraged that at the idea of his heir winning over his subjects. On these
trips Victoria kept a real thorough diary which later helped historians out. One of Victoria's favorite uncles was Uncle Leopold who was a father
figure for Victoria. He would talk to her about her responsibilities and told her on no account to trust anyone unless you are certain of him and never
respond to a question until you have thought it over. After her uncle had left Victoria caught a fever and while weakened Conroy tried to take
advantage of her. He told her she needed a private secretary and that he would do it. Victoria, too weak to speak, was able

Royal Enfield Case Study
CHALLENGES FACED BY EICHER MOTORS IN REVIVING ROYAL ENFIELD BULLET
Submitted towards partial evaluation of Operations Research course
Submitted by,
GOUTHAM RAMDAS
Roll No. 07
MBA, 1st Year
Centre for Management Studies,
NALSAR University of Law
Hyderabad
October 2014
ABSTRACT
The top level management of Eicher Motors faced a very tough challenge with respect to their motorcycle division Royal Enfield. Royal Enfield was
making losses and the company had only one chance to revive it. Modernising the motorcycles in order to increase the customer base was what they
wanted to do to revive Royal Enfield, but the existing Royal Enfield customers preferred the original Royal Enfield Bullet than a modernised Royal
Enfield Bullet. Therefore, by modernising, there was a risk that the company would lose its existing customers and the probability of gaining new
customers was less due to the modernised changes in the traditional features of the motorcycle. The case shows how the company dealt with ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factory at United Kingdom closed down in 1970 while the Indian plant continued to manufacture the Bullet. Royal Enfield ventured into a
collaboration with Eicher group which manufactures tractors, commercial vehicles and automotive gears in the year 1990 which was followed by a
merger in the year 1994 and the company was renamed as Royal Enfield Motors Limited. Royal Enfield kept incorporating new technology on its
motorcycles and it was the first motorcycle manufacturer to comply with the stringent norms for emissions imposed by the Government of India in the
year 1996. It was also among the few companies to obtain the Whole Vehicle Type Approval for meeting the European standards. Today, Royal Enfield
is considered to be the oldest motorcycle company in the world which is still in production and Bullet which is the longest production run model in the

Edward Hammond Hargraves: California And The Landscape Of...
Born in Skipton, England in 1816, Edward Hammond Hargraves was a larger–than–life character in every sense. A big man, weighing about 114kg, he
was a sailor, publican, shopkeeper, adventurer and eventually a gold prospector.
Hargraves started his search for gold as a prospector in California. Appointing himself leader of an expedition to the goldfields in 1850, Hargraves
learned several prospecting techniques including panning, cradling and excavating, although he was relatively unsuccessful in his search. See image 2
On his return to Australia in 1851, Hargraves was struck by the similarities between the goldfields of California and the landscape of New South Wales.
Hargraves reasoned that if the landscapes were so similar, then surely there

Child Labor In Victorian England Essay
"Child Labor in the Victorian England." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2015. Factories hired children because they are smaller than adults
and they are cheaper. Children could start working at the age of 7. The boys had to work in the coalmines and the girls had to work in the cotton mills.
Trappers are the people who worked in coalmines who had to sit and wait for the wagons of coal to come. The average lifespan for coal workers was
25. In 1819 an act was passed to make it illegal for children under 9 to work in mills. In 1833 an act was passed so that 9 to 13 year olds were not
allowed to work more than 12 in a day. In 1842 the miners' act was passed. In 1880 children aged 5 to 10 had to enroll in school. "Newgate– Victorian
England Prisons."... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Someone's life in prisons depended on how rich they were. If you were rich you could pay for someone else to serve the sentence for them.
"Women's Independence." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2015. Women usually had to walk along side a man. If women rode a bicycle
then they had more freedom to go were they wanted. If they rode a bicycle then they did not have to be accompanied by a man. Women were not
even allowed to ride a horse without being accompanied by a man. "Top 10 Victorian Inventions." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2015.
During the Victorian era there were ten major inventions some of which we still use today. Jacob Fussell created ice cream in the year of 1851.
Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan created the light bulb in 1879. The London Underground, Oil, the flushing toilet, films and many others. In 1876
Alexander Graham Bell created the telephone. "Makeup History: 19th Century (Victorian Era)." YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. 02 Sept. 2015. Makeup
was not allowed during this time period. Women were supposed to be caring and perfect. Even though makeup was not allowed it was still worn by

Potato- An Important Vegetable
The potato is one of history's most important vegetables, although initially reluctant Europeans quickly became dependent on the plant. Most of the
educated class saw the potato's potential and raised it in their gardens before the more superstitious lower classes. The lower classes feared the myths
of "night shades and plagues" and the encouragement from God was the only sign to begin growing potatoes (Zuckerman 49). Some farmers believed
this crop to be an aphrodisiac, others saw it as the cause of fever and leprosy. In meat–loving England, urban workers and considered potatoes to have
an extreme distaste. The critic, Denis Diderot wrote in his EncyclopГ©die in 1765 his stance on the potato. He stated that "it wasn't a pleasant food,
though abundant, and adequately nourished those who didn't care about anything except sustenance" (Zuckerman 73). The Europeans had strong
opinions about the potato and it would have to take a lot of convincing to change their minds. The European government knew the potato could
develop and effect the economy in a positive way, they only needed to find a way to encourage the lower classes to grow the vegetable. The
EncyclopГ©die went on to convoke the public by saying say the "potato caused intestinal gas but opined that this was no drawback for laborers or
peasants, whose robust insides could withstand the disturbance better than those of more refined folk" (Zuckerman 74). In 1662, the Royal Society
recommended the cultivation of

Australian Gold Rush Research Paper
The Australian Gold Rush
The Australian gold rush was a series of immigrations by workers, both local and from overseas, to areas which had confirmed discoveries of gold
deposits. A number of different gold finds were made prior to 1851, but the only gold found after this date initiated gold rushes. This is mainly
because before this date, the government of New South Wales had suppressed the fact that there was gold in the area as they believed that is would
destabilise the economy, and reduce the amount of workers which were present at the time.
After the Californian gold rush began in 1848, causing many to leave Australia for California in the search for gold there, the New South Wales
government re–considered its position and applied for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When the rush began at Ballarat, diggers discovered it was an extremely rich goldfield. Lieutenant–Govenor, Charles La Trobe visited the site and
observed as five men uncovered 136 ounces of gold in one day. That is 159,827USD in today's dollar, in one day. Mount Alexander was even more
prosperous than Ballarat. With gold sitting just under the surface, the shallowness allowed diggers to easily and effectively uncover gold nuggets. In
just 7 months, 2.4 million pounds of gold was transported from Mount Alexander to nearby capital cities.
The gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas. Australia's population more than triped in 1851 to 1871. Australia became a hugely
multicultural society during the gold rush period. Between 1852 and 1860, 300,000 people migrated to Victoria from the British Isles, 15,000 came
from other European countries, and 18,000 came from the United States. Non–European immigrants, were very unwelcome, especially those of the
Chinese

James Bently Research Paper
James Bently – Solemn, Honest, Murderer By Chloe Correia James Bently a murderer and an honest and very serious, straight–faced person. James
Bently was an honest person and was the one who was known for the murder of James Scobie. It made him have a bad reputation but it also made
him an honest person because he admitted he was the one who did it. He was born in Surrey in England on the 10th of March 1818. He was
sentenced a 10 year sentence in Tasmania and as soon as he got out in 1851 he migrated to Australia. James Bently married Catherine Sherwin and in
1853 they had their first child named Francis all of their kids were born between 1853 and 1865. They then had six other kids named Louisa, Matilda,
Christopher, Albert, Ada and

Sojourner Truth Speech
Does the name Isabella Bomefree ring a bell when learning African American history? Isabella was an African American born slave on a farm in New
York. If you are still confused on who Isabella Bomefree is that mean you do not know the past of the great Sojourner Truth. We all know Sojourner
Truth as the African American woman who escapedslavery and became a great women's rights activist and abolitionist. The famous "Ain't a woman"
speech given by her in 1851 expressing her feelings about the antifeminism debates. Truth's life was long lived and very respected through everything
she has been through and by her opening eyes of many. Born Isabella Baumfree in 1797, Sojourner Truth was one of 12 kids to James and Elizabeth
Baumfree in the town of Swartekill, in Ulster County, New York. The Baumfree family was the property of Colonel Hardenbergh, and stayed on the
colonel's land in Esopus, New York, The land had once been under the Dutch, and both the Baumfrees and the Hardenbaughs communicated in
Dutch in their everyday lives. After their master died the Baumfrees were split up and auctioned in 1806. Truth but back then known as "Belle" at
the time, was sold at an auction with sheep for one hundred dollars. Her new master was a man named John Nealy, who was brutal and evil toward
Truth. Throughout the following two years she was sold twice more to two different men. Truth was sold to a man named John Dumont in West Park,
New York, throughout the years with Dumont she learned how to speak English. Sojourner Truth had a daughter with another slave named Robert
whom she never saw again due to Robert's slave master not wanting them to be together. Two years after never seeing Robert, Truth married a slave
also owned by Dumont named Thomas. Thomas and Truth had 3 children in total, one son and two daughters. John Dumont made a promise to Truth
that he would grant her freedom if she would do well and stayed faithful. Years after Dumont decided not to give Truth her freedom because of her
hand she could not be of any use to Dumont any longer. Truth decided to escape with her infant daughter in hand and leaving behind her son and other
daughter. Dumont illegally sold Truth's only son, Peter to a man going to New

European Imperialism
European industry changed drastically in the nineteenth century with technological advances and political turmoil. The unification of new nations gave
rise to new industrial leaders as well as new empires fighting over ruling land in Africa and Asia. These newer nations competed with older nations for
worldwide economic and political influence. To compare how newernation–states such as Germany rivaled with older countries like England, it is
important to consider the degree of which politics, industry, and imperialism made each similar to or different from the other. Great Britain
appeared to be the ideal of liberal progress. Two groups emerged within the government, the Tories (Conservatives) and the Whigs (Liberals).
Peaceful political reform and a flexible party helped with smooth decision making in government. In fact, the entire nineteenth century was
associated with the term Victorian in England. Moreover, Great Britain began to imperialize on a larger scale. Instead of only overseeing trade, they
decided to take control over the political and economic aspects of certain countries as well. The East India Company was set up to further develop
their trading empire in Great Britain, however was later used to take full control over a monopolized India. In response to company rule, Indian
soldiers revolted; however, the revolt was quickly squashed and India became a possession of the British crown. While England was gaining territory
in Asia and Africa, they began to lag

Lutherbrookdale By Night Sparknotes
The Industrial Revolution started advancing in the mid–18th century after many sought new and more efficient methods of production to accomplish
the needs of society . The Industrial Revolution brought with it an array of changes: an increase in population, the rise of new building typologies,
redistributions of wealth and fluctuations of living conditions. The Industrial Revolution broke out in England with most of the important technological
innovations being British ; with the application of reliable steam power to enhance productivity in machinery this fueled the ability to transport goods
worldwide. Industrialism marked a major turning point in history with almost every aspect of daily life being influenced, in particular how Britain ...
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Industrialism started exhibiting signs of affecting the visual landscape as seen in Philip James de Loutherbourg, 'Coalbrookdale By Night',
foreshadowing a new architectural response. The urban landscape became a darkscape; new building types such as The Mill and The Factory can be
seen with regular windows, smoke stacks that blackened the skies and a strict geometry of cubic masses that were in stark contrast to the natural
surrounding, creating a visual gravity of shifting hierarchy in the city. All did not accept these new building types, in 1829 K. F. Schinkel traveled
across Britain visiting major industrial centers starting from London and working through Birmingham, Dudley, Manchester and Liverpool . Schinkel
recorded his architectural encounters in notes, sketches and personal letters documenting his observations of factories and the new methods of
production; in particular Schinkel recorded his personal encounters with health and the life of the people around him . Schinkel concluded that the
architect as an artist does not control the factories affect over the surrounding cities and that they were buildings of a non–architectural nature .
Similarly, Pugin produced a series of sketches known as A Catholic Town, two sketches of an imaginary town, one depicting 1440 and the other 1840 .
Pugin highlights the truth of the impact industrialism on the urban landscape, in

Edward Hammond Hargraves Research Paper
Edward Hammond Hargraves (1816–1891), gold rush publicist, was born on 7 October 1816 at Gosport, Hampshire, England, son of Lieutenant John
Edward Hargraves and his wife Elizabeth, nГ©e Whitcombe. Educated at Brighton Grammar School and Lewes, he went to sea at 14 and arrived at
Sydney in 1832. He worked on a property at Bathurst, gathered bГЄche–de–mer and tortoise shell in Torres Strait and in 1834 took up 100 acres (40
ha) near Wollongong. In 1836 at Sydney he married Elizabeth, nГ©e Mackay. In 1839 they moved to East Gosford where he became an agent for
the General Steam Navigation Co. and with her dowry bought land and built the Fox under the Hill Hotel. In 1843 he forfeited his property, left his
wife to look after a store and took up land on the Manning River.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He returned to Sydney in January 1851, planning to win a fortune not so much by finding gold but by claiming the government reward for discovery
of a payable goldfield. On his way to the Wellington district he saw promising specimens at Guyong and on 12 February, with John Lister, found five
specks of gold in Lewis Ponds Creek. In the next weeks he traversed much of the area with slight success, but his campaign depended on finding rich
deposits so he enlisted Lister and William, James and Henry, sons of William Tom, to continue the search. Hargraves had taught them Californian
panning techniques and how to make and use a wooden

Growth Of Democracy In 1851 Essay
To what extent was the growth of democracy in Britain after 1851 due to the role of pressure groups?
Before 1851, although some middle class had the vote, the rich still dominated the electorate and only landowners could stand for election. Women
did not have the vote, the open ballot led to bribery and corruption, seats were unevenly distributed and the unelected House of Lords had too much
power. However by 1928 all adults could vote over 21, there was a better distribution of seats and a secret ballot, and power of the House of Lords was
reduced. The growth of democracy in Britain was due to the role of Pressure groups to a certain extent. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He thought that educated and skilled workers had a moral right to vote and helped ruling elites to become more open to democracy. This shows that
pro–reform politicians were willing to try and change the views of anti–reform politicians to make Britain more democratic. In 1864 Palmerston (the
Conservative leader), who was anti–reform, died. After his death the Labour party grew with socialist ideas, such as ordinary people getting the vote.
This shows that Palmerston's death removed a barrier to reform and more people accepted it. The role of women also changed, they were more active
in local governments and some women started to vote in school board elections. This shows that women were becoming more responsible and it made
the idea of them voting in elections more respectable. The growth of democracy in Britain after 1851 was due to changing political attitudes to a
certain extent; however it was a very gradual process. Many would argue that the growth of democracy was more of a result of the effects of Pressure
groups rather than changing political attitudes because popular pressure resulted in The Second Reform Act and seats in parliament being redistributed.
Whereas changing political attitudes took a longer time to change

Edward Hammond Hargraves: The Australian Gold Rush
Edward Hammond Hargraves was a notable figure in Australian History. He was a gold rush prospector and his claim to fame was that he was said
to have discovered gold in 1851, which initiated the start of the Australian Gold Rush. Edward Hargraves was born on the 7th October 1816 at
Gosport, Hampshire, England to parents Elizabeth and John Edward Hargraves, a well–recognised lieutenant. He went to school at Brighton Grammar
School but aspired to travel and explore. With this aspiration behind him, he set sail at the age of 14, and arrived in Sydney, Australia in 1832. Here
he was hoping for a successful start to his future.
However, as the years passed, success seemed elusive. He tried his hand at many jobs but never really achieved in any of them. This included working
on a property in Bathurst, gathering tortoise shell in the Torres Strait. He even purchased... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was spreading his wings and hoping he would find riches in America. Yet the tale continued in a similar vein, and he found no luck in
prospecting in California. Though his success was not much, Hargraves certainly was not one to give up and with his perseverance, He returned to
Sydney in January 1851. His plan was to win a fortune not by mining but by claiming a government reward for finding the first gold in Australia. On
his way to the Wellington area he saw promising samples at Guyong and, with the assistance of a man by the name of John Lister, found five specks of
gold in Lewis Ponds Creek. In the next weeks, he travelled through most of that area with some success. His campaign depended on finding gold rich
deposits and knowing he was unable to do this alone, he enlisted the help of Lister and other recruits, to continue the search, teaching those panning
techniques and other methods that he had learnt during his time in

Photograph of the Demolition of the Crystal Palace, 1936...
Photograph of the Demolition of the Crystal Palace, 1936
The Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton stood for eighty–five years. It succumbed to fire "at six o'clock on the evening of 30th November 1936"
(Beaver, 141). A fire was discovered in the staff lavatory, and within minutes the whole structure was ablaze. The spectacular building was engulfed in
fire as it dissolved into just a skeleton of its former structure. Paxton used innovative methods of construction on the Crystal Palace, greatly influenced
by the bridge and train shed construction of the day. With the introduction of iron elements, architects could be more creative, and more "modern" with
their designs, straying from classical precedents.
Paxton, with engineers Fox ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once it was transferred to Sydenham, the Palace became a symbol of England's industrial power and political prestige. The Crystal Palace was "a
monumental relic of the golden age" and its destruction was devastating to the people of England (Beaver, 143). When the Crystal Palace burned a
cultural symbol was destroyed and part of England as well.
The image of the great Palace in flames must have been one of great awe and sadness. The fire spread quickly as "the dry wood of the gallery
floorboards, the walls and the sashes burnt like tinder", "within half an hour the building was an inferno from end to end" (Beaver, 141). Firefighters
came from all over London to fight the blaze, "89 engines and 381 firemen" joining to save the structure (Beaver, 141). The fire surely spread quickly
as poor ventilation and a greenhouse–like atmosphere fueled the flames. The materials, glass, wood and iron, all highly flammable, increased the
speed at which the fire destroyed the building. Glass sheets created in a "length of 49 inches" (Cowper, 2) were specially designed by the Chance
Brothers, "the only glass manufacturers in England who were capable of producing anything like the quantity that Paxton was going to need"
(Hobhouse, 39). During the fire "whole squares of glass were blown high into the air to dash down in the surrounding streets" (Beaver, 141).
According to Patrick Beaver in The Crystal Palace, 1851–1936: a portrait of Victorian Enterprise "the destruction

Lola Montez Research Paper
Lola Montez was a unique and notorious woman. She was well known for her spider dance, which entertained the men on the Goldfields and as a
result she became well known and was famous. Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Gilbert was also known for her stage name Lola Montez.
She was born on the 17th of February 1821 in County Sligo, Ireland. Her family then moved to India and shortly after her father died of cholera,
which is a disease. Her mother then remarried a year later. She was then sent back to the British Isles (a group of islands in Great Britain, Ireland and
other smaller isles). Lola was educated in England and Scotland. When Marie was 16 she ran off with Lieutenant Thomas James and then they
separated five years later.
Marie then

English Pope Adrian IV
first settled between 8000–6000 BC by hunter–gatherers
Gaels took over around 600–150 BC at time of Christ, the island is divided into 5 kingdoms. by 700 AD – 7 kingdoms. 7 kingdoms raided Roman
Great Britain and the mainland and during one raid, the future St. Patrick is captured. St. Patrick, patron of ireland, is known for converting the irish to
christianity. in 853, Danes invaded and settled the island. most assimilated and adopted christianity
4 provinces of Christianity formed in 1152 taking influence from Gaelic and Danish elements to unify the Church
English Pope Adrian IV disapproves of this and other reforms proposed by the Irish church
To solve the problems of divide over the Irish Church, Adrian IV convenes with Henry II ofEngland and gives the lordship of ... Show more content on
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Some assimilated with the local population, conflict still continues between the two populations. A law is created in 1367 to keep the populations
separate.
In 1495, English law is applied to Ireland and Henry VIII took supremacy over the existing Irish parliament. Under the rule of Henry VIII, the Irish
church is also separated from the Papacy like the Anglican Church. This further inflamed the Irish over English rule.
By 1558, the start of Elizabeth I's rule, Roman Catholicism is associated with the Irish struggle against England and the Irish refused English reform of
the Church.
In the 1560s, an Irish revolt is suppressed and all land is resettled with Englishmen. By 1660, the English are well settled in Ireland and English law is
standard.
During the reign of James I (1603–1625), Catholic schools are closed and children were taught in Protesant schools. The traditional groups (Irish,
Anglo–Irish, and English were focused to Catholic and Protestant alignments despite most of Ireland remaining Catholic. As a result, a large emigration
movement is

The Role Of Clothing In The Victorian Era
Whenever Victoria took throne in 1837, the influence of high culture morals and low vulgarity was strongly embedded in British Culture. Before the
Victorian Era, men were the focus of fashion now the role of the wives were to show off their husbands status and wealth to the public. There were
many different clothing styles during Victoria's' reign. There were seven different eras of clothing styles during theVictorian Era. They had morning,
day and evening dresses for the women. Starting off was the Pre–Hoop Era from 1840–1855. During this era, the day dresses contained full skirts that
were supported by a broad array of petticoats. The petticoats were made of horsehair, or stiffened with padding of some sort. They were applied in a
manner

Mary Godwin Research Paper
Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin was born on August 30th 1797 in London, England
She was daughter of political writer and philosopher William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft, a famed feminist
Mary Wollstonecraft died from giving birth to Mary Godwin. Because of this, William had to care for Mary and her half sister Fanny Imlay. Fanny is
Mary's daughter from a previous affair she had.
In 1801, William got married to Mary Jane Clairmont, who also had two kids. After they got married, they had a kid together. Mary did not like
Clairmont. This was because Clairmont sent off Mary's half sister, Jane, to a school, but felt that she didn't need to educate Shelley at all. Despite this,
Mary sought to educate herself, and made use of her father's large library, reading an exuberant number of books.
In 1814, she started dating poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Percy was a student of William Godwin. However, Mary and Percy could not marry because
Percy was still married to his first wife, and later they fled to England with Mary's stepsister Jane. This made Mary's father very angry that she left. ...
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After this, they moved to Switzerland, which is where the idea of Frankenstein finally struck her. When Mary and Percy were in Switzerland, they
met with Jane Clairmont, John Polidori, and Lord Byron. They, as a group, discussed how they should all write their own horror story, and thus the
idea of Frankenstein hatched in Mary Shelley's mind. Sadness hit Mary once again, when her stepsister Fanny killed herself. The sadness was short
lived however, because soon after this, Percy's wife killed herself, and Mary and Percy finally could wed, and they did so in December of

Changes Europe Experienced During The Industrial Revolution
Changes Europe experienced during the Industrial Revolution o The Industrial Revolution of the late eighteenth and middle nineteenth was progressive
on the grounds that it modified, revolutionized the productive capacity of England, Europe and United States. In any case, the upheaval was something
more than just new machines, smoke–burping processing plants, expanded efficiency and an expanded way of life. It was an upheaval which changed
English, European, and American culture down to its extremely roots. Like the Reformation or the French Revolution, no one was left unaffected.
Everybody was touched in some way peasant and noble, parent and youngster, artisan and commander of industry.
The Industrial Revolution serves as a key to the beginnings of cutting edge Western society. The same number of history specialists has viewed, "the
Industrial Revolution was no inconsequential progression of changes in cutting edge frameworks and era, and however a social change with social
reasons furthermore critical social effects. The Industrial Revolution can be said to have made the European working–class. It made the European
middle–class as well. In the wake of the Revolution, new social associations appeared. There is no denying the way that the Industrial Revolution
began in England eventually after the focal point of the 18th century. England was the "First Industrial Nation." As one money related understudy of
history commented in the 1960s, it was England which at first

Gothic Elements Used In Frankenstein
Interactive Oral Research
What elements of the Gothic genre are used in Frankenstein? How effectively are they used?
Elements of the Gothic genre that are used in Frankenstein are mystery, supernatural activities and doom and gloom. It can be questioned why Victor
used dead body parts to construct his monster since it can be seen as unethical. Also Gothic novels, such as Frankenstein, take place in dark and gloomy
places like castles, dungeons and towers to create the background for mysterious circumstances. Just the thought of raising the dead is gruesome
enough, however the author takes full advantage of that strange feeling that the novel generates. As for the supernatural elements, imagine Victor
wandering the streets (or riding a sled)

Dbq Manchester Essay
From 1750 – 1851 Manchester, England wet under many changes. Streets were filled with excrement and disease. As much as 10 people lived in a
single room. The walls of buildings were covered in smoke. The city size grew exponentially. The main changes included city growth, poor living
conditions, and overall city ugliness that led to a variety of reactions.
The population of Manchester increased from 18,000 in 1750 to over 300,000 in 1851. This growth was not expected, and the city planning shows us
in doc 1 the growth of the city in a span of just over 100 years. Manchester's location, factories and mills to work at made it a desirable place to live.
This document is not likely bias because maps are accurate and used to see a certain area so the map is likely accurate. Doc 9 ... Show more content on
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Sewage was in the streets, as much as 10 people lived in 1 room. In the busiest parts of Manchester as many as 200 people shared a single outhouse
which often overflowed. In doc 2, it tells how crowded the houses are together, people crowd the narrow streets,buildings are black with smoke,
among other things. This shows the harsh living conditions of a rapidly growing city that has terribly low living standards. In doc 7, it portrays the
people that lack proper clothing, bedding, furniture, even proper food. This shows the physical suffering and the harshed living conditions where
every day is survival.This is likely valid because it is a published journal which would have no reason to be untrue. In doc 6, it tells of the diseases
and death seen every day by the people of Manchester. The annual loss of life was high as well as the terrible moral influences among these
people.This is likely unbiased because it is a report of his observations. In all the severe living conditions of Manchester caused immense suffering that
brought many negative reactions from

Benefits Of The Industrial Revolution In The Modern World
The Industrial Revolution was more helpful to the modern world because it helps technologically advanced the human society and improves
dramatically all the resources we can afford and use today. First of all, the Industrial Revolution was more helpful because the technology
advanced a lot and helped transportation to increase severally, which railroads increased dramatically allowing faster transport and increased
trading. For example, according to the Document 12, the Great Exhibition in London, 1851 railways were spread for the first time in history in
only ten selected countries. There was a huge development, allowing goods from all over the world to be an exhibit in London, which helped
England to start and create a huge relationship with the world and its surroundings.This is important because, the spread of railroads increased the
community, which allowed exports and imports to be established between countries, as it was a huge development for all of them, allowing all the
countries to interact with each other and create a good relationship. In addition, child labor was a very dangerous work and job for kids, as it
brought awareness to the injustice of child labor and to the people, giving them an idea of how they were treating them and that these kids were
supposed to learn and study to have a better and brighter future. Specifically, "A boy was caught in a machine and had both his thigh bones broke and
from his knee, to his hip, the flesh was ripped up the same as

How Did The Gold Rushes Affect Australia's Economy
Introduction
The gold rushes was a major event in Australian history. The gold rushes were important because it shaped Australia's economy. The gold rushes
started in 1851 when Edward/William Hammond Hargreaves discovered gold in the New South Wales colony on the 12th of February. The gold
rushes made people quit their jobs with hope that they would find gold and become rich. In 1852 the gold rushes bought 90,000 people to Victoria.
When all the hotels and all the accommodation was full people started putting up tents. One example is canvas city located in Victoria. The gold rush
also ended transportation of convicts into Australia.In 1851 on the 12th of February news had spread that gold was discovered by William Hammond
Hargraves in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whenever diggers made more money than they needed they would go out for a beer of buy more advanced tools. On average in 1852 the average
annual earnings of Victorian diggers was just under 300 pounds, back then that was equivalent to 3 years of hard labour on the average man wage. In
total there was ВЈ 125,000,000.00 worth of gold dug up between 1851 and 1861. Living standards rose for most Australians and the gold rushes
increased the percentage of Australian living in urban areas. All occupations wages grew because diggers were demanding more things. The gold
rushes bought improved transportation, communications and other amenities were accelerated by the gold rushes. A lot of money was brought in
when it was Christmas because all the diggers went to Melbourne to celebrate. Seaports benefitted as well as Bendigo and Ballarat because they had
a lot of gold fields. Squatters also benefitted from selling mutton and tallow for candle making. The wool industry was revived because there was a lot
of diggers who wanted new clothes. Overall the gold rush had a massive impact on Australia's

Jan Van Eyck
Jan van Eyck (1390, Maaseik, Belgium – 9 July 1441, Bruges, Belgium) was a prominent Netherlandish painter and one of the most famous Northern
Renaissance artists of the 15th century. Little is known about his early life and background. He joined the Renaissance, Flemish School movement.
Until 1425, he worked as a painter and restoring pictures at the court of Duke Johann of Bavaria in Hague. In the remaining years of his life, he
worked as court artist to Philip the Good (31 July 1396 – 15 June 1467).
(мћ‘к°ЂмЉ¤нѓЂмќј)
His painting was detailedly realistic depictions and natural light. He often painted with many religious subjects and portrait artworks.
(м‹њлЊЂ)
This period of the major Netherlandish painters are Rogier van der Weyden(1399 or

Mining Industry in Australia Essay
Australia, the large Island continent, has been generously furnished with abundant natural resources. With these resources, not surprisingly the various
kinds of industries utilizing these resources are emerged in Australia. One of the most important industries is mining. Australia has the world's largest
reserves of several mineral commodities in both minerals and energy resources. The Mining sector includes all units mainly engaged in mining,
including the mineral exploration, and the provision of a wide variety of services supporting mining and mineral exploration. The discovery of the
gold in New South Wales and Victoria has forcedAustralia into the group leader in mining countries since 1851. This essay will focus on the mining in
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mining generated from 3.4 percent of Australia's Gross Domestic Product in 1982–83 to 4.6 percent in 2002–03. The mining sector has created the
Australian economic growth, especially in terms of exports. Lewis (2000 ,2) states that the industry makes up around 40 percent of Australia's
merchandise exports each year, contributing around 40 billion dollar annually to the economy. The value of exports from the mining industry has
grown by 95 percent during 1994–2004, 45 percent more than the growth in manufacturing industry and 26 percent more than for all industries.
Australia globally exports mineral commodities to many countries, for instance, Japan, Republic of (South) Korea and United Kingdom. Japan is the
major buyer with approximatly more than 20 percent of the total export value in minerals each year. "Of the countries in this region, Japan is
consistently the main destination for Australian minerals and oil for the period 1988–89 to 2002–03. Its share of total exports of minerals and oil was
27% in 2002–03." (2005 Australia Year Book 2005, 509). These developments can be seen that mining industry is important to the Australian economy.
There are several impacts on Australian society in demography related to population, immigration and employment. Gold discoveries had a tremendous
impact on all parts of Australia. From 1851 to 1861, Australia's population trebled. O'Malley (1988 ,24) claims that the number

The Great Exhibition Of 1851 By Louis Haghe, Joseph Nash...
Compiled in 1854 by Louis Haghe, Joseph Nash and David Roberts, Dickinson 's Comprehensive Pictures of the Great Exhibition of 1851 reveals large
amounts of information regarding exhibitionary cultures in the nineteenth century. The catalogue was produced for Prince Albert, who was the patron
of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. This source suggests the Great Exhibition followed a similar trend
how museums mainly operated in the nineteenth century. Most images in the catalogue represent the Victorian notion of progress, making visitors
react a certain way to exhibits and also influencing behaviour generally throughout the museum to the same way that Foucault shows with the concept
of the Panopticon. Using the images of Moving Machinery, General View of the Exterior of the Building and The Transept in the Comprehensive
Pictures catalogue, this essay will analyse each of these images to show their revelation of exhibitionary cultures, which means to critically understand
attitudes to the way which museums operate exhibitions. It will also examine how historians responded to the historiographical debate surrounding the
Great Exhibition, and argues that the Great Exhibition was generally successful and that it had a mainstream exhibitionary culture compared with other
museums in the nineteenth century.
The glorification of the country 's engineering achievements is depicted in the Moving Machinery image. The huge structures of the

Research Events In Australian History Post 1770
VU21481 Research events in Australian history, post 1770
Student Name : Fong Hock Chuan
Student ID : GEC000003H
TASK 1
1. Tahiti , New Zealand , The Great Southern Land (Australia)
2. The sea was dangerous , the winds did not always blow in the right direction and it was such a long way and difficult to bring enough food and water.
3. People could make a lot of money from trade and from gathering natural resources.England was very interest in setting up a naval base and supply
post in the Southern Hemisphere.
4. Captain James Cook was a Seaman in the Royal Navy and was also an astronomer , mathematician , cartographer and photographer.
5. He a seaman in the Royal Navy. He is also an astronomer , mathematician , catrographer and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were acted as servants to the settlers or carried out hard labour in gangs. At night , they were locked up in a small wooden huts behind stockdales.
Convicts who commited further offenes in the colony , punishment were brutal. Fifty lashes was a common punishment. If convicts continued to cause
trouble in Australia , they were sent to more isolated penal colonies or prisons . There they were forced to work from dawn to dusk . If they disobey or
escaped , they were whipped , chained in irons or executed.
4.The prison guards look after the convicts that behave good could apply or petition the governaur to have thier families brought out from England
and in some case , they could be assigned to work for thier free settler families. Convicts who work hard could obtain their ' ticket of leave '. The
prison guard were very strict on the convicts , thier punishment were brutal. Convicts who disobey or continues to cause trouble could be sent to more
isolared prison or to be killed.
5.Daily life for the convicts was strictly controlled and defined by routine. Food was the most cherished part of the prisoner's life and the convicts
in the Fremantle ate quite well compared to the colony at the time. Convicts in work parties outside the prison received a better variety of food
including cocoa with milk and molasses , cheese were once a week on Sundays , mutton or beef , and suet pudding on Thursday . Convicts were only
given one plate to hold thier food. Extra food was

Manchester Dbq Essay
The Industrial Revolution followed after cottage industries expanded and agriculture experienced a revolution. The textile industry especially sparked
the nation's prosperity; within the nineteenth century, Manchester, England emerged as the center of textile manufacturing after its first cotton mill
was built in 1780 (Historical Background). The effective and productive industrial facilities were rich in provisions of coal and vitality, which
prompted the quick development of the English economy and the nation's populace. Because of its rapid growth, its population expanded from 18,000
in 1750 to over 300,000 by 1851, mostly made up of laborers and immigrants. As found in History of Manchester, there was a monstrous population
growth throughout... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Report on the Conditions of the Laboring Population of Great Britain, Edwin Chadwick discussed diseases, filth, overcrowding, bad
ventilation, and short lives of the laboring classes (Doc 5). Furthermore, individuals spoke against safety and health conditions in factories across
Europe. Illnesses were widespread and children suffered from disease as well. Tocqueville (Doc 3) and Tristan (Doc 6), a guest and a ladies' rights
advocate from France respectively, remarked on the "physical and moral degradation of this class of the population", claiming that the factories were
creating harmful pollution to the environment and poisoning the people with unsafe contamination; however, the conflict between the French and the
English might just have made them enhance and amplify this issue, exaggerating the actual health problems the factories produced. Similarly,
Chadwick was plagued and daunted by the foul, filthy work regions of the laboring classes (Doc 5). As a health reformer, he saw the issues of poor
ventilation and exposure as danger and risk in the plants. Subsequently, the Industrial Revolution brought a substantial danger of disease and famine to

The Gold Rush
Migration to the gold fields
The gold rush was the turning point of Australia's history thanks to Edward Hargraves he discovered gold in New South Wales in April 1851 and
soon the gold rush kicked off. Clear evidence has been provided on how Edward Hargraves started the gold rush started, Information on how push and
pull factors influenced people to the gold fields. Stories have been recounted on how life during the gold rush was like in the gold fields. Information
on how many numbers of migrants came and where they came and what transportation was used
The gold rush started because Edward Hargraves returned to Australia after prospecting gold in California he noticed that some parts of Australia were
similar and convinced gold could be found. He was proved right a year later he discovered gold in New South Walesin April 1851 he spread the news to
local colonies and overseas but it took many months for people overseas to find out. For the first year, the diggings were worked by locals from
Australian colonies. Soon after word spread to England in January 1852 a new rush of migration followed as Britons from all classes decided to
try their luck the discovery of gold in Victoria also added to the hysteria. Husbands left their families, ships were left stranded in port when crews left
the ship to go to the diggings Teachers laborer's lawyer's government officials and police officers made a dash for the gold fields
The gold rush had many pull factors pull factors and

Industrialization in England Essay
The world has changed in many ways throughout history. Industrialization has changed England in many ways. The Industrial Revolution was too hard
on the men, women, and children in England. The changes that occurred in the economy and society in Britain during the late 18th and 19th century is
known as the Industrial Revolution (McCloskey Int.). The Industrial Revolution was a drawn–out process that transformed Britain's economy from the
production of goods by hand to the production of goods by machine (Thackerary 1). During this time the number of people employed in industrial
manufacturing, making many different goods, and especially making textiles, iron goods, metal waves, and pottery increased dramatically (McCloskey
Int.). At the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 1851, the employment of textiles rose from 1.3 million to over 1.5 million by 1911. Clothing went from nine hundred thousand to over 1.2 million
workers. Engineering and metal working rose from over half a million workers to nearly two million. In the paper and printing industry the
employment increased five–fold to nearly four hundred thousand employees. Employment in the chemical, oil, and soap industries increased over
four–fold to two hundred thousand workers (Mingay 27). By 1849, there were twelve steel–pen factories employing an average of one hundred
fifty–four employees in each factory. Mechanized industries employed less than two million workers in 1851 (Mingay 26). In 1871 there were one
hundred forty–five factories making boots and shoes, and each factory employed an average of one hundred twenty–five workers. There were
fifty–eight cheap clothing factories that employed an average of one hundred thirty–six workers a piece. The expansion of the market at home and
overseas was the ultimate reason for the growth of the factories in Britain (Mingay 26). Along the River Severn is the Industrial Revolution–Iron
Bridge which provided Britain with many minerals, clay, coal, and iron ore (Whitehouse 26). The citizens of Britain had a hard time finding jobs
during the Industrial Revolution. There were more workers than jobs offered, which made it harder on the

Cumnor In The 1860s: How Far Did Dependence On Agriculture...
Cumnor in the 1860s: How Far Did Dependence on Agriculture Shape its Social Structure? 'We stood in Cumnor ..A straggling line of scattered
cottages with mud or rough stone walls uncemented and rude and low overhanging thatched roofs with here and there the bee hives on a bench by
the gate in the low stone wall or a few brown faced urchins who peeped slily at the unaccustomed stranger....(Anon 1850) .. 'We turned our back upon
the line of cottages or huts perhaps they might be called' the writer continued, ' ..Cumnor is at best a poor squalid place.' Though lacking the intensity
of urban life famously described by Engels (1844), Cumnor epitomizes aspects of a sharply polarised society with a land–less rural working class. This
paper... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By mid–century, England had been represented as two agricultural provinces–grain production being concentrated in the east, and grazing favoured in
the west (Caird 1851). The first BoT agricultural returns in 1866 provide a more nuanced picture in which Berkshire and Oxfordshire together had
a relatively large area under corn, a relatively small area under permanent pasture, but were also important for sheep rearing. 5 Dominant
perceptions prescribed for the locality a unified system of wheat growing and sheep rearing where 'grass lands do not reduce the production of food,
but in addition to their own produce, ..enable the adjoining arable lands to increase their production' (Smith 1863 p50). Dominant perceptions
militated against dairying in the country around Cumnor and favoured larger capitalist producers rather than smallholders. A precise distinction
between smallholders and capitalist farmers is difficult (both are included within minor group 61). Assuming a need for wage labour on any
Cumnor holding of more than 60 acres, eight smallholding families are identified in Table 3 (roughly 4% of households ) and assigned to Level 2 of
the SOCPO schema. 6 Waged labour was essential to those fourteen capitalist farmers (listed in Table 4) whose holdings clearly exceeded this
threshold. They farmed 3465 acres in aggregate (an average holding of almost 250 acres).

The Poisoning Trial Of Christiana Edmunds Essay
Poison throughout the ages has been a subject of fascination. This is particularly true in Victorian era Britain where the population became fascinated
with poison as a means for murder. Although poisoning had not been new, the Victorian era produced an apex in poisoning cases. This essay hopes to
explore the progression of murder through poison in Victorian society from its humble beginnings in the home as a common household product to a
tool of deliberate murder and the subsequent fear it instilled that inspired legal reform that exists today. Firstly, this will be explored through the place
poison had in the common home and Victorian society. Secondly, I will explore the professionalization of poisoning and growing fear of murder that
became prevalent in the 1840s. Thirdly, I will explore the legal framework that changed in hopes to limit access and reduce the chance of poisoning.
Fourthly, given this as context I will explore how the poisoning trial of Christiana Edmunds in 1872 became sensationalized because it reinvigorated
fears of poisoning throughout Brighton. Arsenic and other poisons had commonly been used throughout antiquity, but in Victorian Britain there was a
rise in popular use in the ingredients. As the Industrial Revolution took Great Britain by storm arsenic, a "byproduct of the mining industry," became
readily available in unprecedented quantities. The result was a lowering of prices with the surplus in the substance. Due to this, the Victorians

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