4. Some reference to cluster “basics”
Cluster (“wild cluster”)
Cluster initiative
Cluster organization / association
“Clusters are geographic
concentrations of interconnected
companies, specialized suppliers,
service providers, firms in related
industries, and associated
institutions in particular fields that
compete but also cooperate”
“Cluster initiatives are organised
efforts to increase the growth and
competitiveness of clusters within
a region, involving cluster firms,
government and/or the research
community”
Cluster organizations are entities that
are managing and representing a
cluster initiative.
Michael E. Porter (2008)
Warehouse
Buyers
S
L
A
U
G
H
T
E
R
Unió d’adobadors
CEC-FECUR
Gremi de Blanquers
AIICA
Footwear industry
Other
Cleaning and
tanning
Adovinbe
A cluster association is a not for
profit legally formed entity gathering
businesses and other stakeholders
involved in cluster initiatives
Technological
Associations Centres
Leather tanners Apparel industry
Goes SA
Raw materials Fontanellas i Marti
Vidal Bosch
Torras SA
Curtidos Badia
(recolectors)
(...)
H
O
U
S
E
S
Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist &
Christian Ketels in The Cluster
Initiative Greenbook (2003).
A cluster organization does not
necessarily have members, but it
provides services to the cluster
initiative participants.
Mapping
Mentoring
Implementation
Monitoring
Anlysis
Institutionalization
Evaluation
end-users
Chemical
products
3
8. Innovating in cluster policy
Different levels of cluster policy application
National cluster
policies
Other projects and schemes:
‐ Transnational level
‐ Multilateral, etc.
EU policy framework
for clusters
Regional cluster
policies
Local and city level
cluster initiatives
7
15. The case of Catalonia
EVOLUCIÓN DE LES POLÍTICAS DE CLUSTERS EN CATALUÑA
KEY MILESTONES IN CATALAN CLUSTER POLICY
1993 ‐ 2004
2004 ‐ 2009
I phase
II phase
THE MICROCLUSTER
APPROACH AS THE UNIT
OF REFERENCE FOR
COMPETITIVENESS
REINFORCEMENT
INITIATIVES
CONSOLIDATION,
INTERNAL SKILL
DEVELOPMENT,
PROJECT
DIVERSIFICATION
Creation of an internal cluster
unit to retain talent and knowledge
Develop cluster‐specific instruments
to facilitate strategic change
Design of different cluster
reinforcement initiatives to
work with different groups of
companies (clusters or similar)
Innovating in internal organization
and cluster initiatives design
14
18. The case of Catalonia
From traditional statistically‐defined
cluster initiatives to strategy‐centere ones
Leading
+ Brand
Brands
Food‐sector clusters
Functional
Food
Retail
specialist
Gourmet
Organic
food
Retail
Brand
Meat processing
Wine and cava
Olive‐oil
…
Farm machinery
Fishing
‐ Brand
Food
service
HORECA
Distributio
n service
Big Distr.
Chains
New Trad. retail
Channels
Retail
specialist
17
19. The case of Catalonia
Kids related activities value chain in Catalonia
SALES BIG DISTRIBUTION
CHANNEL
INDUSTRY – OWN PRODUCT COMPANIES
MARKET
Pharmacy
FOOD
(food, children specific products‐breakfast, snack..‐ confectionery,
sweets...)
Independent Retailers
HABITAT
(decor, children’s furniture, home textile...)
CHILDCARE ITEMS
(prams, child car seats...)
DISTRIBUTION
IMAGE OWNERS‐LICENSES
FASHION AND ACCESSORIES
(Clother, shoes, accessories for children...)
LICENSES STAKEHOLDERS
HYGIENE, COSMETICS, HEALTH
(Cologne, soap, nappies, creams, medicines...)
Retailers
Independent
Retailers
Child
specialist
Child
specialist
LEISURE AND ENTRETEINMENT (toys, audiovisual products, books...)
SCHOOL EQUIPMENT
(stationery,textbooks...)
School Distribution
ORGANISED EDUCATION SERVICES
ORGANISED LEISURE SERVICES
18
20. The case of Catalonia
Selected competitiveness reinforcement initiatives at cluster and sectoral level
(2005 – 2010)
Metal‐mechanical in Ripollès
Cork Industry in Costa Brava
Farm Machinery in Lleida
Manresa Innovation plan Textile in Bages
Knitwear in Anoia
Wine and cava
Delta of Llobregat IP
Household Furniture in la Sénia
•Cluster competitive reinforcement initiatives
•Strategy centered reinforcement projects
•Emerging Clusters
•Local Development and Innovation Plans
•Other projects
La Selva IP
Leather Tanning in Osona
Osona IP Fireplaces in Centelles
Household Furniture in la Garriga
Textile in Maresme
Moulds and Dies
Motorcycles
Medical devices
Graphic Arts in Barcelonès
Taps and valves Baix Llobregat
Optics and Photonics
Fashion Industry
Lightning industry
Gourmet Food
Food Service
Maritime industry
Technical Fabrics
Renewable energies: photovoltaics and wind power
Children‐related products
Well‐being cluster
Sports equipment
Green vehicle (in progres)
19
21. The case of Catalonia
Main features of “new generation” cluster initiatives:
ILLUSTRATIVE
‐ Bigger market dimension
‐ Cluster initiatives defined by strategy rather than by industry / technology
HABITAT
‐ “Cross‐industry” focus
CHEMICAL
‐ Transnational dimension
FASHION AND DESIGN
‐ Private leadership in the medium‐long term
‐ Professionalized management
CONTENT
HEALTH AND WELLBEING
ICT
AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
‐ Flexible concept of cluster seen mainly as a tool for designing
FOOD
and implementing competitiveness reinforcement initiatives
‐ Temporary limited and decreasing co‐funding
ENERGY AND CLEANTECH
MOBILITY
MACHINERY
Source: OPI
20