Part of Slide deck for Environmental Studies for Under graduate studies.

1. Air Pollution-2
Sesion-12:
Environmental Studies & Disaster
Management
Prof. Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@bmu.edu.in

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3. Ambient (outdoor) air pollution: WHO Guidelines
Particulate matter (PM)
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)
• 10 μg/m3 annual mean
• 25 μg/m3 24-hour mean
Coarse particulate matter (PM10)
• 20 μg/m3 annual mean
• 50 μg/m3 24-hour mean
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Ozone (O3)
• 100 μg/m3 8-hour mean
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
• 40 μg/m3 annual mean
• 200 μg/m3 1-hour mean
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• 20 μg/m3 24-hour mean
• 500 μg/m3 10-minute mean

4. SOURCES AND
COMPOSITION
OF PM2.5
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5. SOURCES OF
GROUND-
LEVEL OZONE
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6. Some Indian Initiatives to reduce Air Pollution
• National Clean Air Program (NCAP) launched in January 2019 by MoEFCC
• Goal: reduce harmful particulate matter pollution by 20-30% by 2024 (vs 2017 levels)
• Delhi - formed 52 cross-government teams to ensure implementation of its Graded
Response Action Plan during peak pollution season.
• Ahmedabad - implemented its health-based plan to protect citizens from high levels of air
pollution. FY19-20 budget for 1000 electric buses, 30,000 electric rickshaws, and capping of
smoldering landfill—Pirana—that contributes to the city’s air pollution woes.
• Nagpur - developed a comprehensive action plan to reduce air pollution in the city.
• Pune - promoting non-motorized transport.
• Raipur - achieved a reduction in local particulate matter pollution over two consecutive
years.
• Chennai - increased generation of solar energy by utilizing metro rail rooftops
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8. Solutions for Cities
1. Post-combustion controls: Introduce state-of-the-art end-of-pipe measures to reduce
sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate emissions at power stations and in large-
scale industry
2. Vehicle inspection and maintenance: Enforce mandatory checks and repairs for vehicles
3. Dust control: Suppress construction and road dust; increase green areas
4. Agricultural crop residue: Manage agricultural residues, including strict enforcement of
bans on open burning
5. Residential waste burning: Strictly enforce bans on open burning of household waste
6. Clean cooking and heating: Use clean fuels – electricity, natural gas, liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) in cities, and LPG and advanced biomass cooking and heating stoves in rural
areas; substitution of coal by briquettes
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9. Solutions for Cities
7. Renewables for power generation: Use incentives to foster extended use of wind, solar
and hydro power for electricity generation and phase out the least efficient plants
8. Energy efficiency for households: Use incentives to improve the energy efficiency of
household appliances, buildings, lighting, heating and cooling; encourage roof-top solar
installations
9. Electric vehicles: Promote the use of electric vehicles
10. Improved public transport: Encourage a shift from private passenger vehicles to public
transport
11. Solid waste management: Encourage centralized waste collection with source separation
and treatment, including gas utilization
12. Wastewater treatment: Introduce well-managed two-stage treatment with biogas
recovery
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10. AQI air quality descriptors by Ahmedabad
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11. Solutions
• Invest in Energy Efficient Power Generation
• Build safe and affordable public transport systems and Pedestrian & Cycle friendly
networks
• Improve domestic, industry and municipal waste management
• Reduce Agricultural waste incineration, forest fires and certain agro-forestry
activities.
• Make greener and more compact cities with energy-efficient buildings.
• Provide universal access to clean affordable fuels and technologies for cooking,
heating and lighting.
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12. Links between Air
Quality and SDGs
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13. 3.9.1
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• Acute respiratory infections in young
children
• Cerebrovascular diseases (stroke)
• Ischaemic heart diseases (IHD)
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD)
• Lung cancer

14. 3.9.1
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• Air pollution, both ambient and household,
increases the risk of cardiovascular and
respiratory disease
• 2016: ~7 million deaths worldwide.
• Sub-Saharan Africa and most of Asia and
Oceania (excluding Australia/New Zealand) -
highest mortality rates due to air pollution
• Inadequate and unsafe drinking water,
sanitation and hygiene is linked to (Disease
Burden)
• 60 % due to diarrhoea,
• 100% from infections with soil-
transmitted helminths
• 16% protein-energy malnutrition,
• ~870,000 deaths in 2016 from the three
conditions.

15. 7.1.2
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• ~3 billion people still rely primarily on
inefficient and polluting cooking systems.

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17. Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, 2016
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Share of the total population with access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking.

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•Air pollution
• world’s leading risk factors for
death,
• attributed to 5 million deaths each
year. (9% of deaths)
• A leading risk factor for disease
burden.
• highest in low-to-middle income
countries, with more than 100-fold
differences in rates across the world.
• Globally, death rates from air
pollution have been falling. This has
mainly been the result of progress on
tackling indoor pollution.

19. Death rates from air pollution, 2017 (Indoor + Outdoor)
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20. Energy related CO2 emissions, 1990-2019
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21. China: Aggressive pollution control yield results
• PM2.5 pollution has dropped markedly
• Continue to exceed theWHO’s least-stringent target.
• Action Plan for Air Pollution Prevention and Control
(2013-, State Council of China in 2013.
• set key air quality targets and included
• specific actions to reduce the reliance on coal
• cut industrial emissions
• control the number of vehicles in some cities
• increase lower-emission energy sources
• New 3-year plan (2018 - 2020)
• targets more cities
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Underscore the potential for air quality management efforts to rapidly and
substantially improve air quality both in China and around the world.

22. Thank you
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Prof. Ajay Mohan Goel
ajay.goel@bmu.edu.in