Andhra Pradesh Priorities: Outdoor Air Pollution - Bhattacharjya

1. Assessing social and private benefits and costs for
improved brick production in Andhra Pradesh
Souvik Bhattacharjya,
The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi
Andhra Pradesh Priorities Eminent Panel Meeting – 18-20 June, 2018

2. Brick production in India (1/2)
• India is world’s 2nd largest producer of bricks after China
• Average annual production of 200 bn bricks, (14 % share)
• Brick production has increased 8 times in last 40 years
• More than 100,000 units are present (no official estimates)
• 2nd largest consumer of coal in the industrial sector category, after iron and steel
• Consumes more than 35 million tonnes of coal and emits more than 60 million tonnes of CO2
• Nearly 70% of infrastructure yet to be built in the next 10 -15 years; hence there would be a 3
to 4 times increase in demand for bricks

3. Brick production in India (2/2)
• One of the largest informal employment
creating sectors (10 mn )
• Fixed Chimney Bull’s Trench Kiln (FCBTK)
accounts 70 % technology
• Clamp kilns (25%), available in central and
south India
• FCBTK and clamp kilns are traditional technologies and less energy efficient
• Share of class 1 brick production low
• Inadequate combustion leads to high CO concentration in flue gas, black smoke, and unburnt
coal deposition at the floor of the kiln.

4. • Air pollution 2nd leading health risk factor
in India
• Outdoor air pollution caused 6.4 % of
India’s total DALYs in 2016
• 2,750 cases of deaths or severe illnesses
per lakh people
• 41 deaths per lakh population estimated
due to cardiovascular diseases arising from
air pollution
• 22 deaths due to chronic respiratory
diseases
• 14 deaths lower respiratory diseases from
air pollution
Air pollution and health impacts in India

5. Brick manufacturing in AP
• AP a major producer of bricks in Central and South India
• No estimates on no of Kilns (TERI-DFID study estimates 4500 to 4800 kilns)
• Most of the brick manufacturing units are situated in
• Krishna
•Guntur
•Vizianagram
•Srikakulam
•Kurnool
•Ananthpur
• Clamp kiln is the key process technology used in manufacturing bricks in the state
• The predominant fuel is coal; biomass is used particularly post harvest seasons
• Brick production, being seasonal, takes place during winters and summers (for 9 months)
• Average daily production vary from 5000 bricks to nearly 15000 bricks

6. Impact of brick manufacturing on pollution and health
Sl. No
Name of
Districts
Population (2016)
Mean concentration
(PM10)
Estimated deaths due
to brick kilns*
1 Krishna 4691778 110 304
2 Guntur 5113922 112 332
3 Vizianagram 2393585 111 155
4 Srikakulam 2789880 139 185
5 Kurnool 4332907 108 280
6 Ananthpur 4321100 107 279
* Relative risks have been estimated based on Ostro (2004)
An estimated around 1500 deaths have been attributed due to brick kilns in
the state.

7. 1st analyzed solution
Improved Zig-Zag Kiln Technology

8. The Zig-Zag technology
• The Zigzag kiln are technologies where the bricks are arranged in
a way where air is forced to follow a zigzag path
• Lower energy consumption and savings on energy cost
•Zigzag kilns require about 20% to 30% less energy
• Better environment performance
• PM emission can be reduced by 60 to 65 %;
• Higher percentage of class-I bricks
•Production of a higher share (around 80%) of class-I bricks, as compared
to that of clamp/FCBTK (around 50%).
•Higher quality product results in an increased revenue (Rs 4 vs Rs 1.5 – Rs
2)

9. Assessing Social Benefits
• Social benefits of cleaner brick kilns assessed are
•Health benefits of reduced PM10/PM2.5 emissions &
• Global benefits of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction due to higher energy efficiency of Zig-Zag
technology
• Zig-Zag technology is estimated to reduce CO2 by 1.8 million tonnes.
• Health benefits estimated based on risk function for lower respiratory infection among children
under 5 years, cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer
• Improved brick manufacturing technologies like Zig-Zag can save 629 deaths per year till 2030
• Cumulative avoided deaths = 7552

10. Benefit Cost Summary
Rs million
Discount
rate
Zig-Zag (VSL
Approach)
Zig-Zag (DALY
Approach)
Cost 24960 24960
Financial benefits 5% 126739 126739
CO2 benefits 5% 10,580 10,580
Health benefits 5% 86199 47420
Total benefits 5% 2,23,518 1,84,739
BCR 5% 8.96 7.4

11. 2nd analyzed solution
Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) Technology

12. The Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) Technology
• The hot exhaust gases for the gradual preheating of the unfired
bricks in a continuous process, thus reducing energy
consumption and CO2 emissions
• Lower energy consumption and savings on energy cost
• VSBK requires 45% to 50%
• Better environment performance
• PM emission can be reduced by 75%;
• Higher percentage of class-I bricks
•VSBK results in higher share (around 90%) of class-I bricks, as compared to
that of clamp kilns (around 50%).
•Higher quality product results in an increased revenue (Rs 4 vs Rs 1.5 – Rs
2)

13. Assessing Social Benefits
• Social benefits of cleaner brick kilns assessed are
•Health benefits of reduced PM10/PM2.5 emissions &
• Global benefits of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission reduction due to higher energy efficiency of VSBK
technology
• VSBK technology is estimated to reduce CO2 by 3.8 million tonnes.
• Health benefits estimated based on risk function for lower respiratory infection among children
under 5 years, cardiopulmonary disease, lung cancer
• Improved brick manufacturing technologies like VSBK can save 961 deaths per year till 2030
• Cumulative avoided deaths = 11528

14. Benefit Cost Summary
Rs million Discount rate
VSBK (VSL
Approach)
VSBK (DALY
Approach)
Cost 38400 38400
Financial benefits 5% 167257 167257
CO2 benefits 5% 22,602 22,602
Health benefits 5% 131579 72385
Total benefits 5% 3,21,438 2,62,244
BCR 5% 8.4 6.8

15. Policy recommendations
• Central scheme for technology upgradation under MSME provides 25% of the capital cost, the
state 25% and the remaining by the lender and project developer
• Uptake has been very poor; Propose to increase share upto 75% of capital cost
• Can be prioritized based on scale, etc.
• Public procurement of bricks only from those vendors who have undertaken necessary
retrofitting
• Enhanced awareness campaign