1. Energy, Ecology, Environment &
Society
Course Code: 100015
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MITS, Gwalior
Lecture By: Aishwarya
Assistant Professor
CSE Department
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2. Solar Energy
• Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the sun.
There are two basic categories of Solar Energy:
• Solar Thermal- Using the sun’s energy to heat things like your house,
water, food, etc.
• Solar Electric- Turning light from the sun directly into electricity, using
solar panels.
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3. • Energy from the sun is more abundant freely available energy on
planet earth.
• In order to utilize this energy we need help from most abundant
element on earth, sand
• The sand has to be converted to 99.99% pure silicon crystals to use
solar cells .
• It is found in rocks, sand, clays and soils, combined with either oxygen
as silicon dioxide, or with oxygen and other elements as silicates.
• Silicon's compounds are also found in water, in the atmosphere, in
many plants, and even in certain animals.
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4. • To achieve this sand has to go through a complex process
+ Raw Silicon
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2000 degree C
9. What is a Solar Panel?
• Solar Panels are commonly called Photovoltaic Panels (PV Panels).
• Photo means light and voltaic means electricity.
• Photovoltaic panels are made from Silicon which is the same material
that makes up sand.
• Silicon is heated to extremely high temperatures at a factory, and
then formed into very thin layers
• When the sunlight hits the PV panel, it moves around tiny particles of
silicon called electrons.
• The silicon electrons travel though the wires that are built into the PV
panel to create energy!
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10. Monocrystalline
• Solar cells for monocrystalline panels are produced with silicon wafers (the silicon
is first formed into bars and then it is sliced into thin wafers). The panel derives its
name “mono” because it uses single-crystal silicon.
• As the cell is constituted of a single crystal, it provides the electrons more space
to move for a better electricity flow.
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11. Polycrystalline
• Although polycrystalline solar panels are also composed of silicon, it
does not involve the use of single-crystal silicon.
• Polycrystalline solar panel manufacturers melt multiple silicon
fragments together to produce the wafers for these panels. For this
reason, they are called “poly” or multi crystalline.
• The electrons in each cell will have less space to move because of
many crystals in a cell.
• Therefore, the efficiency ratings of polycrystalline solar panels are
relatively lower.
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12. Comparison chart:
Monocrystalline vs. Polycrystalline solar panel
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Parameters Monocrystalline Polycrystalline
Cost High Low
Efficiency High Low
Appearance Black color panels Bluish color panels
Lifespan Minimum 25 years Up to 25 years
Temperature Coeff. High Low
Key Manufacturers SunPower, LG SolarWorld, Trina
13. Solar panel in India
• Bhadla Solar Park: The Bhadla Solar Park, with total installed capacity of 2,245
MW, is the biggest plant in the world as of March 2020. The only tower type solar
thermal power plant (2.5 MW) in India is located in Bikaner district.
• Off-grid Solar PV Programme
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System No. of units/capacity installed
Solar Lamps/Lanterns 65,17,180
Solar Pumps 2,37,120
Solar Street Lights 6,71,832
Solar Home Lighting Systems 17,15,639
Solar Power Plants/Packs 212 MWp
14. Grid Connected Overview:
• A target of installing 100 GW of grid connected solar power by 2022 has been
kept. In order to achieve the above target, Government of India have launched
various schemes to encourage generation of solar power in the country like Solar
Park Scheme, VGF Schemes, CPSU Scheme, Defence Scheme, Canal bank & Canal
top Scheme, Bundling Scheme, Grid Connected Solar Rooftop Scheme etc.
• Various policy measures are also undertaken to promote the grid connected solar
power plants.
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16. Solar Water Heaters
• Solar water heaters -- also called solar domestic hot water systems -- can be
a cost-effective way to generate hot water for your home. They can be used in
any climate, and the fuel they use -- sunshine -- is free.
• HOW THEY WORK: Solar water heating systems include storage tanks and solar
collectors. There are two types of solar water heating systems: active, which have
circulating pumps and controls, and passive, which don't.
• During the day time, water in solar collectors gets heated which is either pumped
or flown automatically on thermo syphon principle to the storage tank.
• Hot water then stored in the tank can be used for various applications.
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18. Components of Solar Heater
• Solar Collector
• Connecting Pipes
• Storage Tank
• Pump
• Controller
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19. Types of Solar Heater
• Solar Passive Heater: Solar energy is also used for heating or cooling a building to
maintain a comfortable temperature inside. Passive System don’t require any
mechanical device and make use of the natural process of convection, radiation
and conduction for transport of heat.
• Solar Active Heater: Active heating/ cooling systems employ mechanical
devices, e.g. pumps, blowers, etc. to circulate the working fluid for transportation
of heat and therefore, a special building design is not a necessary as required in
the case of passive heating.
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20. Types of active solar water heating systems:
• Direct circulation systems
Pumps circulate household water through the collectors and into the home. They
work well in climates where it rarely freezes.
• Indirect circulation systems
Pumps circulate a non-freezing, heat-transfer fluid through the collectors and
a heat exchanger. This heats the water that then flows into the home. They are
popular in climates prone to freezing temperatures.
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21. Passive direct systems
• Integral collector-storage passive systems
These work best in areas where temperatures rarely fall below freezing. They also
work well in households with significant daytime and evening hot-water needs.
• Thermosyphon systems
Water flows through the system when warm water rises as cooler water sinks.
The collector must be installed below the storage tank so that warm water will
rise into the tank. These systems are reliable, but contractors must pay careful
attention to the roof design because of the heavy storage tank. They are usually
more expensive than integral collector-storage passive systems.
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22. Operation in Solar Heater
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• Collection: Solar radiation is captured by the solar collector.
• Transfer: circulation fluids transfer this energy to a stage tank,
circulation can be natural or forced.
• Storage: hot water is stored until it is needed at a later time in a
mechanical room, or on the roof in case of thermosiphon systems.
23. Benefits of Solar Heater
• Can save over 50% on our energy bill for domestic hot water.
• The fuel cost is zero.
• Protected from future fuel shortages and price increase.
• 100% eco-friendly
• Avoids release of air pollutants as done during electricity production
• Extremely safe and clean
• Virtually no maintenance, repair work or cleaning is required.
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24. Disadvantages of Solar Heater
• Freezing problems
• Solar thermal panels can only heat water
• There are few parts of the system like the pump and antifreeze which need to be
checked to ensure that they are performing optimally. That’s why annual
maintenance is recommended.
• A new hot water cylinder will need to be installed so space required is install this
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25. Applications of Solar Heater
• Domestic applications: for drinking , bathing
• Commercial applications: University, research facility
• Resort, sport complex
• Industrial applications
• Swimming Pools
• Hotels & Restaurant
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26. Concentrating Solar Power
• CSP is electricity generated from mirrors to focus sunlight on to a receiver that
captures the sun energy and converts it into heat that can run a standard turbine
generator or engine.
• CSP had a global total installed capacity of 5,500 MW in 2018, up from 354 MW in
2005.
Why CSP?
• Clean, reliable power from domestic renewable energy
• Operate at high annual efficiencies- Firm power delivery when integrated with
thermal energy.
• Easily integrated into the power grid.
• Zero % harmful emissions of waste
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27. • Among the larger CSP projects are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (392 MW) in
the United States, which uses solar power tower technology without thermal
energy storage, and the Ouarzazate Solar Power Station in Morocco, also
called Noor Power Station.
Power generation
Nameplate capacity
160 MW (Noor I), 200 MW (Noor II), 150 MW (Noor III), 510 MW (total)
• Noor I: The plant is a parabolic trough type with a molten salt storage for 3 hours
of low-light producing capacity.
• Noor II: It is a 200 MW CSP solar plant using parabolic troughs.
• Noor III: Noor 3 is a different design, the mirrors are mounted horizontally on
platforms which are supported by ten metre columns. Each platform is a similar
to a tennis court. The panels follow the light, reflecting it to a 250 metre tall solar
tower.
• Noor IV: Noor IV will be a 72 MW photovoltaic power station
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29. Types of CSP
• Parabolic Trough
• Solar Power Tower
• Dish Engine
• Linear Fresnel Reflectors
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30. Parabolic trough
• Parabolic trough systems use curved mirrors to focus the sun’s energy onto a
receiver tube that runs down the center of a trough.
• In the receiver tube, a high-temperature heat transfer fluid (such as a synthetic
oil) absorbs the sun’s energy, reaching temperatures of 750°F or higher, and
passes through a heat exchanger to heat water and produce steam.
• The steam drives a conventional steam turbine power system to generate
electricity.
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31. Parabolic trough
• Parabolic trough linear concentrating systems are used in the longest operating solar thermal power
facility in the world, the Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS). The facility, with nine separate
plants, is located in the Mojave Desert in California.
• The first plant in the system, SEGS I, operated from 1984 to 2015, and the second, SEGS II,
operated from 1985 to 2015. SEGS III–VII (3–7), each with summer generation capacities of 36
megawatts (MW), came online in 1986, 1987, and 1988. SEGS VIII and IX (8 and 9), each with a
net summer electric generation capacity of 88 MW, began operation in 1989 and 1990,
respectively.
• In combination, the seven currently operating SEGS III–IX plants have a total net summer electric
generation capacity of about 356 MW, making them one of the largest solar thermal electric power
facilities in the world.
• Solana Generating Station: a 280 MW, two-plant facility with an energy storage component in Gila
Bend, Arizona
• Mojave Solar Project: a 280 MW, two-plant facility in Barstow, California
• Genesis Solar Energy Project: a 250 MW, two-plant facility in Blythe, California
• Nevada Solar One: a 69 MW plant near Boulder City, Nevada
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32. Compact Linear Fresnel Reflector
• CLFR uses the principles of curved-mirror trough systems, but with long parallel
rows of lower-cost flat mirrors.
• These modular reflectors focus the sun's energy onto elevated receivers, which
consist of a system of tubes through which water flows.
• The concentrated sunlight boils the water, generating high-pressure steam for
direct use in power generation and industrial steam applications.
• A demonstration CLFR solar power plant was built near Bakersfield, California, in
2008 but it is currently not operational.
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33. Power Tower
• Power tower systems use a central receiver system, which allows for higher operating
temperatures and thus greater efficiencies.
• Computer-controlled mirrors (called heliostats) track the sun along two axes and focus solar
energy on a receiver at the top of a high tower.
• The focused energy is used to heat a transfer fluid (over 1,000° F) to produce steam and run a
central power generator. Energy storage can be easily and efficiently incorporated into these
projects, allowing for 24 hour power generation.
• Ivanpah Solar Power Facility: a facility with three separate collector fields and towers with a
combined net summer electric generation capacity of 399 MW in Ivanpah Dry Lake, California
• Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project: a 110 MW one-tower facility with an energy storage
component in Tonapah, Nevada
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34. Dish-Engine
• A dish/engine system uses a mirrored dish similar to a very large satellite dish,
although to minimize costs, the mirrored dish is usually composed of many
smaller flat mirrors formed into a dish shape.
• In contrast to other CSP technologies that employ steam to create electricity via a
turbine, a dish-engine system uses a working fluid such as hydrogen that is
heated up to 1,200° F in the receiver to drive an engine. Each dish rotates along
two axes to track the sun.
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35. Advantages of CSP
• Its supply will never be exhausted and be can used continually, so it’s a sustainable energy source.
• CSP also provides a relatively continuous source of electricity, particularly in comparison to solar
photovoltaics (PV) and wind power, which provide intermittent supplies. Because CSP plants can
store solar energy in the form of molten salts, the electricity generated is predictable and reliable.
• Potentially displaces the use of fossil fuel plants, that emits the greenhouse gases that cause
climate changes.
• They prove to be efficient and cost-effective.
• CSP systems can store energy in batteries that can be tapped for energy on demand, which helps
the systems more consistently meet local power demands, especially during peak usage times.
• Concentrating solar power currently has a lot of potential to reshape the global energy industry,
and as the technology will gain more widespread use as it continues to improve.
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36. Disadvantages of CSP
• Dependent on Locations and Large Tracks of Lands: Similar to photovoltaic solar
power and wind power, a fundamental limitation or disadvantage of
concentrated solar power is that it requires using extensive land area that
otherwise, could be used for commercial and residential development or
agriculture.
• Notable and Possible Negative Ecological Impacts: Another drawback of
concentrated solar power is that it uses a lot of water either to drive steam
turbines for electricity generation or to cool down thermochemical reactors.
• Costs Implications of Thermal Storage Materials: The study of Jun Wang et al.
that several factors influence the costs of building and maintaining a CSP plant.
The use of steam or thermal oil is not an attractive option for high-temperature
thermal energy storage material because of its immediate cost and other costs
associated with its temperature limitations and flammability.
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37. CSP plants in the United States
• Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (Brightsource Energy/NRG Energy,
Inc.) Located across 3,500 acres
• Mojave Solar One (Abengoa Solar, Inc.) ...: Solana (Abengoa Solar, Inc.) ...:
Located across 1,765 acres
• Crescent Dunes (SolarReserve, LLC) ...
• Genesis Solar (NextEra Energy Sources, LLC) ... 1,800 acres
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38. CSP in India
• India has only 52.5 MW of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in operation, however
there are seven solar thermal projects of 470 MW aggregate capacity scheduled
to be completed under the first phase of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar
Mission.
• India’s rapid economic growth will increase significantly the electricity demand
during the next decades, therefore India needs to make massive investments in
order to expand its current installed capacity and to improve the stability of its
electric grid.
•
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39. Rooftop: Policy Background
• Policy driven by Ministry of New and Renewable energy.
• The government , on 30th Dec 2015 approved the Grid Connected Rooftop and
small solar Power Plants Programme, for installation of 4200 MW RTS plants in
the currently by year 2019-20.
• On 19th February 2019, the government approved Phase-II of Grid Connected
rooftop and Small Solar Power Plants programme for achieving cumulative
capacity of 40 GW RTS plants by 2022.
• The Rooftop solar plant is installed mainly on the roof of a building and includes
installation an open contiguous land within the area of premises.
• Generated solar power can be used either for captive consumption or can be fed
into the grid and be adjusted in electricity bill.
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40. Rooftop: AIM
• To promote grid connected RTS in all consumer segments; residential,
institutional, social , Govt, commercial etc.
• To bring DISCOMs (distribution companies) at forefront as key drivers for rapid
deployment of RTS.
• To create awareness, capacity building , human resource development, etc.
• To promote domestic manufacturing of solar cells and module.
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42. Other Schemes for Promoting Solar Energy
Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (PM-KUSUM):
• The scheme covers grid-connected Renewable Energy power plants (0.5 – 2 MW)/Solar water
pumps/grid connected agriculture pumps.
Scheme for Development of Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks:
• It is a scheme to develop Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Power Parks (UMREPPs) under the
existing Solar Park Scheme.
National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy:
• The main objective of the National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy, 2018 is to provide a framework for
promotion of large grid connected wind-solar PV hybrid systems for optimal and efficient
utilization of wind and solar resources, transmission infrastructure and land.
Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY):
• The AJAY scheme was launched in September 2016 for the installation of solar street lighting (SSL)
systems in states with less than 50% households covered with grid power (as per Census 2011).
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43. Other Schemes for Promoting Solar Energy
International Solar Alliance: The ISA, is an Indian initiative that was launched by the Prime Minister
of India and the President of France on 30th November 2015 in Paris, France on the side-lines of the
Conference of the Parties (COP-21), with 121 solar resource rich countries lying fully or partially
between the tropic of Cancer and tropic of Capricorn as prospective members.
One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG): It focuses on a framework for facilitating global
cooperation, building a global ecosystem of interconnected renewable energy resources (mainly
solar energy) that can be seamlessly shared.
National Solar Mission (a part of National Action Plan on Climate Change)
Suryamitra Skill Development Programme: To provide skill training to rural youth in handling solar
installations.
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44. PV Power: Rooftop
• A rooftop photovoltaic power station, or rooftop PV system, is a photovoltaic
(PV) system that has its electricity-generating solar panels mounted on the
rooftop of a residential or commercial building or structure.
• Rooftop mounted systems are small compared to ground-mounted photovoltaic
power stations with capacities in the megawatt range, hence being a form
of distributed generation.
• Rooftop PV systems on residential buildings typically feature a capacity of about 5
to 20 kilowatts (kW), while those mounted on commercial buildings often reach
100 kilowatts to 1 Megawatt (MW)
• Solar Rooftop System with Storage facility: In such type of a system battery is
there for storage facility.
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45. Rooftop System
• Off-grid systems: This system is not connected with grid and is designed to work
only with storage system.
• Hybrid System: this system works in conjunction with other resources such as DG,
wind turbines, and storage system to support the load even during a power
failure.
• Grid- tied System:
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46. Rooftop System
• Grid Connected Solar Rooftop System: It is also known as SPV system. In this
system the DC power generated from SPV panel is converted to AC power by
using power conditioning unit and is fed to the grid either of 33kV/11 kV three
phase lines or of 440/220 Volt three/single phase line depending upon the
capacity of the system which is installed at institution or commercial
establishment or residential complex and the regulatory framework specified for
respective States.
• he power is generated by these systems during the day time and is utilised
properly by the powering captive loads and send the excess power to the grid till
it is available. If due to cloud cover, solar power is not enough or sufficient to run
it then the captive loads are served by drawing power from the grid.
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47. How Rooftop System Work?
• Rooftop solar panels rely on the ability of the solar cells to harness the energy of
the sun and convert it to electricity. It is a small, square-shaped semiconductor
that is made from conductive materials such as silicon.
• When sunlight strikes the solar cells, it induces chemical reactions that release
the electrons, thus generating electric current.
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48. Benefits of Solar Rooftop System
• No doubt it will provide an alternative source of electricity with the help of grid
also to companies, residential areas etc.
• the main benefit is to the environment by the reduction of CO2 emissions, it will
also reduce the dependence on fossil-fuel generated electricity etc.
• In fact with the help of Rooftop solar electricity will be provided to those areas
which are not connected to the grid that is remote locations and the areas where
the terrain makes it difficult to set up power stations and lay power lines
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49. Energy conversion
• All power plants converts some form of easily and naturally available
energy into electrical energy. In thermal power plant, water is the
working fluids .The source of energy is chemical energy of fuel
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51. Thermal Power Plant
• Thermal energy is the major source of power generation in India. More than 60%
of electric power is produced by steam plants in India. India has large deposit of
coal (about 170 billion tonnes), 5th largest in world.
• A thermal power plant converts heat energy of coal to electricity. Coal is burnt
into the boiler which converts water into steam.
• The expansion of steam in turbine produces mechanical power which drives
alternator coupled to the turbine. Thermal Power plants contribute maximum to
generation of Power.
• In Thermal power plants coal, oil, natural gas etc are employed as primary
sources of energy.
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54. Equipments
• Coal Handling Plant
• Pulverizing plant
• Boiler
• Turbine
• Condenser
• Cooling tower and ponds
• Feed water heater
• Economizer
• Air preheater
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55. Coal Handling Plant
• Coal is transported to power station by train or road and its then stored in coal
yard and then pulverized.
• The main function of coal handling plant is to feeding of coal to the boil furnace.
• It burns enormous amounts of coal.
• A 200mw plant may require around 2000 tons of coal.
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56. Pulverizing Plant
• In modern thermal power plant, coal is pulverized i.e. ground to dust like size and
carried to the furnace in a stream of hot air. Pulverizing is a means of exposing a
large surface area to the action of oxygen and consequently helping combustion.
• Pulverizing process consists of 3 steps:
• Feeding
• Drying
• Grinding
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57. • Boiler: The function of boiler is to generate steam at desired pressure and
temperature by transferring heat produced by burning of fuel in a furnace to
change water into steam.
• Turbine: In thermal power plants generally 3 turbines are used to increase the
efficiency.
• High Pressure Turbine
• Intermediate pressure turbine
• Low pressure turbine
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58. • ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATORS: An electrostatic precipitator (ESP), or
electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate collection device that removes particles
from a flowing gas (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.
The basic idea of an ESP:
âť– Charging
âť– collecting.
âť– removing
• Every particle either has or can be given a charge—positive or negative.
• We impart a negative charge to all the particles in a gas stream in ESP.
• Then a grounded plate having a positive charge is set up.
• The negatively charged particle would migrate to the grounded collection plate
and be captured.
• The particles would quickly collect on the plate, creating a dust layer. The dust
layer would accumulate until we removed it.
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59. • Condenser: Steam after rotating steam turbine comes to condenser. The surface
condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger where cooling water flows through
tubes and exhaust steam fed into the shell surrounds the tubes, as a result steam
condenser outside the tubes.
• These condenser are heat exchanger which converts steam from its gaseous to its
liquid state also known as phase transition.
• Economizer: Flue gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat . An economizer
extracts a part of this heat from flue gases and uses it for heating feed water.
• Economizer alone gives only 10-12% efficiency increase, causes saving in fuel
consumption 5-15 %. The feed water from the high pressure heaters enters the
economizer and picks up heat from the flue gases after the low temperature
super heater
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60. • Cooling Towers & Ponds: A condenser needs huge quantity of water to condense
the steam. Most plants use cooled cooling system where warm water coming
from condenser is cooled and reused. Cooling tower is a steel or concrete
hyperbolic structure with the height of 150m.
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61. • Feed Water Heater: These heaters are used to heat the feed water by means of
blend steam before it is supplied to the boiler.
Feed Water heating improve overall efficiency.
The dissolved oxygen which would otherwise cause boiler corrosion are removed in
the feed water heater.
Thermal stresses due to cold water entering the boiler drum are avoided.
Quantity of steam produced by the boiler is increased
• Air Preheater: The remaining heat of flue gases is utilized by air preheater. It is a
device used to in steam boiler to transfer heat from the flue gases to the
combustion air before the air enters the furnace . It is kept at the place near by
where the air enters into the boiler . The purpose of air preheater is to recover
the heat from the flue gases from the boiler to improve effeciency by burning
warm air which increases combustion effeciency and reduncing useful heat lost
from the flue
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62. • ASH handling Plant: The ash from the boiler is collected into two forms;
• Bottom Ash (Slurry) Its waste which is dumped ash into pond
• Fly Ash: is seperated from flue gases in esp.
• Water Handling Plant: Water in power plants is used for : Production of steam for
rotating turbine.
• Cooling Purpose: for cooling of various equipment.
• Water is recycled and used for various purpose.
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63. Selection of site for thermal power plant
• Nearer to the load centre: The power plant should be as near as
possible to the load centre to the centre of load .So that the
transmission cost and losses are minimum. This factor is most
important when Dc supply system is adopted. However in the case of
AC supply when transformation of energy from lower voltage to
higher voltage and vice versa is possible power plants
• Water Resources: For the construction and operating of power plant
large volumes of water are required for the following reasons (i) To
raise the steam in boiler. (ii) For cooling purpose such as in
condensers (iii) As a carrying medium such as disposal of ash. (iv) For
drinking purposes.
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64. • Availability of Coal:Huge amount of coal is required for raising the
steam. Since the government policy is to use the only low grade coal
with 30 to 40 % ash content for power generation purposes, the
steam power plants should be located near the coal mines to avoid
the transport of coal & ash
• Land Requirement: The land is required not only for setting up the
plant but for other purposes also such as staff colony, coal storage,
ash disposal etc.
• Transportation Facilities: The facilities must be available for
transportation of heavy equipment and fuels e.g near railway station
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65. • Labour supplies: Skilled and unskilled laborers should be available at
reasonable rates near the site of the plant
• Ash Disposal: Ash is the main waste product of the steam power
plant and with low grade coal, it may be 3.5 tones per day , some
suitable means for disposal of ash should be though of. It may be
purchased by building contractors, or it can be used for brick making
near the plant site. If the site is near the coal mine it can be dumped
into the disused mines.
• Distance from populated area: The continuous burning of coal at the
power station Produces smoke, fumes and ash which pollute the
surrounding area. Such a pollution due to smoke is dangerous for the
people living around the area. Hence, the site of a plant should be at
a considerable distance from the populated area
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66. Advantages:
• The fuel is quite cheap as compared to gas.
• It can be installed to any place irrespective of the existence of coal. The coal can
be transported to the site of plants by rail or road.
• It require less space compared to hydro-electric power station.
• High Output power.
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67. DisAdvantages:
• The running cost of thermal power station is more as compared to hydro power
station.
• It pollutes the atmosphere due to production of large amount of smoke and
fumes.
• Maintenance cost is more.
• Skilled persons are required for erecting and maintaining the power station.
• Land requirement is more for storage of coal and ash.
• Huge requirement of water.
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68. Business Opportunities in renewable Energy
Sources
• Prime minister Narendra Modi on Thursday said that India's renewable power
capacity is the fourth largest in the world and is growing at the fastest speed
among all major countries.
• The renewable energy capacity in India is currently 136 gigawatts (GW). This is
about 36 per cent of our total capacity. By 2022, the share of renewable capacity
will increase to over 220 GW,” said Modi in his inaugural speech at RE-
Invest 2020.
• A total of 6083.48 MW of renewable energy capacity has been added during the
year 2019-2020, taking the cumulative installed RE capacity to 84.39 GW as on
November 2019," said the monthly report released by MNRE.
• The installed RE capacity of 84.39 Gw includes 37.28 GW from wind energy, 32.52
GW from solar, 9.94 GW from bio-power and 4.65 GW from small hydro plants
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69. • Government provides incentives and subsidies for solar power products such as
solar pumps and solar lanterns, there by boosting their adoption across the
country. Rising development of solar power generation projects is expected to aid
in addressing the growing demand for electricity and in turn boost growth in the
solar power products market through 2022.
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70. Government initiatives
• On November 17, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), a joint venture of
PSUs under the Ministry of Power and the Department of New & Renewable
Energy (DNRE), Goa, signed a memorandum of understanding to discuss roll-out
of India’s first Convergence Project in the state.
• In October 2020, the government announced a plan to set up an inter-ministerial
committee under NITI Aayog to forefront research and study on energy
modelling. This, along with a steering committee, will serve the India Energy
Modelling Forum (IEMF), which was jointly launched by NITI Aayog and the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
• In August 2020, the government announced plans to offer land near its ports to
companies for building solar equipment factories.
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71. • India plans to add 30 GW of renewable energy capacity along a desert on its
western border such as Gujarat and Rajasthan.
• Delhi Government decided to shut down thermal power plant in Rajghat and
develop it into 5,000 KW solar park
• Rajasthan Government, in Budget 2019-20, exempted solar energy from
electricity duty and focussed on the utilization of solar power in its agriculture
and public health sectors.
• A new Hydropower policy for 2018-28 was drafted for the growth of hydro
projects in the country.
• Indian Railways is taking increased efforts through sustained energy efficient
measures and maximum use of clean fuel to cut down emission level by 33% by
2030.
UNIT-2
