The role of intelligence in Politics and international relations

1. Intelligence in Security Policy
Aisha R. Kusumasomantri

2. What do you Think when you hear about Intelligence?

3. Opening Discussion
 What is intelligence?
 How does intelligence affect’s security policy?
 Who controls intelligence?

4. Important
Concepts
• A product of knowledge that is resulted from
the recording, evaluation, analysis, integration,
integration, and interpretation of information
concerning an enemy, whether actual or
potential to include weather and terrain in the
area of operation
• Includes the activity of collection, processing,
dissemination, and the use of knowledge
Intelligence
• An act to deny information to the enemy,
increases the security of the command and
aids in achieving surprises. Consisted of
passive and active measures.
Counter-Intelligence

5. Information
vs
Intelligence
Intelligence is a subset of
Information
Information CAN be
intelligence, but intelligence
CANNOT be information
Intelligence has a
specific purpose
and use:
Provide
confidential
advice to
policy makers

6. Types of
Intelligence
• Intelligence product that provides insights
understanding and contributing to decisions on
broad strategies, policies and resources for long
term organizational purposes (Ex: policy on SCS)
Strategic intelligence
• Supports national and regional leaders to planning
activity and developing resources to achieve
operational objectives (Ex: Operation pattern of
Chinese naval in SCS)
Operational Intelligence
• Taking a case-specific action to achieve compliance
or enforcement objective (Ex: A Specific vessel
activity of Chinese Navy in SCS)
Tactical Intelligence

7. Decision Maker and Intelligence
What decision-makers
require is intelligence
rather than raw
information
Decision-makers are
expected to make the best
decisions possible using
the best information and
processed intelligence
available

8. Political
Intelligence
Involvement
Political intelligence information
What is the role of Intelligence in the government?
Characteristics of National Intelligence
Intelligence culture
Interest and intelligence
cooperation
Intelligence Operation
Legitimation
State control over intelligence
Civilian control over intelligence Democratic surveillance

9. Principles of
Intelligence
General Ex: Scale of use of weapon, the nature of friendly
and enemy forces, civil population, etc.
Commander’s
Need
Tailored into the needs of each commander in a
specific operation area
Planning Requires careful and thorough planning,
anticipation of needs, and adopted to changing
conditions
Use Adequate for the purpose which it utilized
Timeliness Must reach the user on time to serve as basis for
appropriate action
Flexibility Not fixed on procedure, based on reason and
judgement

10. Principles of Intelligence
Security
•Constant security measures
to prevent leakage to
unauthorized personnel
01
Imagination,
Foresight and
Resourcefulness
•The use of intelligence as a
resources for future needs
02
Integral Part of
Military Operations
•Parts of operation for all
military units, combat and
service
03
Continuity
•Follows a simple
continuous cycle,
sustainable
04
Intelligence as a
Cycle
•Following phases to
produce an intelligence
products
05

11. Intelligence Cycle
 Sequence of steps that raw
information goes through before
it become an intelligence product
and can be disseminated by the
units that needed them

12. Step 1:
Collecting,
Planning,
and
Issuance of
Order
Purpose: BIN and other organisations
(producers) provide policymakers
(consumers) with information in
advance of decisions
Development plan for collection
effort, sent to the “collection agency”
Should be continuous effort, planned
before the receipt of order is given

13. Step 2: Collection of
Information
 Implementation of collection plan. Involves
the effort of the intelligence sections of the
unit to obtain adequate information
regarding the enemy Situation.
Recommended procedures are:
 Essential Elements of Information (EEI) –
What, Where, and When
 S-A-L-U-T-E – Size, Activity, Location, Unit,
Time, Equipment

14. Step 2: Collection of
Information
Types of Data Collection in Intelligence
 Technical Intelligence (TECHINT)
 Signals Intelligence (SIGNIT)
 Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)
 Imagery, Geospatial Analysis, and Geospatial
Information Services
 Measurement and Signal Intelligence (MASINT)
 Human Intelligence (HUMIN)
 Open-Source Intelligence

15. Step 2: Collection of Information – Intelligence Sources
Direct observation
Provided by
penetration or
resident agent
Troops involved in
Encounter/Operation
Acquired through
interrogation of
captured enemy
Provided by
government civilian
employee
Provided by
members of the
populace
Acquired from
documentary source

16. Step 3:
Processing
Information
Step in which all information is deliberately processed to
transform them to useful intelligence, following these processes:
 Recording – Arranging the gathered information into a
systematic pattern. Done through insertion of
information into intelligence workbook, journals, etc.
 Evaluation – Process to determines the accuracy and
pertinence of desired outcome (Is it reliable? How is the
veracity of it? Is the source dependable?)
 Interpretation – determination of the logical drawing and
probable meaning behind the intelligence. Sub process
of Analysis-Integration-Deduction

17. Step 4: Analysis
 Analysts collect, evaluate, and
produce an assessment within an
assigned field or substantive area
and then forecast future trends or
outcomes from incoming
information

18. Step 4:
Analysis
•Addresses current events, and seeks to alert consumers to new developments
Current intelligence
•Looks forward to potential developments that could affect national security
Estimative intelligence
•Implies urgency and the potential need for policy action in response
Warning intelligence
•In-depth studies that support both current and estimative intelligence
Research intelligence
•Information on technical developments and characteristics, performance, and
capabilities of foreign technologies, including weapons systems or subsystems
Scientific and technical intelligence

19. Step 5:
Dissemination
Intelligence is advising The intelligence
will ONLY be of value when it is promptly
and timely disseminated, and immediately
used by the consumer.
How is intelligence disseminated? Media,
report, books, dossier, etc.
Intelligence dissemination plan IS A MUST
to avoid intelligence politization >
Intelligence Dissemination Management

20. State Regime
and
Intelligence

21. Indonesia’s Intelligence
1945-1945
[Independence Revolution]
Militarization of intelligence
1950–1959
[Parliamentary Period] Politization of
Military Intelligence
1959–1965
[Guided Democracy] Political
Intelligence
1966–1997
[New Order] State Intelligence
1998-Present
[Reformation Period] Security
Intelligence

22. Transformation
of Indonesian
Intelligence
Agency 1965
Political Intelligence
• Badan Pusat Intelejen
1966–1971
Militarization of
Political Intelligence
• KIN and BAKIN
• Kopkamtib
1971–1997
State Intelligence
• Kopkamtib
• Opsus
• PusintelstratBAIS
• Barkorstanas
1998-Present
1998-Present
• BIN
• TNI dan Polri

23. Pop Quiz
 What are the current threats facing
Indonesia?
 How should they have ranked in terms of
importance?