Lec 1.pdf

Course: Renewable and
Alternate Energy Systems
Dr MuhammadYaqoob Javed
Lecture 1

MainTopics Covered in the Course:
• This course is intended to serve two purposes;
• First to acquaint the students with various distributed energy resources and detailed analyses
regarding associated energy conversions principles and calculations
• Second to give sound knowledge of the designs and implementation aspects of these systems.
Economic consideration regarding analyses of the costs of generation per unit of energy from these
systems is an integral component of this course.
• Typical application examples related to the solar thermal, wind power systems, photovoltaic
systems, micro hydro with pumped storage and fuel cells illustrate the detailed design,
implementation and analysis aspects of these systems.
• The use of PSpice and Matlab tools in application examples should be helpful for the students to
learn steady-state and dynamic performance of various renewable energy systems.

Course Outcomes:
• Upon completion of the course, students will:
• Sound knowledge of various renewable energy systems such as wind power plants, solar
thermal and photovoltaic systems, batteries, biomass, micro-hydro power systems, geo thermal
and fuel cells.
• Have enhanced knowledge of designing and implementing various renewable energy systems
both as stand alone and integrated with other renewable systems or power systems.
• Have the understanding of how to apply PSpice and Matlab to solve problems related to the
designs and analyses of renewable energy systems.
• Have learnt the skills regarding the steady-state and dynamic performance of wind power plants
and their impacts on power systems.

Student AssessmentTools and their
Percentage Division:
• Sessional 1 …..…………………….…………………………………………………. 10
• Sessional 2 ……….……………….…………………………………………………. 15
• Final exam …………………………………………….……………….…………….. 50
• Assignments …………………….……………………………………...…………… 10
• Quizzes ………………..……..…………………………………………………...…… 15

Course Books:
Text Book:
• Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems by Gilbert M. Masters, John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
• Power Conversion of Renewable Energy Systems by Ewald F. Fuchs and Mohammad A.S.
Masoum, Springer, 2011.
• Wind Energy Generation: Modelling and Control by Olympo Anaya-Lara, Nick Jenkins, Janaka
Ekanayake, Phill Cartwright and Mike Hughes, JohnWiley & Sons, 2009.
Reference Books:
• Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options by JeffersonW.Tester, Elisabeth M. Drake,
Michael J. Driscoll, Michael W. Golay, andWilliamA. Peters, (2nd Edition), MIT Press, 2012

Conventional Energy Sources
• Energy sources being used from ancient times
• Coal, natural gas, oil, and firewood are conventional energy sources.
• Sources of energy that are depleted by use
• As population is increasing and standard of life is rising, more energy needs
will be in the future.
• The scope of meeting these energy demands through conventional
resources is limited due to their insufficient availability.

The Role of Energy Conservation
Renewable Energy
Systems, Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants
• Energy is one of the essential needs of a functioning society.
• Energy is an integral part of global commerce and its use has expanded rapidly as both population and per
capita consumption have grown.
• Sociological factors – smaller houses, smaller automobiles, Industries and dense urban developments
• Concerns about the sustainability of present energy-use practices are now arising in several areas:
a) the rapid depletion of nonrenewable resources
b) the impacts of emissions on the global environment
c) global instabilities that affect the security of supplies.

• Worldwide, great disparities are evident among nations in their levels of energy use,
prosperity, health, political power, and demands upon the world’s resources.
• During recent decades, concern has grown that:
• It is unwise for the poorest nations to be relegated to miserable poverty while the richest ones are
able to command such large shares of the resource pie.
• The latter concern has been especially acute in regard to the United States, which has the world ’ s
largest economy (with about 5% of the world ’ s population consuming approximately 25% of the
world’s energy production)
• Of the 7 billion inhabitants on earth today, more than 2 billion are living below the
poverty line as defined by the United Nations
The Role of Energy Conservation
Renewable Energy
Systems, Fossil and Nuclear Power Plants

CO2 Emission Reduction
• It is estimated that about 25% of the energy presently consumed within the
US can be saved.
• By using more efficient transportation infrastructure resulting in reducing
25% of CO2 emissions.
• Half of the energy presently generated in fossil fuel plants can be replaced
by renewable energy sources such as solar and wind.
• Remaining 25% of the energy required must be provided by fossil or
nuclear plants due to the required frequency and load control.
• Remember that each and every generated (endowed) electron [22] must be
utilized at the very same instant when it is generated.

Renewable / Sustainable Energy Sources
• Energy sources which are not depleted by use
Non-conventional or Renewable energy sources of include:
1. Solar Energy
2.Wind Energy
3. Biomass Energy
4. Geothermal Energy
5. Micro-hydro Power and
6. Fuel Cell Energy
7. Hydrogen Energy
8. Ocean/Tidal Energy
9. Ethanol Energy

Countries Energy Consumption per person per year
Electricity
consumption
A
verage
electric
al
energy
per
capita
A
verage
power
per
capita
(GW·h/yr)
(kWh per
person
per year)
(watts pe
r person)
— World 23,398,000 2018 est. 7,800,000,000 2018 3081 350
1 China 7,500,000 2020 1,411,780,000 2020 5,312 527
2 United States 3,989,566 2019 est. 328,200,000 2019 12,154 1,387
3 India 1,547,000 2018 est. 1,384,660,000 2019 935 107
4 Russia 965,156 2019 est. 146,700,000 2019 6,685 763
5 Japan 902,842 2019 est. 126,860,000 2019 7,150 816
6 Brazil 597,234 2019 est. 210,000,000 2019 2,830 323
7 Canada 549,263 2019 est. 37,534,000 2019 14,612 1,667
8 Korea, South 527,035 2019 est. 51,710,000 2019 10,192 1,163
9 Germany 524,268 2019 est. 83,200,000 2019 6,306 719
10 France 449,422 2019 est. 66,980,000 2019 6,702 765
11 Saudi Arabia 322,372 2018 est. 33,413,000 2019 9,407 1,073
12 United Kingdom 300,520 2019 est. 66,800,000 2019 4,496 513
13 Italy 297,150 2019 est. 60,244,000 2019 4,928 562
14 Mexico 267,910 2019 est. 127,580,000 2019 2,100 240
15 Taiwan 237,557 2019 est. 23,775,000 2019 9,992 1,140
35 Pakistan 90,000 2020 est. 216,565,320 2019 557 64
Rank Country/Region
Year of
data
Population A
s of

Tidal/Occean Energy
• Gravitational forces between Moon, Sun and Earth produce tides in the sea.
• The moon exerts more than twice force on the tides due to its much closer
position to the earth.
• The periodic rise and fall of the water level of sea is called tide.
• When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood tide and when
the level is below the mean sea level, it is called ebb tide.

Tidal/Occean Energy
• Tidal generation uses the energy of moving water to spin a generator and
may produce power from water moving in two directions: inward on the
flood tide and outward on the ebb tide.
• In order to utilize tidal energy, water must be trapped at high tide behind a
dam to drive turbine as it returns to sea during low tide.

Micro-Hydro Power
• Micro-hydro power plants are run-of-the-river systems, which means that
they don’t include a dam.
• A portion of the river is diverted into a pipeline, called a penstock that
delivers water under pressure to a hydraulic turbine/generator located in a
powerhouse located at some elevation below the intake.
Advantages:
1. Simple design of turbines, generators and civil works.
2. Minimum financial needs
3. Less time required for construction, installation, commissioning and
operation.

Biomass Energy
• Biomass is defined as living matter or its residues which is a renewable
energy source.
• Common examples of biomass are wood, grass, herbs, grains, trees,
animals, agricultural and forestry residue, municipal solid waste, or
industrial waste, vegetable oil, sewage, etc.
• Biomass is clean and cheap source of energy.
• Chemically speaking biomass refers to hydrocarbons containing hydrogen,
carbon and oxygen.

Biomass Energy
• Biogas is manufactured by using biomass as raw material. Biogas is a gaseous
mixture, generally composed of 60 % methane (a high value fuel), 40 % carbon
dioxide and traces of other gases such as nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide.
• Biogas is commonly produced from cattle dung in a biogas plant, known as gobar
gas plant, through a process called digestion that involves anaerobic fermentation.
• It is estimated that biomass contributes about 15% of the world’s total energy
requirement.
• According to a new report from Navigant Research, global installed bio-power
capacity will grow gradually over the remainder of this decade, from 58.6
gigawatts (GW) in 2013 to 82 GW in 2020.

Scope of Biogas in Pakistan
• Agricultural waste and animal dung is available in surplus in all parts of the
country.
• Urban areas of Pakistan generate over 55000 tons of solid waste daily.
• The dung from animal is the source of biogas.
• The raw material is available in Punjab, NWP, Sindh and some parts of
Baluchistan.

Scope of Biogas in Pakistan
• Pakistan Council of Renewable EnergyTechnologies (PCRET) has installed
3500 biogas plants with a net generation capacity of 14400 𝒎𝟑of biogas
per day throughout Pakistan.
• It is estimated that about 21.35 million 𝒎𝟑biogas can be generated using
animal dung

Geothermal Energy
• Geothermal energy is produced by natural processes occurring within the
earth.
• The major source of this energy is molten rock or magma.
• It is found in hot springs and geysers that come to the earth’s surface or in
reservoirs deep in the ground.
• The earth’s core is made of iron surrounded by a layer of molten rocks, or
magma.
• Geothermal power plants are built on geothermal reservoirs and the energy
is primarily used to heat homes and commercial industry in the area.
• Temperature of earth increases proportionally to depth at a rate of about
30o C per km.

Geothermal Energy
• At a depth of 3-4 km, water bubbles up; while at a depth of 19-15 km, the
earth’s interior is as hot as 1000o to 1200o C.The core of the earth consists of
a liquid rock known as “magma” having a temperature of about 4000o C.
• Geothermal energy is extracted from natural steam, hot water or dry rocks
in the earth’s crust for heating and power generation.Water is pumped
down through an injection well where it passes through joints in the hot
rocks and then water rises to the recovery well.This water may be
converted into steam through a heat exchanger. Dry steam is passed
through turbines to produce electricity.
• Geothermal energy is mainly found in the rock terrains of USA, Japan,
Russia, New Zealand, Italy and Mexico.

Solar Energy
• The sun is main source of heat and light on earth.
• Solar energy can provide far more energy than all the fossil fuels on the
earth.
• Solar energy not only lessens the use of fossil fuels, but also reduces air and
water pollution.
• Solar energy keeps the temperature of the earth’s surface normal, causes
the water cycle and generates photosynthesis in plants.
• Photovoltaic is the primary renewable energy source which is prominent
due to its sustainability, local availability, clean technology, increasing cost
effectiveness and less balance of systems.

Solar Energy
• Energy is released by the Sun as EM waves.
• About 3.8 x 1020 MW of electromagnetic energy is radiated from the sun
surface into space which is 6000 times the total global power demands.
• The solar irradiance outside the earth’s atmosphere is 1.37 kW/m2 and is
kW/m2 at sea level.
• Solar Energy can be used as solar heating (by solar collectors) & solar
electricity (by photovoltaics).

Scope of Solar Energy in Pakistan
• There are certain regions of south, Quetta valley and Central Punjab that
receive maximum solar radiation
• Quaid-e-Azam solar power plant – 300 MW , Cholastan, Bahawalpur

Wind Energy
• Wind energy has been utilized to sail ships since about 3200 BC.
• The ﬁrst windmills were developed in Iran (Persia) for pumping water and
grinding grain.
• Denmark developed the 1st. wind turbine for electricity generation in 1891.
• Today over 20% of Denmark’s electricity comes from wind energy and
Denmark’s wind energy industry has a 27% share of the global market.
• Wind energy is captured from the mechanical power of wind and converted
to electric power using the classical process of Faraday’s law of induction.

Wind Energy
• Flow of air around the earth has kinetic energy which is called Wind energy.
• The flow of wind in our atmosphere is mainly caused by uneven heating of
the earth’s surface by the sun.Thus, wind energy is an indirect
manifestation of the sun’s energy.
• About 1% to 3% of solar energy falling on the earth surface gets converted
into wind energy.

Wind Energy
• The worldwide estimated potential for wind energy is about 72 terawatts.
• The world was producing nearly 282.4 gigawatts (GW) of wind energy as of
the end of 2012.
• Wind propeller is used to produce wind energy.
• Wind propeller consists of two or more blades and is capable of running at
high speeds.
• Wind pressure rotates the wind vanes or propellers attached to the shaft.
The revolving shaft rotates the rotor of generator, through a mechanism of
gears to produce electricity.

Scope of Wind Energy in Pakistan
• In Pakistan, the potential areas for the production of wind energy are
coastal, river banks and mountainous areas.
• Pakistan has 1000 Km long coastline, which could be utilized for
installation of wind farms.

Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen is a clean, efficient, nontoxic, colorless and odorless fuel which is
abundantly available in the universe.
• The world’s annual production of hydrogen gas from all sources is about 500
billion m3, weighing 50 million tones with energy content of 6 x 1018 joules.
• Hydrogen used as an energy source, gives off only water and heat with no
carbon emissions.
• Hydrogen has three times as much energy for the same quantity of oil.

Hydrogen Energy
• Hydrogen is produced from different raw materials through different processes
such as:
• Steam Reformation process in which steam is passed over hot iron sheets at 550-
800o C where hot iron and steam react to produce ferric oxide, hydrogen, CO2 and
CO.These gases are passed through a scrubber where dilute NaOH absorbs CO2
and CO.
• Electrolysis Process in which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by using dc
power.
• Thermal Decomposition of Water at high temperature of 2500o C into hydrogen
and oxygen.
• Biological Production of Hydrogen, etc.

Fuel Cell Energy
• A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of
a fuel direct into electricity without any combustion with high efficiency.
• The first fuel cell was developed in 1839 in England by Sir William Grove.
• The application of fuel cell was first demonstrated by FrancisT. Bacon in
1959 when his model generated 5KW at 24V.

Fuel Cell Energy
• Its practical application began in 1960s when the US space programme
chose fuel cell over nuclear power and solar energy.
• Fuel cells provided power to the Gemini, Apollo and Skylab spacecraft, and
continue to provide electricity and water to space shuttle.
• Electrolysis of water produces hydrogen and oxygen. In a fuel cell the
process is reversed where these gases combine in an electrochemical cell to
generate electricity and water.

Ethanol Energy
• Ethanol is ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH), a colorless flammable liquid.
• It is renewable energy source which can substitute petroleum products.
• Ethanol can be obtained from variety of biomass materials, containing sugar, starch and
cellulose.
• Sugars: sugarcane, sugar beet, grapes, etc.
• Starches: maize, wheat, potatoes, rice, etc.
• Cellulose: wood, straw, stems of grasses & bamboo
• USA, Canada & Sweden use 10% ethanol with petrol, and Brazil utilizes 25-26 % ethanol
with petrol.

Global Grid-Connected Energy Storage

Global grid-connected stationary battery

Renewable Energy Electric Power Global

Need for Switching to Renewables
1. Depletion of Fossil Resources
• The rapid economic expansion of USA, China, India, and Brazil are also rapidly
depleting the world oil reserves. If the world reserves are used at the same rate as
we do today, oil will run out in 40 years, natural gas reserves will be depleted in less
than 60 years, and coal reserves will be exhausted in 200 years.
• The worlds total estimated reserves of coal is about 984×109 tons, crude oil is
about 1000 billion barrels and natural gas is about 5500 trillion cubic feet (scf).

2. Long Formation Process of Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuels like coal, petrol, diesel, kerosene and natural gas are used for cooking,
lightning, transportation, etc. Fossil fuels are obtained from biologically
degradable (chemical breakdown) materials such as plants and animals but only for
after millions of years of heat, pressure, chemical and biological reaction.Thus
formation of fossil fuel takes a very long time. After the industrial revolution, our
energy demands have increased tremendously which result in the rate of
consumption of fossil fuels at a much faster rate than their formation.

3. Unequal Distribution of Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuel sources are not uniformly available in the world. More than 65% of oil
reserves are in the Middle East. Similarly of the gas resources are in Europe and
Middle East, which account for more than 70% of gas resources. Coal is mainly
available in the North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, which account for more
than 85%.This non-uniformity in the fossil fuel distribution could be a cause of
international conflict.The countries where these resources are not available in
sufficient quantity, will feel insecure in terms of their supply, as they are dependent
on other countries.This dependency could result in conflicts and possibly war.

4. Environmental Impact of Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuels are mainly carbon based. Fossil fuel are combusted (burned with
oxygen) in order to drive useful energy, for instance, use of coal in power plants and
use of petrol in automobiles. Combustion of the fuels results in the formation of
C𝑂2 in the atmosphere which absorbs the infrared part of radiation and re-radiates
it back to the earth, creating the effect of ‘green house’. Due to greenhouse effect
of carbon dioxide, the average temperature of the earth is increasing.The
increased temperature of the earth due to greenhouse effect may result in erratic
weather patterns, floods and sub-merging of low-lying areas due to melting of ice
at poles.

5. Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
• Greenhouse gas is a natural part of the atmosphere.
• The greenhouse gasses are primarily water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and a number
of other gases. GHG absorbs solar radiation and keeps the earth warm enough to support life.
• The burning of fossil fuels has peaked (increased) the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere during the last 100
years, causing following adverse effects:
i. Increase in earth temperature
ii. Expansions of oceans due to temperature
iii. Ice sheets continue to melt due to rising temperatures and the sea level will also continue to rise causing
floods.

5. CleanTechnology: No emission of carbon in case of RE systems.
6. LocallyAvailable: RE systems can be built locally.
7. Increasing Cost Effectiveness:Cost of energy being produced by RE systems is reducing
day by day.
8. Energy Mix:The trend of energy mix from various RE sources (solar +Wind + Biomass +
Micro hydro + Biofuel) is growing now a days.
9. Less Balance of Systems: For instance, no turbine, generator required in case of PV
systems.
10. Easy Installation & Less Maintenance

Example 1.4 (Page 4)
• Photovoltaic P = 6.15 kWDC plant on the roof of a residence
• Design of 6.15 kWDC PV system.The design data of the PV plant of Fig. 1.2
are as follows:

Payback Period
• If no interest is paid and 8,576 kWh per year are consumed by the residence
at a connection fee of $7.66/month.At a cost of $0.15/kWh, the payback
period is 16.7 years
8576 ∗ 0.15 = 1313.4
7.66 ∗ 12 = 91.92
1313.4 − 91.92 = 1221.48
19983/1221.48 = 16.36

Payback Period
• If no interest is paid, 4,872 kWh per year @ $0.15/kWh are consumed by the
residence and the remaining 3,704 kWh per year are fed into the grid at a
reimbursement price of $0.06/kWh at a connection fee of $7.66/month –
23.2 years

Frequency/Load Control and Power Quality
of Distribution System with High Penetration
of Renewable Energy Sources and Storage Devices
• Integrative analysis of wind and solar (photovoltaic and thermal) energy
sources, micro-turbine power plants combined with cogeneration at the
distribution voltage level, and the deployment of short-term and long-term
storage plants [18].
• This extensive reliance on renewable sources and storage plants will
cause load sharing problems because of the peak-power operation of
intermittently operating renewable sources, and the online response time of
different storage plants.

• The system’s relatively high impedance at the distribution voltage level resulting
at acceptable current harmonics in unacceptably high voltage harmonics,
single-time.
• While the control of the renewable sources must occur at the distribution level
that of large power plants occurs at the transmission level.
• The reliability of such a smart grid will be greatly impacted by geographically
dispersed intermittently operating energy sources, and the storage plants
together with the spinning reserve and demand-side management will have to
compensate for the above-mentioned intermittent operation.

• For the latter the plug-in vehicle – either receiving load or generating load –
may play an important role.
• To compensate for this intermittent and changing power short-term and
long-term energy storage plants are proposed. Storage plants can be
charged during periods of low power demand and can supply power during
high power demand.

Assignment
• Problem 1.1, 1.2

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