The document discusses renewable energy systems and potential in India. It provides information on:
1. India's hydroelectric power potential of 145,000 MW and the potential from various river basins.
2. Details of some major hydroelectric power plants in India like Tehri Dam with capacity of 2,400 MW.
3. India's targets to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2022 and 450 GW by 2030, utilizing its estimated potential of 900 GW from sources like solar, wind, bioenergy, and small hydro.
4. The benefits of assessing technical potential as an upper limit and differences between technical, economic, and market potential for renewable energy.
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
A public lecture on RENEWABLE ENERGY: HOW READY ARE WE AS A NATION delivered by Engr Kayode Odunlami at National Association of Electrical Engineering Students 2018 Annual Public Lecture Series.
Multi turbine micro hydro power generationIjrdt Journal
Increase in human population has increased the demand for energy. Fossil fuels are the major source to meet the world energy requirements, but its rapidly dwindling supply and its adverse effects on our ecological system are of major concern. In India over 70 % of the electricity generated is from coal based power plants. Other renewable such as wind, geothermal, solar, and hydroelectricity represent a 2% share of the Indian fuel mix. Fossil fuels (coal) are a major source of power production in India. Our concept features the run of river active setup of micro hydro power generation using simple gear mechanism. This concept is based on the collection of mechanical energy from two rotors spinning by the effect of higher river velocity and transmission of power from the rotors to a small pinion gear which runs the generator shaft, through two large driver gears attached to the shafts of two rotors. This method of power production is comparatively simpler than others. The objectives of our project include low cost, higher output, environment friendly power production, multiple setups in one row, and decrease the power shortage in India.
TiE Bangalore UNDP Energy programme and EnterpreneurshipTiE Bangalore
A Talk by Dr. S.N. Srinivas on on some of the project initiatives at UNDP, their implications to policy making, opportunities it has created/ can create for entrepreneurs.
Originally developed and presented to participants of a training course on Environmental Law and Management at the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, it births the launching of GraduateInternship Programme at the National Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation, and provides response to public demands...
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
TiE Bangalore UNDP Energy programme and EnterpreneurshipTiE Bangalore
A Talk by Dr. S.N. Srinivas on on some of the project initiatives at UNDP, their implications to policy making, opportunities it has created/ can create for entrepreneurs.
Originally developed and presented to participants of a training course on Environmental Law and Management at the Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, it births the launching of GraduateInternship Programme at the National Centre for Energy Efficiency and Conservation, and provides response to public demands...
Renewable Energy for Sustainable Agriculture and Food SecurityShiva Gorjian
Identifiable change in the climate of Earth as a whole that lasts for an extended period of time. Worldwide, agriculture contributes between 14 and 30 percent of human-caused greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions because of its heavy land, water, and energy use. Activities like running fuel-powered farm equipment, pumping water for irrigation, raising dense populations of livestock in indoor facilities and applying nitrogen-rich fertilizers all contribute to agriculture’s high GHG footprint. The various renewable energy technologies and energy sources can be expected to be developed further and implemented at increasing scales in the future. The sustainable energy approach promotes renewable energy in the agriculture sector, especially in remote or rural areas all over the world where solar energy is available in abundance.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
4. Energy Conservation & Forms of Energy
● Meaning of Energy Conservation
● Forms of Energy:
1. Kinetic
2. Potential
3. Heat
4. Chemical
5. Radiant
6. Electrical
7. Nuclear
5.
6.
7.
8. The Law of Conservation of Energy
In 1905, Albert Einstein said that mass and energy can be converted into each
other.
He showed that if matter is destroyed, energy is created, and if energy is
destroyed mass is created.
E = mC^2
9. The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed by ordinary means.
It can only be converted from one form to another.
If energy seems to disappear, then scientists look for it – leading to many
important discoveries.
10. ENERGY RESERVES OF INDIA
1. COAL
2. OIL : Reserves, Production, Oil & gas discovery, Refineries
3. NATURAL GAS
A. National Grid for Gas Distribution
B. Gas Conservation
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18. Hydroelectric Power Potential
Water gains potential energy just before it spills over the top of a dam or flows down a hill. The potential energy is converted
into kinetic energy as water flows downhill. The water can be used to turn the blades of a turbine to generate electricity,
which is distributed to the power plant's customers.
The hydropower potential of India is around 1,45,000 MW and at 60% load factor, it can meet the demand of around 85,
000 MW.
China produces the most electricity from hydroelectric power, some 856.4 billion kilowatt hours a year – more than double
the amount produced by Brazil, in second place. The top three is completed by Canada, which produces 376.7 billion
kilowatt hours a year.
Three Gorges project in China on Yang-Yang river is the largest power station in the world having installed capacity of around
22,500 MW.
19. A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of
energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and
rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and
turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator After this
process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the
lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower
plant.
Micro:
upto 100 KW
Mini:
101KW to 2 MW
Small:
2 MW to 25 MW
Mega:
Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW
20. Indian Hydroelectric Power Potential
Tehri Hydropower Complex – 2,400MW
Topping the list of hydroelectric power plants in India is the Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, the highest hydroelectric power
project in the country.
INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor
(1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6782 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes
have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been
identified. However, only 27.51 % of the potential has been harnessed so far.
21. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 1,48,700 MW of installed
capacity. The basin wise assessed potential is as under
Basin/Rivers Probable Installed Capacity (MW)
Indus Basin
33,832
Ganga Basin
20,711
Central Indian River system
4,152
Western Flowing Rivers of southern India
9,430
Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India
14,511
Brahmaputra Basin
66,065
Total
1,48,701
22. In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94,000 MW. In
addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6,782 MW from 1,512 sites. Thus, in
totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 2,50,000 MW. However, exploitation of hydro-potential has not been up to
the desired level due to various constraints confronting the sector.
23.
24. CORRECTIVE MEASURES
In 1998, Government of India announced "Policy on Hydro Power Development" under which impetus is given to development of
hydropower in the country.
This was a welcome step towards effective utilization of our water resources in the direction of hydropower development. During
October 2001, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) came out with a ranking study which prioritized and ranked the future
executable projects.
As per the study, 399 hydro schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 1,06,910 MW were ranked in A,B & C categories
depending upon their inter-se attractiveness. During May 2003, Govt. of India launched 50,000 MW hydro initiative in which
preparation of Pre Feasibility Reports of 162 Projects totalling to 50,000 MW was taken up by CEA through various agencies.
The PFRs for all these projects have already been prepared and projects with low tariff (first year tariff less than Rs.2.50/kWh)
have been identified for preparation of DPR.
https://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro/current-status
25. India’s Power scene
Coal:
1. FBC Technology
2. CFBC
3. IGCC
Natural Gas: Gas based generating Plants
Nuclear Power Programme
26. Impact on Environment
● An environmental impact is defined as any change to the environment,
whether adverse or beneficial, resulting from a facility’s activities, products, or
services.
● In other words it is the effect that people's actions have on the environment.
● For example, when volatile organic compounds are released into the
environment, the effect or impact is pollution in the form of smog, in this case
being negative.
● It can go the other way, as a person picking up litter can have a beneficial
impact on the local environment.
27. Impact on Environment
● The list of issues surrounding our environment go on, but there are three major ones that
affect the majority of them overall: global warming and climate change; water pollution
and ocean acidification; and loss of biodiversity
● Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution,
burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change,
soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water.
● Global warming is arguably the greatest cause of impact on the environment. The largest of
causes emanating through CO₂ levels from respiration to more detrimental causes like
burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
● The loss of ecosystems is caused mainly by changes in land and sea use, exploitation,
climate change, pollution and the introduction of invasive species. Some things have a
direct impact on nature, like the dumping of waste into the ocean
28. Negative Impacts
● The primary impacts of concern in an energy dependent society often come as a result of
our energy use.
● Burning hydrocarbons like coal and oil to provide us with useful energy results in the
emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
● Other activities causing harm include improper waste disposal to bodies of water and soil,
accidental spills of chemicals, increased demand for resources as populations increase
(especially due to consumerism), and much more.
The impacts that these have on the environment have become clear and include:
● Climate change including Global warming
● Acid rain, photochemical smog and other forms of pollution
● Ocean acidification
● Displacement/extinction of wildlife
● Resource depletion - forests, water, food
● and more
29. Renewable Energy Sources
● Solar, wind, oil and gas will increase up to 2050.
● Wind will dominate after 2020 and finally wind and hydroelectric will be exceeded by the
solar energy.
● Although geothermal capacity more than triples in the projection, combined with
biomass capacity they account in 2050 for only 4% of renewable electricity generation.
30. Renewable Energy Potential in India
● India ranks 3rd in renewable energy country attractive index in 2021.
● India in the world ranks 2nd in Biogas & 5th in Wind.
● The country has set an ambitious target to achieve a capacity of 175 GW
worth of renewable energy by the end of 2022, which expands to 450 GW
by 2030. This is the world's largest expansion plan is in renewable energy.
● India has an estimated renewable energy potential of about 900 GW from
sources like Wind – 102 GW, Bio-energy – 25 GW, Small Hydro – 20 GW
and Solar power – 750 GW.
● Renewable energy enjoys 15.90% shares in total installed capacity in India.
31. The benefit of assessing technical potential is that it establishes an upper-boundary estimate of
development potential. There are multiple types of potential—resource, technical, economic, and
market—as shown in the graphic with key assumptions.
32. Renewable Energy Technical Potential
The renewable energy technical potential of a technology is its achievable energy generation given system
performance, topographic, environmental, and land-use constraints.
33. Renewable Energy Economic Potential
Economic potential, one measure of renewable energy generation potential, is the subset of the technical
potential where the cost required to generate electricity is less than the revenue available.
34. Energy Parameters
To conserve fuel, it is necessary to adopt measures for maximizing economic
development with minimum energy consumption.
1. Energy Intensity
2. Energy-GDP Elasticity
35. Energy Intensity
● Energy intensity is a measure of the energy inefficiency of an economy.
● It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP.
● High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
● Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
● The ‘energy intensity’ is defined as energy consumption per unit of GNP (Gross National
● Product)
36. Energy-GDP Elasticity
● There is a percent-wise growth in energy requirement per GDP.
● The ‘energy–GDP elasticity’ is defined as the percentage growth in energy
requirement for 1% growth in GDP.
● The lower the value of elasticity, the higher is the overall efficiency.
● The value of elasticity for the developed countries ranges from 0.8 to 1.0,
whereas for India it is around 1.2.
● There is a scope for improvement in the efficiency of energy use.
37. Co-generation
● Cogeneration is a very efficient technology to generate electricity and heat. It is also
called Combined Heat and Power (CHP) as cogeneration produces heat and electricity
simultaneously.
● The technology offers the following benefits for both its users and our society: Increased
energy efficiency.
● These include hospitals, nursing homes, universities and a wide range of industrial
sectors that involve energy intensive processes.
● Cement, pulp and paper, iron and steel are some of these industrial sectors.
38. Principle of Co-generation
● Cogeneration is also known as combined heat and power and it is the most efficient way of utilizing
fuel. It uses one single source of energy to produce two different forms of energy (one is heat/
thermal energy and the other one is electrical or mechanical energy).
● Cogeneration of heat and electricity can be dealt with in two ways:
(i) Topping cycle
(ii) Bottoming cycle
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Rational Use of Energy
● Technological and social progress in developed countries has increased energy
consumption beyond limits. The richest 10% of the world’s population consume a very large
quantity of energy compared to that used by the remainder of the 90% population, thus
leading to an ecologically imbalance. The level of industrial production and consumption of
energy are linked with irreversible environmental risks and damages.
● An action plan for ‘economical and rational use of energy’ needs to be enforced to check
climatic degradation.
● In Europe, “German Federal Govt.” implemented an environmental policy, and imposed an
ecological tax on mineral oil products and electricity consumption to induce people for
economical use of energy.
● It resulted in 11% rise in their GDP between 1990–2000 with 5% reduction in energy
consumption.
● A new concept was coined: ‘decoupling of economic growth and energy consumption’. This
has also created awareness to use green energy, i.e., solar, wind, and fuel cell.
44. Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation
● Energy conservation can be said to be the cheapest form of new source of
energy. It actually minimizes wastage of energy without affecting productivity
and human comfort.
● Energy efficiency and energy conservation involve all sectors of economy.
● Motors and drive systems in industry and agriculture sectors consume major
chunks of energy.
● It is advisable to use energy- efficient and correct-capacity (not oversized)
motors.
● Considerable reduction in energy consumption is also possible by reducing
high lighting levels in domestic, commercial and industrial installations.
46. ll energy comes from renewable energy sources like wind, solar, waves, hydro and biomass. The energy is either used
directly as electricity or stored in hydrogen for use in transportation or to create electricity when the sun is not shinning or
the wind is not blowing.
The renewable energy is stored in hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by use of electricity. This process
is called electrolysis.
Other productions methods will also be used to create hydrogen from fossil fuels. After the production hydrogen functions
as an energy carrier that can be used to supply energy wherever it is needed.
A fuel cell is used to convert the hydrogen into energy again. In the fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen (air) reacts and creates
water as the only emission. The reaction creates electricity and heat that can be used in various applications. As fuel cells
are very scalable they can be used in all applications that needs energy, ranging from mobile cell phones, cars, busses and
even as large heat and power plants.
Fuel cell as a technology will be the next energy innovation step that will bring progress and prosperity to our societies, with
as great an impact, as the steam engine and the combustion engine have had.
47.
48. Hydrogen Energy Systems
A hydrogen energy system consists of hydrogen production, transportation/storage, utilization, and so on. Technology
for efficiently transporting and storing hydrogen with a low energy density is especially important.
49. Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent
(often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions.
Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
50.
51. Biofuel
Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock
material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as
petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Various Types of Biofuel
● Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
● Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
● Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature. ...
● Ethanol. ...
● Methanol. ...
● Butanol.
● Bioethanol made from sugarcane, sugar beet, and algae.
● Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, animal fats and algal lipid and from nonedible crops.
● Bio methanol made from organic waste agricultural waste.
52.
53. Distributed Energy Systems
● Distributed energy system (DES) is a term which encompasses a diverse array of energy generation,
storage, monitoring and control solutions.
● Now through DES, owners of large plants and factories can find additional sources of energy and reduce
their overall cost of energy consumption.
● Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG),or district/decentralized
energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected or distribution
system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER).
● The concept of distributed generation refers to the use of small generators directly connected to the distribution network or
the local network of consumers. Among the current generation sources stand out wind power, photovoltaic, hydroelectric,
and diesel. Thermal power plants and biomass have also been employed in DG, but on a smaller scale.
56. In the residential sector, common distributed generation systems include:
● Solar photovoltaic panels
● Small wind turbines
● Natural-gas-fired fuel cells
● Emergency backup generators, usually fueled by gasoline or diesel fuel
In the commercial and industrial sectors, distributed generation can include resources such as:
● Combined heat and power systems CHP
● Solar photovoltaic panels
● Wind
● Hydropower
● Biomass combustion or cofiring
● Municipal solid waste incineration
● Fuel cells fired by natural gas or biomass
● Reciprocating combustion engines, including backup generators, which are may be fueled by oil
57.
58. Distributed generation can benefit the environment if its use reduces the amount of electricity that
must be generated at centralized power plants, in turn can reduce the environmental impacts of
centralized generation.
● Existing cost-effective distributed generation technologies can be used to generate electricity at
homes and businesses using renewable energy resources such as solar and wind.
● Distributed generation can harness energy that might otherwise be wasted—for example, through a
combined heat and power system.
● By using local energy sources, distributed generation reduces or eliminates the “line loss” (wasted
energy) that happens during transmission and distribution in the electricity delivery system.
59. Distributed generation can also lead to negative environmental impacts:
● Distributed generation systems require a “footprint” (they take up space), and because they
are located closer to the end-user, some distributed generation systems might be unpleasant
to the eye or cause land-use concerns.
● Distributed generation technologies that involve combustion—particularly burning fossil
fuels—can produce many of the same types of impacts as larger fossil-fuel-fired power
plants, such as air pollution. These impacts may be smaller in scale than the impacts from a
large power plant, but may also be closer to populated areas.
● Some distributed generation technologies, such as waste incineration, biomass combustion,
and combined heat and power, may require water for steam generation or cooling.
● Distributed generation systems that use combustion may be less efficient than centralized
power plants due to efficiencies of scale.
60.
61. Dispersed Generation
Dispersed generation is a concept where smaller, highly efficient power plants would be
built along the existing grid, close to the end-user customer. It is similar in concept to the
move from large central computers to desktop computers on a network.
Distributed generation entails using many small generators of 2-50MW output, situated at
numerous strategic points throughout cities and towns, so that each provides power to a
small number of consumers nearby and dispersed generation refers to use of even smaller
generating units, of less than 500kW
62. Dispersed generation refers to use of still smaller generating units, of less than 500 kW output and often sized
to serve individual homes or businesses. These units are small enough to fit into garages or, like central
air-conditioners, on a pad behind a house. Micro gas turbines, fuel cells, diesel, and small wind and solar PV
generators make up this category.
Distributed generation (DG) entails using many small generators, of 2-50 MW output, situated at numerous
strategic points throughout cities and towns, so that each provides power to a small number of consumers
nearby. While these small generators might be solar or wind turbine units, generating units in this category are
most often highly efficient gas turbines in small combined cycle plants, because these are the most
economical choices. Although small compared to traditional central station generators, such 2-500 MW
generating units are large, both physically and electrically compared to the needs of individual energy
consumers, producing power for between 50 and 400 homes.
63. Advantages of Dispersed Generation
● Increased electric system reliability.
● An emergency supply of power.
● Reduction of peak power requirements.
● Offsets to investments in generation, transmission, or
distribution facilities that would otherwise be recovered
through rates.