Slides talk about robotics in medicine and their applications in medicine.

2. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE

3. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
What is the meaning of “Robot” ?
Why “Robots” in medicine ?
Biomedical engineering.
Diagnosing diseases.
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future……..

5. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
What is the meaning of “Robot” ?
Why “Robots” in medicine ?
Biomedical engineering.
Diagnosing diseases.
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future…….. By: Ahmed El-Ziky
Presented

6. INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS
Man and Machines.
Man and Robots.
Humanoid VS. Specialized Robots.

8. Man and machine go back along
time ago.
Man always used to invent
machines to make his work
easier.
So the idea was that man makes
machines to make his life easier.

10. ROBOT DEFINITION
A robot can be defined as a programmable,
self‐controlled device consisting of electronic,
electrical, or mechanical units.
Robots, unlike humans, they never get tired;
they can endure physical conditions that are
uncomfortable or even dangerous; they can
operate in airless conditions; they do not get
bored by repetition; and they cannot be
distracted from the task at hand.

12. BEFORE 1900 :
• 270BC an ancient Greek engineer
named Ctesibus made organs and
water clocks with movable
figures.

13. LEONARDO DA VINCI
Polymath : scientist,
mathematician, engineer,
inventor, anatomist, painter,
sculptor, architect, botanist,
musician and writer.
One of the first robots developed was by
Leonardo Da Vinci in 1495 ; a mechanical
armored knight that was used to amuse
royalty

14. 1818 ‐ Mary Shelley wrote "Frankenstein" which
was about a frightening artificial life form created
by Dr. Frankenstein.
AFTER 1900 :
So the idea of a robot is not new. For
thousands of years man has been
imagining intelligent mechanized
devices that perform human‐like tasks.
He has built automatic toys and
mechanisms and imagined robots in
drawings, books, plays and science
fiction movies.

16. 1921 ‐ The term "robot" was
first used in a play called
"R.U.R." or "Rossum's
Universal Robots" by the
Czech writer Karel Capek. The
plot was simple: man makes
robot then robot kills man

17. • 1941 ‐ Science fiction writer
Isaac Asimov first used the
word "robotics" to describe
the technology of robots
and predicted the rise of a
powerful robot industry.
• 1942 ‐ Asimov wrote
"Runaround", a story about
robots which contained the
"Three Laws of Robotics"

18. • 1956 ‐ George Devol and Joseph
Engelberger formed the world's
first robot company.
• 1963 ‐ The first artificial robotic
arm to be controlled by a
computer was designed. The
Rancho Arm was designed as a
tool for the handicapped and it's
six joints gave it the flexibility of a
human arm.

19. • 1969 ‐ The Stanford Arm was the first
electrically powered, computer‐
controlled robot arm.
• 1979 ‐ The Stanford Cart crossed a chair‐
filled room without human assistance.
The cart had a TV camera mounted on a
rail which took pictures from multiple
angles and relayed them to a computer.
The computer analyzed the distance
between the cart and the obstacles.

21. Making a human like robot with human
capabilities may be good for a show or
for simple human interaction but not for
real world problems
There are 6.5 billions human in the world
It is some how useless to make a robot
with the same capabilities .

22. So man redirected him self to specialized
robots

23. FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATIONS:
In industry:

24. In space:

25. In war:

26. …... and in medicine :

27. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Why “Robots” in medicine ?
Biomedical engineering.
Diagnosing diseases.
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Production of medicine.
The future…….. By: Ahmed Saeed
Presented

28. A BIT OF HISTORY

29. The robots have many abilities that can be
very useful in the field of medicine

30. ROBOTS : WHAT CAN THEY DO?
1-Tasks with a complex geometry
2-Third hand
3-Carry or hold heavy tools
4-Remote action
5-Motion and force augmentation or scaling
6-Force controlled actions
7-Intra-body tasks
8-Tasks on moving targets

34. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF ROBOTS
There are several ways to classify the use of
robots in medicine, the role of robots as
tools that can work cooperatively with
physicians to carry out surgical
interventions and identifies five classes of
systems :
1-Intern replacements
2-Telesurgical systems
3-Navigational aids
4-Precise positioning systems
5-Precise path systems

38. TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES
While a number of different clinical areas are
being explored, the field of medical robotics
is still in its infancy and we are just at the
beginning of this era. Only a handful of
commercial companies exist and the number
of medical robots sold each year is very
small. Part of the reason for this is that the
medical environment is a very complex one
and the introduction of new technology is
difficult.

39. in addition, the completion of a medical
robotics project requires a partnership
between engineers and clinicians whish is not
easy to establish

40. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Biomedical engineering.
Diagnosing diseases.
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The Presented By: Ahmed El-Sayed
future……..

41. MEDICAL DEVICES
A medical device is intended for use in:
the diagnosis of disease or other conditions, or
in the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention
of disease,
intended to affect the structure or any function
of the body of man or other animals, and
which does not achieve any of its primary
intended purposes through chemical action
and which is not dependent upon being
metabolized for the achievement of any of its
primary intended purposes.

42. Some examples include pacemakers, infusion
pumps, the heart-lung machine, dialysis
machines, artificial organs, implants, artificial
limbs, corrective lenses, cochlear implants,
ocular prosthetics, facial prosthetics, somato
prosthetics, and dental implants.1
Stereolithography is a practical example on how
medical modeling can be used to create physical
objects. Beyond modeling organs and the
human body, emerging engineering techniques
are also currently used in the research and
development of new devices for innovative
therapies, treatments, patient monitoring, and
early diagnosis of complex diseases.`

44. Young child using a prosthetic arm.

45. Pressure Mapping System

46. Multi-joints Dynamometer

47. MRI
MRI or Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a
relatively new technology that is
revolutionizing several fields. This method of
scanning was developed primarily for use in
medicine but it has also been used to study
fossils and historical artefacts. Early doctors
were only able to gather data about a patient
through observation and rudimentary tests. X‐
Rays provided doctors with one of the first
ways of peering within a living person. The MRI
is one of the exciting successors to the X‐Ray.

49. Earlier imaging technologies, such as X‐rays,
were able to detect dense tissues, particularly
bones. MRIs give doctors the ability to view all
sorts of body structures including soft tissues.
MRIs are frequently used to detect cancers that
would otherwise be difficult to diagnose, such
as mesothelioma. The ability to detect cancers
at their early stages has brought these scanners
to the forefront of the battle against many
diseases. It is generally believed that patients
are not harmed by undergoing the procedure
since MRIs do not use radiation. There are not
any side‐effects, but patients with pacemakers
or other metallic implants are not eligible for
these scans.

50. Bioengineers help
translate human organs
suchas the heart into
thousands of
mathematical equations
and millions of data
points which then run as
computer simulations.
The result is a visual
simulation that looks and
behaves much like the
real heart it mimics.

51. What do biomedical engineers do?
Perhaps a simpler question to answer is what don’t
biomedical engineers do? Biomedical work in industry,
academic engineers institutions, hospitals and
government agencies. Biomedical engineers may spend
their days designing electrical circuits and computer
software for medical instrumentation.
These instruments may range from large imaging
systems such as conventional x‐ray, computerized
tomography (a sort of computerenhanced three‐
dimensional x‐ray) and magnetic resonance imaging, to
small implantable devices, such as pacemakers,
cochlear implants and drug infusion pumps. Biomedical
engineers may use chemistry physics, mathematical
models and computer simulation to develop new drug
therapy.

52. World’s smallest robotic hand to aid
microsurgery

53. WORLD’S SMALLEST ROBOTIC HAND TO
AID MICROSURGERY
A prototype model of the Japan’s micro
medical robot was published that could stay
and move in the human body to eliminate
disease, especially cancer. Now, UCLA
School of Engineering lab has developed a
world’s smallest robotic hand to perform a
microsurgery that is one millimeter wide
and can conveniently pick tiny objects from
body.

54. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Diagnosing diseases
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future……..
Presented By: Ahmed El-Morsy

55. In the past, Diseases were diagnosed by
observing the symptoms of the diseases
on the patients but It wasn’t an efficient
way for diagnosing all diseases.

56. ANALYSIS & IMAGING
Analysis And Imaging has
become the more common way
for diagnosing diseases for a
time
It is an efficient way to diagnose
some diseases before its effect
strike or appear.
But ….. It can’t diagnose some other diseases
such as mental diseases.

57. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
(MRI)
It was the first device directed the scientists to thinking about
using robots in diagnosing diseases.

58. DIAGNOSING DISEASES USING
ROBOTS
Capsule Robots
Worm Robots

59. CAPSULE ROBOTS
It is used for examining the
internal organs without
performing surgeries by
installing stopping points or
delaying moving at a certain
examination position.
It has a camera for examining
the internal organs.

60. CAPSULE ROBOTS
It stops according to a stop
control signal inputted from
outside of a human body,
wherein the stopping means
stops or delays moving of the
body by hanging on the
internal wall of the internal
organs.

61. CAPSULE ROBOTS
It is good in examining the small
intestine by transmitting
information received from a
camera unit of capsule robot to
outside of a human body
through a wireless transmission
module
But it is less efficient in examining the large intestine because it is
curved steeply so the patient suffers much pain this pain is
influenced by the doctors skills.

62. WORM ROBOTS
A robot designed to crawl through the
human gut has been developed by
European scientists.

63. WORM ROBOTS
It could one day help doctors diagnose
disease by carrying tiny cameras through
patients' bodies.
the researchers plan to develop a robot
equipped with a camera and light source
that can capture video footage as it travels.
Doctors currently explore the gut using
endoscopes, which have to be fed through
the body, or "camera pills" that must be
swallowed by a patient.

64. OBSTACLES
Capsules can show you places nothing
else can, but you can't stop or slow down
when you get to a point of interest.
Being able to have some control, perhaps
even to turn around would be very
valuable.

65. ROBOTS THROUGH BLOOD STREAM
Researchers around the world have been trying to
develop miniature, remote‐controlled robots for
minimally invasive medical treatments within the body.
It was first developed at Kyoto university with a diameter
1 cm.
Then, scientists at the Technion University, teamed with a
researcher from the College of Judea and Samaria, have
developed a miniature robot that can move within the
bloodstream.
For the first time a miniature robot has been planned and
constructed, that has the unique ability to crawl within
the human body's veins and arteries

66. ROBOTS THROUGH BLOOD STREAM
For comparison, the diameter of a similar robot
which researchers at Kyoto University
developed is one centimeter. The Israeli robot's
diameter is one millimeter.
Blood vessels differ from each other in
diameter, making it extremely important for
the robot to possess the ability to be able to
adjust accordingly.

67. So it is now used to help
doctors to diagnose
diseases, can it treat
some diseases??!!

68. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Artificial limb.
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future……..
Presented By: Ahmed El-Saeed

69. HISTORY
In the last the amputees faced a lot of facilities in walking.
So the crutch invited to help the disabled for walking.

70. But after significant progress
in the manufacture of
industrial machinery
assistance the human can
now walk on an artificial legs
The first specimen discovered
archaeologically, known as
the Roman Capua Leg.
The limbs usually made from
the iron .

71. AN ARTIFICIAL LEG MADE FROM
WOOD & STEEL

72. ARTIFICIAL LIMBS TYPES
There are four main types of the artificial
limbs:
Transtibial Prosthesis

73. 1.TRANSTIBIAL PROSTHESIS
A transtibial prosthesis is an artificial limb
that replaces a leg missing below the
knee. Transtibial amputees are usually
able to regain normal movement more
readily than someone with a
transfemoral amputation, due in large
part to retaining the knee, which allows
for easier movement.

74. 2. TRANSFEMORAL PROSTHESIS

75. 2. TRANSFEMORAL PROSTHESIS
A transfemoral prosthesis is an artificial
limb that replaces a leg missing above
the knee. Transfemoral amputees can
have a very difficult time regaining
normal movement. In general, a
transfemoral amputee must use
approximately 80% more energy to walk
than a person with two whole legs.This is
due to the complexities in movement
associated with the knee.

76. 3. TRANSRADIAL PROSTHESIS

77. 3. TRANSRADIAL PROSTHESIS
A transradial prosthesis is an artificial limb that
replaces an arm missing below the elbow. Two
main types of prosthetics are available. Cable
operated limbs work by attaching a harness
and cable around the opposite shoulder of the
damaged arm. The other form of prosthetics
available are arms. These work by sensing, via
electrodes, when the muscles in the upper arm
moves, causing an artificial hand to open or
close

78. 4. TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESIS
A transhumeral prosthesis is an artificial
limb that replaces an arm missing above
the elbow. Transhumeral amputees
experience some of the same problems
as transfemoral amputees, due to the
similar complexities associated with the
movement of the elbow. This makes
mimicking the correct motion with an
artificial limb very difficult.

79. TRANSHUMERAL PROSTHESIS ‘S
APLLICATIONS
ARTIFICIAL LIMBS
CONTROLLED BY
MIND POWER

80. EXAMPLE :THE BIONIC ARMS

82. THE FIRST SURGERY OF BIONIC
ARM
Claudia Mitchell (b 1980) is the first
woman to be outfitted with a bionic arm.
Her bionic arm, a prototype developed
by the Rehabilitation Institute of
Chicago, is as of August 2006 the most
advanced prosthetic arm, and differs
from other prostheses in that it does not
require any implants.

84. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Tele-surgery.
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future……..
Presented By: Ahmed El-Bayaa

85. INTRODUCTION
It used to be necessary to visit a doctor in
case of illness, or wait for a surgical
specialist to come and carry out a
meticulous surgery, but nowadays, there
has become a new modern technology
that enables doctors to remotely give
consultations or even to carry out a tele‐
surgery

86. HOW IS A TELE-SURGERY PERFORMED?
It's carried out between a doctor and
a robot, which tele‐operates the
doctor's orders.
This communication occurs through
satellites and fiber optic cables, and
the transmission and reception of the
data happen within small fractions of
a second.

87. The images are
communicated
accurately by using
special cameras that give
3‐D digital images of the
spot of the operation

88. WHY TELE-SURGERY?
People now are able to give up the necessity
for traveling abroad in order to undergo
complicated surgical procedures this is
considered a revolution in the field of
surgery. This lays the foundations for the
globalization of surgery, making it possible
to imagine that a surgeon can carry out an
operation on a patient anywhere in the
world.

89. TELE-SURGERY OPERATION
In France : InSeptember,2001 a
medical team ,headed by professor
"Jack Marisco", performed the first
tele-surgical procedure in the history
of medicine. This team, used a
robotic arm, managed to remove the
gall from a patient (a sixty-eight- year
woman) in "Strasbourg", in eastern
France while they were in the U.S.A.
and the operation carried out by
using a robot called “zeus” designed
by Computer Motion co. and this
operation named ‘lindbergh’

90. TIME GAB
Two medical teams participated in this
surgery, a distance of 14.000 kilometers
separated them, and they were linked by
a video and a high‐speed fiber optic line.
The time delay between the surgeons‘
movements and the return of the video
images displayed on the screen was less
than 1/5 second while the istimated
proper lag time is 1/3 secound.

91. the strangest tele‐surgery
occurred when heart surgeon
"Michael Black", from the
faculty of medicine in"
American Stafford" university,
managed to carry out a heart
tele‐surgery on a foetus into
his mother's womb.

92. SURGERY IN SPACE
If an astronaut on Mars
needed a surgery, his
flight back to the earth
would take six months,
which makes his
treatment impossible.
That's why scientists
have thought of
supplying spaceships
with robotic tele‐
surgeons for such
cases.

93. a team of French doctors carried out a
surgical procedure on a human being
aboard a plane, far away from the
gravity influence. The doctors were
planed to cut out a tumor from a
volunteer's shoulder while the
manoeuvre of the plane in the air in
order to create a zero‐gravity condition.
The surgeons operated while floating at
the corners of the plane, the patient
was lying in a plastic tent, and the
surgical instruments were magnetized
in order to stick to the table.
This operation was carried out within a
chain of time shifts, each shift lasted
for 20 seconds, during those shifts the
plane was manoeuvre in the air in
order to create a zero‐gravity condition.

94. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
Robots in other fields of medicine.
The future……..
Presented By: Ahmed Abd El-Latif

95. ROBOTICS IN OTHER FIELDS
In fields apart from medicine, the first applications
of robotics
were in mathematics, computers, and industry.
The first industrial robot was the “Unimate”
developed by George C. Devol and Joseph F.
Engelberger, which was used to extract die castings
from machines and perform spot welding on
automobile bodies. Currently, robotic technology is
used in space and ocean exploration (taking
images and collecting information), industrial tasks
(welding), military and police tasks (destroying
mines, collecting information, or spying), and
entertainment (from toys to television).

96. DA VINCI® SURGICAL SYSTEM
If we want to talk about robotic in medicine we must talk
about how robot make progress at field of surgery
Surgical System. Approved in July 2000 to perform
advanced surgical
techniques such as cutting and suturing, this system is the
first operative surgical robotic system to be cleared by the
FDA, giving it a first‐mover advantage over its competitors.
Though Intuitive Surgical has had to overcome many
obstacles in order to dominate the digital surgery field, it is
now a multimillion‐dollar business that continues to grow
daVinci surgery is the latest advance in minimally invasive
surgery. Made by Intuitive Surgical, the daVinci system
brings conventional laparoscopy into the 21st century.
With the ability to perform complex operations through
keyhole incisions, previously unachievable results and
short hospital stays are now available for many more
patients.

97. DA VINCI® SURGICAL SYSTEM
The system consist of four
main points:‐
Surgeon Console
Patient‐side Cart
Detachable Instruments
3‐D Vision System

98. SURGEON CONSOLE
The surgeon is situated at this
console several feet away from the
patient operating table.
The surgeon has his head tilted
forward and his hands inside the
system’s master interface. The
surgeon sits viewing a magnified
three‐ dimensional image of the
surgical field with a real‐time
progression of the instruments as
he operates. The instrument
controls enable the surgeon to
move within a one cubic foot area
of workspace
There are cameras with foot pedals.

99. PATIENT-SIDE CART
This component of the
system contains the
robotic arms that
directly contact the
patient.
It consists of two or
three instrument arms
and one endoscope
arm .

100. PATIENT-SIDE CART
We heard bad news about
many surgeons Injured
when they process surgery
and there blood mixed with
the blood of patients .
But in the Da Vinci the
surgeons process surgery
without direct deal.
The machine play the role
of surgeon’s arm.

101. DETACHABLE INSTRUMENTS
The Endowrist detachable
instruments allow the robotic arms
to maneuver in ways that
simulate fine human movements.
Each instrument has its own
function from suturing to
clamping, and is switched from one
to the other using quick‐release
levers on each
robotic arm.
The device memorizes the position
of the robotic arm before the
instrument
is replaced so that the second one
can be reset to the exact same
position as the first .

102. 3-D VISION SYSTEM
The camera unit or endoscope arm
provides enhanced three‐
dimensional images
This high‐resolution real‐time
magnification showing the inside the
patient allows the surgeon to have a
considerable advantage over regular
surgery. The system
provides over a thousand frames of
the instrument position per
second and filters each image
through a video processor that
eliminates background noise. The
endoscope is programmed to
regulate the temperature of the
endoscope tip automatically to
prevent fogging during the operation

103. ROBOTICS IN MEDICINE
The future……..
Presented By: Ahmed Abd El-Aziz

104. THE FUTURE OF MEDICINE
MAY BE NANO ROBOTS
"Living organisms are naturally‐existing, fabulously
complex systems of molecular nanotechnology".
Dr. Gregory Fahy

105. IN THE FUTURE
nano‐robots may perform all kinds of important jobs
for humans, including health‐related jobs such as
molecular repair. But shelve your sci‐fi nerd nightmares
about marauding swarms of wicked nano ‘bots
romping around in your bloodstream: for one thing,
these microscopic critters simply mimic what already
exists in nature. After all, living cells are machines. For
example, many bacteria come equipped with flagella
propellers (something Michael Behe just can’t seem to
handle), which are powered by nanomotors. Now, the
development of self‐replication* is apparently where
the ooh‐scary teleological debate starts to come in, but
remember that the earth has already been ravaged by
self‐replicating nano‐robots many a time: we just call
them, um, cells.

106. MICROBOT
In the future microscopic robots – microbots ‐ could be used to travel inside
our bodies, assisting doctors to diagnose and cure all manner of ailments

107. THE SURGERY TODAY

109. REMOTE-CONTROL NANOPARTICLES
Here, dark gray nanoparticles carry different drug payloads
(one red, one green). A remotely generated 5-minute pulse
of a low-energy electromagnetic field releases the green
drug but not the red. A 5-minute pulse of a higher-energy
electromagnetic field releases the red drug, which had been
tethered using a DNA strand twice as long as the green
tether, as measured in base pairs.

111. Presnted By:
Ahmed El-Ziky.
Ahmed Saeed.
Ahmed El-Sayed.
Ahmed Elmorsy.
Ahmed El-Saeed.
Ahmed El-Bayaa.
Ahmed Abd El-Latif.
Ahmed Abd El-Aziz.
Under Supervision of :
Dr. Khaled Nagy.

112. THANK YOU ….