ICT role in 21st century education and it's challenges.
Fazd heartwater power point module final sept 2011
1. Heartwater: Risk to US Livestock and Wildlife Christopher Hensley and Pete D. Teel Senior Forensic and Investigative Sciences & Psychology Double Major, 2012 And Professor and Associate Department Head Department of Entomology Texas A&M University 1
2. 2 Overview General Information Issue& Threat Cattle Egret Geographic Distribution Impact Conclusions
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7. 5 Issue & Threat Risk of Heartwater to North America Presence of primary vector and pathogen in Caribbean Discovery of native tick to be efficient experimental vector Role of cattle egrets as host and transport of immature ticks Supportive climate Diversity of livestock and Wildlife hosts in US
8. Potential Native Tick Vector The Gulf Coast tick, Amblyommamaculatum Laboratory studies using a goat – tick model Findings show A. maculatumvery capable of acquiring E. ruminantiumfrom sub-clinical, infected goats. (See Mahan et al. 2000) Summation: A substantial risk as vector. Vector capacity under field conditions not yet tested. 6
9. 7 Cattle Egret: Host & Transport Caribbean introductions1940-50’s Now widespread in Western Hemisphere Nest throughoutCaribbean Host to immature Amblyomma ticks
10. 8 Cattle Egret: Migratory Risk Migrate across Americas Involved in inter-island travel Caribbean birds found in Florida Keys
11. 9 Geographic Distribution Heartwater and Amblyomma vectors are widespread in Africa south of the Sahara Caribbean introduction and spread First reported 1830s (limited to 3 islands) Tick expansion 1970s-1980s to 14 islands
12. 10 Geographic Distribution Potential spread North and South American mainlands Southeastern US at high risk Close proximity Suitable climate Livestock density Native and Exotic deer
13. 11 Impact Highly fatal Economic risks high cost for containment and elimination No drugs or vaccines Surveillance testing Quarantine
14. 12 Conclusions Vigilanceto changes in Caribbean Support efforts to Caribbean containment Active surveillance of ticks from Texas to Florida and Georgia into National Tick Surveillance Program (USDA, APHIS, VS) Contingency response at state & federal levels Educate owners and veterinary professionals
