The Ethics Of Genetic Engineering

The Ethics Of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering has to do with manipulating organisms and DNA to create body characteristics.
The practice of genetic DNA has shown an increasing amount over the past years. The process of
genetic enhancement involves manipulating organisms by using biotechnologies. The technique is
by removing a DNA from one life form and transferring it to another set of traits or organism.
Certain barriers are conquered, and the procedure involves changing a form of cells, resulting from
an improvement or developed organism. GMO which is a (Genetic Modified Organisms) is the
operation done in a laboratory where DNA genetic from one particular species or animals is directly
forced into another gene from an unrelated subject of plants or even animals. ... Show more content
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One of the biggest pictures that are against genetic engineering is that humans are not supposed to
play the role of God. DNA is a unique thing to every person. Bioengineering itself involves the very
technical aspects of modification, and the enhancement of stem cells or DNA and this process can
change the human structure. "The progress of civilization has been having been largely dependent
upon the out 'interference with nature'."(Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences).
Biotechnology interventions are used to advance human brains and our future to the extreme. The
process of genetic engineering is very unpredictable and dramatic that it will have a major effect on
its environment. Human genetic manipulation is considered unethical and dangerous for the most
part. Human genetic alteration is illegal in many countries, but it is used in some places to cure gene
diseases. The process of changing the genetic DNA of when a baby is born can be passed down the
line of the persons. Swapping bad and unwanted genes for a better one is part of the process. There
are many potential advantages gained from this operation as well as some dangers. Considering the
ethical implications of the gene enhancement the result might cause a gene problem. The advanced
technology application can make a huge different especially improving the quality of a human being
by fixing an unwanted and inheritable gene defects. Many people are affected
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Genetic Markers : A Genetic Marker
The future of medicine is definitely in personalized medicine, and that is completely is unattainable
without genetic markers. In everyone there are certain markers that can allow a geneticist to
determine a person's medical future, certain medicines work with some genetic markers and not with
others. Many genes are linked to certain diseases and allow a geneticist to possibly prevent diseases.
A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known specific location on the chromosome, they can
be a great indicator for genetic disorders and any other hereditary diseases. Genetic markers are also
used to identify genes whose locations are known, but still unidentified. Genetic markers may be
part of a gene or have no known function.
Genetic markers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a type of polymorphism and repeated sequences in intergenic regions of DNA. SSLPs are used
to understand the genetic variation between two individuals. Another type of genetic marker is
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), in which restriction enzymes are used to be
isolate specific fragments of DNA, then these fragments are separated by length using gel
electrophoresis. RFLP is an important tool in localizing genes for genetic disorder, genome
mapping, finding risk for disease, and paternity testing. A third type of genetic marker is Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), which is a PCR–base tool. It is used in different fields
such as genetics, DNA fingerprinting, and genetic engineering. A fourth type of genetic marker is
Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), it is a type of PCR but in the case of RAPD
the segment of amplified DNA would be random. It is used to trace the phylogeny of various plants
and animals. A fifth type of genetic marker is Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), it is a
segment of DNA sequence in the genome. It is when a single nucleotide is changed in a genome.
Most commonly SNPs have only two alleles. A sixth type of genetic marker is Variable Number
Tandem Repeat (VNTR) is located in a genome where nucleotide sequence is arranged as tandem
repeat and can be found on many

The Genetics For Mongol Migration
Maryann Steadman
ANTH 3125
2014, October 11th
Reflection Paper One
Genetics for Mongol Migration Mongolia is located in–between Russia and China, and is a neighbor
to Kazakhstan. The people that live there are called Mongols. Mongolia, which is part of Asia, is
part of what composes Eurasia. When it comes to DNA and chromosomal lineage, there are many
factors that lead to how a person will look, who they will mate with, and what decisions they make
in that process. These categories all run under the term genetics. The second week's lecture said that
there are "three major types of genetic data." There is autosomal, Y chromosome, and mitochondrial
DNA. Autosomal is a combination of your mother and father's DNA that makes you. Y
chromosomes come from your father and are given to a son, and mitochondrial DNA comes from
your mother. Everyone has the autosomal and mitochondrial aspects of genetics. The mitochondrial
makeup is just what genes you got from your mother. However, only males have the Y chromosome
aspect of genetics since males sex genes are comprised of XY while females are XX. Mongols (and
their language of Mongolic) originally came from the Altai Mountains, which are near Mongolia
(week lecture two). In the second week's lecture it is also noted that Mongolia may have been the
original location for starting Y chromosomal lineage. In Zerial's article, "The Genetic Legacy of the
Mongols," it talks about Mongols being a star cluster for other people.

Genetic Mutation
In biology, term– mutation has been described as changes to the base pair sequence of the genetic
material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by: copying errors in the genetic material during
cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can
occur deliberately under cellular control during processes such as hypermutation. In multicellular
organisms, mutations can be subdivided into germ line mutations, which can be passed on to
descendants, and somatic mutations, which cannot be transmitted to descendants in animals. Plants
sometimes can transmit somatic mutations to their descendants asexually or sexually (in case when
flower buds develop in somatically mutated part of plant). A ... Show more content on
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Instead there is an abnormal type of hemoglobin S that is inherited as an autosomal inherited trait.
This disease produces chronic anemia, which may become life threatening when hemolytic crises
(the breakdown of redblood cells) or aplastic crises (bone marrow fails to produce blood cells)
occur. The incidence of this disorder is 1/400 African Americans and 8/100,000 people. The
manifestations of this disease are a result of the fragility and inflexibility of the sickle red
bloodcells. When exposed to a lack of water, infection, and low oxygen supply, these delicate red
blood cells take the shape of a crescent. This then causes blood cell devastation and thickening of
the blood. Sickle cell anemia has the potential to be life threatening and can affect other body
systems and parts of the body. Those included are the nervous system, bones, the kidneys and the
liver. Maternal PKU is a genetic disorder that stems from point mutation. 1/15,000 people fall victim
to this disorder. Phenylketonuria (PKU) has been shown as a cause of retardation in infant fetuses.
Children in the fetus begin with a normal amount of phenylalanine hydroxylase but are affected by
the mother's elevated phenylalanine level due to the imbalance of prenatal amino acid. Mental
deficiency is clearly evident in disorder and usually consists of I.Q.s of 50.

Effects of Genetic Discrimination
The new advancements in genetics spark a new revolution in medicine. Genetic information not
only can help us better understand the diseases that plague us, but can also prevent diseases that
could potentially be harmful to us. However America's history of discrimination has taken over this
new revolution also. Despite our revolutionized and civilized culture, America still suffers the cruel
grip of evil that lies behind many legal documents and contracts. Genetic Discrimination is when
people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have or are
perceived to have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. Although
insurance companies and many employers are looking out for their companies genetically
discriminating against clients or employees promotes the public's weariness about the revolutionized
genetic tests and also discourages further medical research.
Although science of genetics still has to be improved to able to accurately predict genetic
conditions, the information it provides can be a good indicator of future illnesses. This helps
psychologically prepare and "receive genetic counseling" (Amy) and prepare for any surgery that
may be required to prevent the disease. This new invention has opened up amazing possibilities and
should be used in order to better our health. The small group of people who aren't afraid of the
possible consequences believe that their "life is worth more than the cost of

The Cell Cycle, Genetic Variation, Mendelian Genetics, And...
Introduction: This essay will explore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic
variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in
further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects.
The Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent
cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three
phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its
functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few
hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht,
2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis
occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents
of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as
Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does
in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way.
Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells.
However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).
The Abnormal Cell

Genetic Macromolecules
Biological evolution begins with the origin of life, but the subject is the perhaps the most
interdisciplinary of any in science. Understanding how life began on Earth requires knowledge of
the astronomical, geological, and atmospheric settings. However, those settings are in turn
dependent on knowing the time period when life arose, which comes from the fossil and molecular
records, including molecular clocks based on genetic mutations. Interrelated with the setting is the
chemistry that generates the organic molecules used to assemble the first cells and carry the genetic
information to successive generations of cells. But holding the chemical reactions and products
together in a cell requires a membrane, and the assembly of that involves ... Show more content on
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The last 60 years have witnessed chemists developing an understanding of organocatalysis and
ligand field theory, both of which give demonstrable low–molecular–weight catalysts. We assume
that transition–metal–ligand complexes are likely to have occurred in the deep ocean trenches by the
combination of naturally occurring oceanic metals and ligands synthesized from the emergent
CO(2), H(2), NH(3), H(2)S, and H(3)PO(4). We are now in a position to investigate experimentally
the metal–ligand complexes, their catalytic function, and the reaction networks that could have
played a role in the development of metabolism and life itself.a self–propelled oil droplet system
based on fatty acid chemistry. This system exhibits symmetry breaking with four characteristics:
directional internal convective flow, directional external water flow, directional product release, and
a self–generated pH gradient. The simple ingredients–oil with acid–producing precursor and
alkaline water with surfactant–work in concert to produce sustained autonomous motion. The
supramolecular structure itself contains the chemistry that fuels its movement. The system produces
not only more surfactant but protons resulting in acidification of the environment immediately
surrounding the oil droplet. The droplet successfully moves away from this waste product into fresh
unmodified alkaline solution and even displays a primitive form of chemotaxis. Although this
mechanism of movement is unlike mechanisms of motility employed by natural cellular life,
directed motion by convection may be useful in an artificial cell context in the avoidance or delay of
chemical

Genetic Disorder And Genetic Disorders
A genetic disorder is a disease that is caused by missing or abnormalities in the chromosomes of a
human. Finding out if an offspring has a genetic disorder can be determined by using basic genetics.
The Punnett Square, a diagram used to predict the results of a crossing or breeding of two species,
can determine the outcome of an offspring by using the genotypes of both parents. Pairing the
genotypes of both parents together can show the four different genotypes of offspring, two being
female, and the other two male. By using this method, parents can predict the probability of their
child having a genetic disease. Since most genetic disorders are recessive, if both parents have or are
carriers of a genetic disorder, the probability of their offspring having the disorder can range from
twenty five to one hundred percent.
Sickle Cell is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells, causing them to become sickle, or
misshapen. This makes the hemoglobin in the red blood cell not able to move oxygen throughout the
body causing severe pain. Sickle Cell is genetic due to a person inheriting affected genes from their
parents, and both parents have to be carriers because the disorder is homozygous recessive. With
two carrier parents, the child has a twenty five percent chance of being unaffected, fifty percent
chance of being a carrier, and a twenty five percent chance of having Sickle Cell.
Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that mainly affects the lungs and digestive system

The Benefits Of Genetic Counseling
What is genetic counseling? What is a genetic counselor? Those questions and more are some things
I remember thinking about in my sophomore year chemistry class. I was so intrigued, yet I had no
idea what any of it meant. At the time, I had no idea how common they were, and just how much
genetics advanced every day while I was clueless.
Our genes are what make us who we are. Humans share 99.5% of our DNA with each other. That
means that every piece of DNA that makes us different is only .5% of our total DNA. A nucleus is a
large organelle of a cell that holds almost all of the cell's DNA (Tortora, Grabowski). In the nucleus
of every human cell, DNA is tightly packaged into a structure called a chromosome (U.S. National
Library of Medicine). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By definition, genetics is a term that refers to the study of genes and the role genes play inheritance:
the way traits and conditions are passed down from parent to offspring. Genetics help families and
medical professionals understand why diseases, like sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis, are
inherited and what to do about these diseases. (National Human Genome Research Institute). These
diseases are caused by mistakes in DNA, or mutations. Genetic counselors use different tests to find
these mistake, diagnose disease, and help patients treat and cope with their

Genetic Modification Pros
Genetic modification, especially the production of "designer babies," has been acclaimed as the next
great medical beneficiary to humanity, and also regarded with disdain and fear as a product of man
playing god, neo–eugenics, and perpetuating inequality. The benefits to society, such as alleviating
medical anomalies and bettering both length and quality of life, outweigh the moral panic and outcry
that is a response to scenarios that are unlikely to ever even develop. Society should embrace
genetic engineering and modification to improve humanity as a whole. A primary concern of
opponents of genetic engineering and modification is the fear that it will widen the gap between the
abilities of the rich and poor as the inherent abilities of babies, such as their intelligence or physical
strength, would be determined by the wealth, and therefore ability to procure the best technology, of
their parents (Kimel). This is a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"While 83 percent of the American public is solidly against editing genes for frivolous purposes
such as increasing intelligence, about half of those asked were fine with the idea of doing so to treat
diseases (Gebelhoff)." Although at the current point most speculation is merely empty conjecture, it
is not unreasonable to assume that a nation or group will seize or develop powerful technology for
genetic adaptation; some circles see eventual large–scale human genetic modification as inevitable.
At the present time, "the idea of using Crispr–Cas9 for human reproduction is largely rejected in
principle by the medical research community" due to fears it could lead down the road to "non–
therapeutic genetic enhancement (Ball)." This is code for

Genetic Research : Genetic Researcher
Introduction: My topic for the paper is study on Genetic Researchers. A genetic researcher or a
genetic scientist analyzes hereditary characteristics to develop new pharmaceutical and agricultural
products. They also work in clinical settings, as counselors for genetic diseases or physicians
administering genetic treatments. A genetic researcher also alters genes in order to improve the
biological capabilities of humans, plants and animals. In this field, the main goal is to help people
lead quality lives. A genetic researcher is on a path of constant discovery of new combinations and
permutations which can enhance the efficiency and optimality of its area of use. For example, trying
to improve the quality of genetically modified seeds for better and more efficient growth of plants.
The best part of this work is it is not monotonous, because every new combination yields different
and fascinating results, and can mean revolution if implemented successfully by myself. Secondly,
the work is highly practical, as most of it is in a laboratory and based on experiments. This would
give me great deal of room for using my brain in unconventional ways. Thirdly,the job is tech savvy.
Be it the use of complex computer algorithms in bio–informatics or programmable centrifuge
techniques, it will help me get exposed to the latest technology in application areas of electronics
and computers. To be a genetic researcher, a candidate needs to have a good all–around education.
Another

CRISPR: A Genetic Analysis
A gene editing method called CRISPR, Science's 2015 Breakthrough of the Year, is an easy and
inexpensive way to cause the "DNA–cutting enzyme" to cut out specific parts of the DNA strand,
therefore changing the genetic composition of an organism. Another way to use the CRISPR is to
use it to deliver regulatory factors to successfully turn genes on or off and any level in between,
which can help save lives by turning off deadly genes. CRISPR is currently being used for
biomedical purposes, such as repairing genetic defects or creating tissue–based treatments. This
genetic editing method could be used and is being used to change the very animals and plants that
we know today by creating allergen–free peanuts or virus resisting pigs. There

Genetic Discrimination In Australia
only lead to discrimination with insurance coverage but also with employers. Once the genetic
information is part of the individual's medical record, it may then be accessed by others. Cases of
employers having used genetic information as part of the selection process have been found in
Australia. Genetic discrimination has even been detected in the armed forces where a young man
was asked to provide documentation that showed he was not predisposed to Marfan syndrome, of
which he had a family history. Genetic discrimination is probably the biggest concern for
individuals when it comes to the cause and effects of genetic testing upon society. Some of this
concern roots from the extreme examples of world leaders and prevalent scientists in the ... Show
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If the genetic information is only accessible to the individual then there is a decreased chance of
such discrimination occurring because the information is disclosed to who the individual wishes to.
Genetic information can raise questions about personal responsibility, personal choice versus genetic
determinism, and concepts of health and disease. Personal factors, family values, and community
and cultural beliefs can mould the reactions to these issues. For example the response to the genetic
information and suggestion from physicians after the test will be drastically different in a society
where traditions and religion determine life choices, such as India, than to a more individually
liberal society like the USA. Even in a progressive society that has had specific ethnic groups for
multiple generations disparities with medical technology are common. A study conducted, using the
national representative data, in the USA with the sample that consisted of 1724 men and women of
non–Hispanic whites, Latinos, and African American background. Results exposed significant
differences by racial/ethnic groups in knowledge and concerns about the potential misuse of genetic
testing. Significantly higher levels of mistrust in a physician and the medical system was a common
thread within minorities. The genetic tests can be a way of ridding anxiety attached to the assumed
inheritance of genetic disease due to family background whilst for others the genetic test reveals
their reality. The results can have a great deal of a psychological impact upon the individual. The
possibility of developing a genetic disease alone can create anxiety within some. The psychological
impact from the results revealed is another issue that society is concerned about. A

Genetic Testing or Genetic Screening
Genetic testing, also known as screening, is a rapidly advancing new scientific field that can
potentially revolutionize not only the world of medicine, but many aspects of our lives. Genetic
screening is the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or
mutations that may prove pathological. As genetic screening becomes more advanced and easily
accessible, it presents society with difficult questions that must be asked about the boundaries of
science and to what degree we are allowed to tamper with the human genome. To better understand
the potential impact of genetic screening on our society, we must examine the potential benefits in
comparison to the possible negative impact it may cause. With this ... Show more content on
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335). There are many reasons to support further research into genetic screening but unfortunately
such a complicated and controversial field also brings up ethical, legal and social issues that need to
be addressed. One of the greatest issues surrounding genetic screening is one of privacy and
potential discrimination. Some people fear that a predictive test that shows someone is at higher risk
of developing a particular condition can be used against said person. Employers could become
interested in knowing the probabilities of their workers developing chronic conditions, which might
lead to hiring discrimination. Genetic predispositions towards certain diseases could also be used to
deny health insurance to some individuals. This may seem unlikely but it is an issue that definitely
warrants concern. Brynne Stainsby's father was diagnosed with the gene that causes degenerative
brain disorder, meaning she had one–in–two odds of developing Huntington's disease. When
preparing to start her own chiropractic practice she learned that it would be extremely difficult, if
not impossible, to get covered if she possesses this same gene. Simply coming from a family that
was predisposed to Huntington's disease was enough to disqualify her from life or disability
insurance. Many people find it hard to believe that such discrimination could occur in a country as

Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineering Is The...
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the characteristics of direct manipulation of an organism 's genome using
biotechnology. The genetic modification process through which medical biologist and scientist
subsequently alter the genetic makeup of DNA material. This scientific modification is attaining
through the addition of genes or subtraction of genes within a single cell organism. The addition of
genes is achieved through a carrier which can be through a virus. The addition can either be to the
somatic cells or germ cells. In somatic cells, added genes alter the genetic makeup of the body while
in germ cells, alteration is to the reproductive cells. Genetic modifications have been widely
exercised in humans, animals, plants and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By choosing an embryo without these mutations, doctors can make sure the baby will not have the
genetic disease. Genetic diseases such as Tay Sachs are determined by just one gene. Scientists may
soon be able to test to see whether a person might develop diseases such as heart disease or cancer.
These diseases are determined by several genes. (Rush Hubbard and Elijah Wald, 1999)
Doctors can choose the sex of the baby by looking at the embryo's chromosomes. If they implant an
embryo in the mother with the XX chromosomes, the baby will be a girl. If they implant an embryo
with the XY chromosomes, the baby will be a boy. (Rush Hubbard and Elijah Wald, 1999)
In 1953, American researcher James Watson and British researcher Francis Crick announced that
they had "found the secret of life." The pair of scientists had identified the structure of DNA, the
container of all hereditary information needed to make human beings. In the 1960's scientists had
identified the codes for all major amino acids, the building blocks of the proteins that tell human
body how to work.
The first time scientists were able to make a "test–tube" baby in a lab was in 1978. Doctors took an
egg from the baby's mother and merged it with sperm from the father in a lab, then re–implanted it
into the mother to grow. There

Mendelian Genetics
MENDELIAN GENETICS DEFINITION OF TERMS * Genetics – the study of heredity and
variation * Heredity – the transmission of traits from one generation to another, from parents to
offspring; the protoplasmic continuity between parents and offspring * Variation – any difference
existing between individuals of the same species * Chromosome – rod–shaped body in the nucleus
of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that contains the hereditary units or genes seen particularly during
cell division * Gene – the unit or heredity occupying a particular location on the chromosome and
passed on to offspring * Locus – the location of a gene on a chromosome * Diploid – the 2N number
of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When F1 offspring mature and self–pollinate some F2 offspring had white flowers 3. The traits he
studied did not produce intermediate types when crossed instead, alternatives were inherited as
distinct characteristics that were either seen in a particular generation 4. For each pair of traits
crossed, one alternative was not expressed in the F1 hybrids, although it reappeared in some F2
individuals 5. The pairs of alternative traits examined segregated among the progeny of a particular
cross, some individuals exhibiting one traits, some the other 6. Pairs of alternative traits were
expressed in the F2 generation on the ratio of ¾ dominant to ¼ recessive (3:1 segregation ratio
referred to as Mendelian ratio) * Mendel's Interpretation 1. Parents do not transmit their
physiological traits or form directly to their offspring, rather they transmit distinct information about
the traits (factors), these factor later act in the offspring to produce the trait 2. Each parent contains
two factors, which may or may not be the same (homozygous or heterozygous) 3. The two alleles,
one contributed by the male and the one by the female gamete remain distinct; alleles do not blend
with one another or become altered in any other way 4. When the offspring mature and produces its
own gametes, these gametes include equal proportions of the

Genetic Testing
Genetic Testing Helps Iceland to Become Down Syndrome Free
Some might say in response to the above announcement, "This is positive medical news–both for
Iceland and the world. Nothing here should concern the American public. Genetic testing for
abnormalities saves children from a life of significant disability and spares their parents painful
stress. The subsequent abortions avoid a wretched existence for the children and improves the
quality of life for their surviving families. That is not genocide; it is compassion and mercy.
Moreover, it relieves both the parents and society from having to shoulder severe medical expenses
for care. That reduces insurance rates and liberates medical resources for those who really need
them. So ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They should not receive criticism but love.
What deserves the rebuke? It is the system–with all of its subtle pressures–that promotes eugenic
genocide. That is what is being done, and that is the real enemy. For hidden within this system lurks
a sinister, half–conscious, genetic–selection system. If awakened fully, it will snap eagerly to
attention to do its job. What is that? The passion to play god, expressed in the arbitrary elimination
of entire people groups deemed aesthetically undesirable and, therefore, less than human. It is the
opening shot in a war–a war over who is worthy of birth (humanity) and who is not (non–human
garbage).
How could that be?
What expert can assure that Iceland's focus will not broaden to include other genetic traits that have
nothing to do with disability but are just unfavored socially? The precedent has been set. If history is
any guide, that is precisely what will happen. Gender is not a disease, but sexual selection is already
an international problem. Moreover, advocates for the disabled currently sound the alarm for the
future, such as Lloyd Lewis (president of the Colorado Cross Disability Coalition). In an article for
the Denver Post, he asks where genetic testing might lead:
Such testing to remove "abnormalities" will clearly not stop at DS (Downs Syndrome) or other
conditions such as spina bifida. Ultimately, the aim will be to detect all

Benefits Of Genetic Engineering
The field of genetic engineering is an incredibly growing one and it proves to be a topic of constant
controversy. Some believe it to be beneficial to humanity, while others argue that it poses a threat.
Several documents have been published, and experiments tested to support both sides of the
spectrum, but follow of the trend of supporting genetic engineering. While certain aspects put some
moral codes into question, genetic engineering is beneficial to humanity because will lead to a more
understanding and capable society, can be used as a route to incredible possibilities, and it provides
people with better opportunities. Many who attempt to take a stance on genetic engineering are
unaware of what it actually is, and therefore are unable to make a proper argument. There have been
several instances in which a debate has taken place over the topic, yet half of those who participated
did not have a proper understanding of it. In a study taken place to measure the general biomedical
and genetic literacy in the U.S and Europe, results showed that "the US came in at the middle rank
of 28th among the 34 countries studied"(Source F). From this it can be concluded that many of those
who attend these sort of events are not entirely informed and if they were to be informed it would
lead to an overall sense of understanding. Therefore, genetic engineering is beneficial in the way
that it will allow for people to be able to have more capability. Genetics is a field where the

Genetic Mistakes
There are two ways that that an organism can develop beneficial mutations, sexual reproduction and
whenever there are mistakes during DNA replication. There is an enzyme call DNA polymerase that
is in charge of proofreading the template strand. It reads the newly added base to make sure it is
paired up correctly. However sometimes these mistakes are not corrected and lead to mutation. The
benefits of mutation are that it brings genetic diversity. Mutations cause a change in DNA that lead
to new genetic variation (Alleles) in a population. With these mutations that occur during DNA
replication and sexual reproduction, they introduce more desirable phenotypes in the offspring. With
time these organisms develop more features that help with their survival. These mutations are
developed by the changes that occur in the base pairs.
There are two ways that that an organism can develop beneficial mutations, sexual reproduction and
whenever there are mistakes during DNA replication. There is an enzyme call DNA polymerase that
is in charge of proofreading the template strand. It reads the newly added base to make sure it is
paired up correctly. However ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is an enzyme call DNA polymerase that is in charge of proofreading the template strand. It
reads the newly added base to make sure it is paired up correctly. However sometimes these
mistakes are not corrected and lead to mutation. The benefits of mutation are that it brings genetic
diversity. Mutations cause a change in DNA that lead to new genetic variation (Alleles) in a
population. With these mutations that occur during DNA replication and sexual reproduction, they
introduce more desirable phenotypes in the offspring. With time these organisms develop more
features that help with their survival. These mutations are developed by the changes that occur in the
base

Genetic And Non Genetic Factors
Genetic and non–genetic basis
Genetic factors are relatively contributed about 50 % of the risk of the pathogenesis of RA (Aho et
al., 1986; MacGregor et al., 2000). MHC encoding HLA–DRB1 gene is one of greater risk posing
allele responsible for the 1/3rd of genetic basis (Deighton et al., 1989; Rigby et al., 1991). These
alleles further subdivided and defined by the presence or absence of Anti–citrullinated protein
antibodies (ACPA), also termed as ACPA positive RA and ACPA negative RA (Seegobin et al.,
2014). ACPA positive RA more worsens the condition with severe erosive damage (Silman and
Pearson, 2002). However, the non–genetic factors such as pregnancy, lifestyle, and obesity have
been implicated in the development of RA (Colebatch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the production of Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) is also responsible for the degradation
of the extracellular matrix of synovium(Tan et al., 2006).
Mineral oil and Adjuvant
Mineral oils and adjuvant have the potential to directly activate the innate immune system. Several
studies have been conducted which proposed the relation between the RA with the adjuvant
(Maradit–Kremers et al., 2005). The study also reported that adjuvant like BCG found to cause
arthritic symptoms during the course of immunotherapy (Turesson, 2004).
Opportunistic Infections
Microbial organisms are also responsible for activating the macrophages and leads to the
development of the inflammatory mediators. However, inflammation caused by the microbial
infections include Shigella, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella typhimurium, etc., called as Infectious
Arthritis (Li et al., 2013).
2.7 Co–morbidity condition associated with RA
Rheumatic disorders are frequently complicated by co–existence of comorbidities. Co–morbidity is
a medical condition that co–exists with the disease such as RA. A co–morbid condition in RA
influences the progression and severity of disease which directly affects the quality of life, treatment
of primary as well as secondary (Co–morbid) disease. There have been great chances arise due to
the co–morbid condition for the social and economic burden,

Essay On Genetic Change
(–– removed HTML ––) How is the Field of Human Genetics Changing? (–– removed HTML ––)
Compared to just fifteen years ago the applications and horizons of genetic science have expanded
enormously, far beyond simply describing how DNA contributes to the formation of life here on
earth. The most important practical advances have built on the completion of the Human Genome
Project in 2003, started in 1990. At the associated research cost of over $3 billion US dollars (c.$2.7
billion actual), a combined research initiative succeeded in fully sequencing the genomic makeup of
one human.
The prototype for human gene sequencing via chemical analysis that this process gave to science
has been refined over the last decade. Continuous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The complete implications and structure of our individual, unique genetic codes are still not fully
understood. However, genetic sequencing and research in the biological sciences have opened up the
potential to diagnose and treat genetic illnesses and key health vulnerabilities through sequencing
analysis at all stages of life. Doctors are better placed to identify the root genetic causes of disorders
and illnesses, as advances in associating certain bits of genetic code to certain outcomes have
expanded the number of known genetic links to maladies from 60 in 1990 to over 5000 (as of 2013).
Future analysis of so–called 'junk DNA' with no obvious associations to gene expression will form a
large part of raising that number even further.
Individual genomic analysis allows for better–targeted medication and the identification of tumor–
causing DNA code. Pre–natal genetic screening for genetic disorders and disabilities in a fetus can
also be performed via blood testing, reducing the need for other, invasive forms of medical testing.
The newly developed gene editing tool, CRISPR, also offers the possibility of eliminating or
changing defective genomic sections easily. While 'designer babies' may still be science fiction,
these recent advances in genetic technology have taken us much closer to the possibility and ethical
implications of creating bespoke human beings.
From this, it seems that genetic

The Genetic Modification Of Humans
Remedial Genetic Modification When discussing the topic genetic modification of humans, some
people readily agree that modification of humans is an unsound procedure. Where their agreement
typically ends, however, is on the question of how much people generally understand about genetic
modification, considering, not only its unfamilirarity, but its broad diversity. Where as some are
convinced this bio ingenuity course of action is unnatural and should not be practiced, others
maintain that unnatural as it may be, its existence should be unveiled in the acceptance a method
that primarily revolves around assisting people for health purposes. I concede that genetic
modification in humans should be allowed remedially in reasons related to improving health. Firstly,
the importance of knowing what human genetic modification actual ranges in and what it entails
towards the relevance of helping people is mandatory. This is crucial for acknowledging its
beneficial purposes. Although the scientific explanations are intricate, the definitions can be
generalized for easier understanding. Competently, it is known that genetic code, genes, is directly
inherited from parents to babies through deoxyribonucleic acid, commonly known as DNA. "DNA
is two strands, connected by repeating molecules, which form a spiral shape latter which composes
genetic information" (Koth). This DNA strand incorporates, what we as humans, are made of and
the type of characteristics we will

Genetic Engineering : Genetic Modification
I decided to write my paper about Genetic engineering also known as genetic modification. In a
nutshell genetic engineering is the modification of an organism 's genetic composition by artificial
means, often involving the transfer of specific traits, or genes, from one organism into a plant or
animal of an entirely different species. This topic has been researched for decades but still has quite
some time to be fully mastered in all possible circumstances. When I think of genetic engineering I
think of different types of medicines being created and even organs being modified to save lives.
However genetic engineering not only deals with humans but also plants and animals. It's a
technique used to select the best traits of an organism. I think having solid background knowledge of
genetic modification is important to have in today's society because it's the direction our future is
most likely headed in. Science and technology together are moving at a fast pace these days. It's also
good to be in the light of things that are going on because they could effect you in one way or
another. If you're a farmer in today's society genetic modification could be something you look into
to growing plants that are more tolerant to drought conditions. You could also teach someone else
about the topic that might be in the dark about it. Being well educated in today's society takes you a
long way. It's very attractive to employers that may be the ones handed you a job one day. Being
well

Ethical Issues Surrounding Genetic Screening and Genetic...
Ethical Issues Surrounding Genetic Screening and Genetic Engineering
In today's modern age science is moving at a rapid pace; one of those scientific fields that has taken
the largest leaps is that of genetics. When genetics first comes to mind, many of us think of it as a
type of science fiction, or a mystical dream. Yet genetics is here, it is real, and has numerous ethical
implications. One of the particular areas of interest is prenatal genetics. In this field, many new and
outstanding innovations have been made. A mother and father can now check for a large array of
disorders that could occur in their child; sexual preference has now been shifted from the hands of a
higher being to that of someone with a Ph.D.; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this brave new field, there have been many steps and strides taken of which we could have never
imagined. For instance, before a mother and father decided to carry out the process of having
offspring, they can visit a genetic clinic to figure out if their child is likely to have certain illnesses.
A list of such illnesses are: Down syndrome, cystic fibrosis, dwarfism, breast cancer (susceptibility
to), fragile X syndrome, Huntington's Disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and various types of
nervous system degeneration (Golden 51). These are only a few of the nearly 40 types of disorders
that can be determined by genetic testing. It may be rather nice to know that a child does not have a
genetic disease, but what does a couple do if the results of a genetic test are returned with negative
results? Also, if the information from the test is ambiguous the couple might decide not to carry out
the pregnancy due to risk. In a 1999 article written by Frederic Golden, he questions if the child
should be brought into the world "...in hopes that a cruel disease can be managed or cured..." or if
the fetus should be aborted. He also poses the question of insurance coverage. This might seem like
a rather odd comment to make. Insurance is insurance isn't it? And for the most part we all have it.
Yet this brings us into another issue about genetics, privacy. Our genetic code is consistent
throughout our entire lives. It is who we are. Will insurance coverage be available

Worksheet On Genetics
Monica Ritchie
Genetics
Block E
August 20, 2015
Chapter 1– Question Set # 1
1. An estimated ________ DNA base pairs comprise the human genome.
There are about 3.2 billion DNA base pairs.
2. Define the following:
a) genotype
A genotype is the different allele combination that an individual has that causes a particular trait or
disorder. It is the alleles that are present in an individual.
b) phenotype
A phenotype is the visible trait, the allele that is expressed.
c) allele
The different variant of a gene is an allele.
d) mutation
A mutation is when a change in the DNA sequence occurs. Some mutations cause diseases,
variations, or no affect at all.
e) genome
A genome is the complete set of genetic instructions of an organism.

Linked Genetics
Genes located on the same chromosome are linked. They can become unlinked, or separated, in
crossing over with the frequency of separation being higher the further apart the genes are on the
chromosome. The relationship between the frequency of genes separation due to crossing over and
the distance between genes is inversely proportional. That is the further the genes are away from
each–other the more likely they will cross over. The frequency of crossing over, also known as the
recombinant frequency, is directly related to the distance between genes, because the farther apart
two genes are, the more likely a crossover is to form somewhere between them. Geneticists can
utilize this to map chromosomes by doing test crosses for linked genes. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That's to say, if A B and C are near each, it's unlikely that a recombination event will take place
between them, and it's an order of magnitude even more unlikely that two recombination events will
take place. Most people are triple dominant, A – B – C, or triple recessive, A' – B' – C'. However,
sometimes people are A – B – C' or A – B' – C'. But virtually no one is A – B' – C. So to get the A –
B' – C genotype, there would have to be two recombination events. One between A and B and
another between B and C. To get A – B – C' and A – B' – C' you only need one recombination event.
Between B and C or A and B,

Evolutionary Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics Evolutionary genetics is the study of how genetic variation leads into
evolutionary change. Within our presentation we discussed, " A new genotype of bovine leukemia
virus in South America identified by NGS– based whole genome sequencing and molecular
evolutionary genetic analysis." (Merit Polat et al.) which was conducted by Merit Polat et al. The
Bovine leukemia virus, also known as BLV, is a member of the retroviridae family which is made up
with the human T cell leukemia viruses type 1 and 2. These viruses belonged to the deltraretrovirus
genes that infects cattle worldwide. This experiment however, specifically focused on the cattle
within South America. The countries they conducted the experiment on were Peru, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were handed a worksheet where they had to classify which beast evolved first. On the handout,
there was 7 different beast. Below the images was a table, on the left it described the characteristics;
and on the right, was the coding scheme. The coding scheme involved whether or not the trait was
present and what kind it was. For example, the beast may or may have not had a fin, or the feet
could have been pointed or round. The traits that were present were labeled as 1, and those that were
not were labeled as 0. On the back of the sheet, they were able to take the observations they found,
and decide which outgrip the belonged in. Following this, they placed them on the phylogenetic tree,
labeling the beast to the corresponding time slot, as well as filling in any additional characteristics
that had evolved on that

Genetic Causes
Genetic Causes
A person's genetic structure, passed on from their parents, is responsible for both their physical and
behavioral characteristics. People who have inherited genes responsible for alcoholism from their
parents will automatically be prone to addiction. There is not one single gene that passes alcoholism
down through one's children. Identifying each specific gene involved in alcoholism is almost
impossible, instead, studies have shown that certain gene combinations have a strong relationship
with alcoholic disorders. However, some studies have shown that certain combinations of different
genes can create a relationship with alcohol addiction.
"Alcoholism is a medical diagnosis. As such it does not apply merely to heavy drinking, or merely
to getting into trouble because of drinking, or getting drunk a specified number of times. The
diagnosis of alcoholism applies only to those who manifest the symptoms of addiction."(Keller
1982). Some behavioral genes can also be passed down from one's parents. Those genes could
influence a propensity for alcoholism in an individual. Mental and behavioral illnesses include some
like depression and schizophrenia. The latter illness is more common in people that have a familial
history that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A stressful workload or workplace environment can lead to the likeliness of a person to drink
heavily. Stressful relationships with people one encounters regularly such as family members like
one's spouse, siblings, parents, or children may be the cause of a need for substance use. An abusive
person in one's life can cause high stress levels, perhaps only remediated by a drink of alcohol. For
example, having the occupation of a doctor or perhaps a nurse. Those jobs take a lot of time and
energy and return the person with an unimaginable load of stress. The person may feel they deserve
to drink or need to drink. This can therefore lead to uncontrolled use of a

Genetic Transformation Of Genetic Dna
Genetic transformation occurs when an organism's genetic makeup is altered due to the introduction
of new genetic information which is then incorporated into the organism's genome. In this lab the
pGLO plasmid is introduced into E. Coli bacteria, and incorporates the genes which code for the
GFP and beta lactamase to the bacteria's genome which as a result will be modified. To test the
effects of the plasmid, bacteria treated with the plasmid were grown on separate plates, the first
containing LB nutrient broth and ampicillin, another containing LB nutrient broth and arabinose and
another containing LB nutrient broth, ampicillin and arabinose. Two more plates were grown, one
with LB nutrient broth and ampicillin and the other with only the LB broth, using cells that did not
contain the plasmid. Since the lab was about genetic transformation, the goal was to find which plate
would glow. It was found that the plates that were not exposed to the plasmid did not glow, and the
plates containing LB and arabinose and LB, ampicillin and arabinose did glow. The plates
containing ampicillin, the antibiotic that kills E. coli did not grow whereas the remaining plates at
least had some growth.
Introduction
Transformation is the directed modification of a genome by the external application of DNA from a
cell of different genotype (Griffiths and Miller).Bacterial transformation is the easiest type of
transformation to create and study due to the single cellularity of bacteria and its

Genetic Analysis : The Field Of Genetics
At the foundation of all living things, there is a specific code that serves to create each and every
cell, tissue, organ, and organ system within an organism. Also known as an organism's genes, it
determines everything about a living creature, from its appearance to the way its body functions or
malfunctions. The field of genetics is the study of heredity and the different variations of those
genes, which is inherited by each offspring from its parents. A closely related field of study called
genomics focuses on structure, purpose, and evolution of all of the genes of an entire person or
species and how those genes are effected by an organism's environment.
Currently, genetic mapping and testing has many helpful uses. Prenatally a fetus ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A family can be given the option to abort a pregnancy with a positive result for a genetic disorder, or
be discouraged from having more children or any children based on their genomes. Many would
argue that this inappropriately interferes with the "natural course of things", or to some, "God's
Creation". Another taboo issue attached to the topic of genetic research is cloning, and the
implications of having two exactly identical entities in existence at the same time, and what their
uses could be. Genetics and genomics are also used in vaccinations and immunizations, as well as
biotechnical mass production exogenous human hormones. Bacteria can be loaded with the gene to
create human insulin, and they will perform that function tirelessly, like a mill. Doctors have
proposed loading a virus with a gene of choice and injecting it into a human being to take advantage
of the mechanism of the virus and change someone's DNA. There are some that would argue that
these discoveries warrant complete eradication of certain diseases, due to the ability to do so. Ones
that definitively harm the body, such as Ebola, drug–resistant strains of staph and strep, and E. Coli
are investigated using genetic information from those microorganisms. On the other hand, with the
early detection of intellectual disability and mental retardation, diseases such as down syndrome
could be eradicated as well. While this science is

Genetic Manipulation
It should remain illegal in most cases for genetic manipulation to be used in choosing a baby's
gender. Many parents have a preference for the sex of their baby. This can be for several reasons:
there could be a genetic disorder passed down through a specific sex that parents want to avoid; the
family might already have children of one sex and want to balance out the family. However, unless
the parents have received prior approval, it is currently illegal to genetically manipulate an embryo,
unless there is a legitimate medical reason. An embryo's sex is determined by a sperm's
chromosome: female sperm have an X chromosome, while male sperm have a Y chromosome. The
most common and easiest method to produce a specific sex is called in vitro ... Show more content
This would either mean that paying for the service would be extremely expensive, or it would be
included in healthcare. If the cost was to be directly paid for by the family, there would be a huge
gap created between those who could buy the service and those who couldn't afford it. Wealthy
families would be able to get their choice of their child's gender and be able to ensure that no genetic
disorders would be passed down to their child. This is incredibly unfair to families which can't
afford this; having the risk of illnesses while others don't is extremely unethical. The easiest way to
fix this issue would be to have genetic manipulation of embryos become included for free in health
care. This would mean money would be taken from other, more important areas that money could be
used such as education and other health care areas. Some areas already struggle with funding, so
other additions which take more funding, even a slight amount, are unwelcome. While in some cases
genetic manipulations of embryos can be useful in a medical sense, most possible scenarios would
have negative repercussions. The legalization of all embryo modifications would have some positive
effects, such as minimizing the possibility of genetic disorders, but the upsides don't make up for all
the downsides that would occur. It is for this reason that this modification should only be allowed in
specific, medically approved

Genetic Identification
Genetic Identification is part of an application in which genetic production and engineering is used
currently worldwide. The field of genetic science has exceeded beyond the ordinary including
sequence mapping of human DNA. With this, hereditary qualities are particularly keen to Forensic
Genetics. This branch of Forensic Science can be characterized and defined as the use of genetics to
human and non–human material for the purpose of legal encounters. Forensic genetics is likewise a
branch of measurable solution which deals with the more extensively use of medicinal learning to
lawful matters. Forensic genetics today has a tendency to evoke DNA. Nonetheless, even the term
"DNA fingerprinting" is reminiscent of more established techniques for police recognizable proof.
Today, around half of all criminal cases involve DNA testing. Cases including different violations
and unlawful exercises can include DNA testing. DNA legal sciences is getting to be built up as a
connected experimental field joining disciplines running from organic chemistry to transformative
hereditary qualities to bolster the advancement and use of legal explanatory ... Show more content
Fingerprints are the one of a kind distinguishing proof of an individual yet physical fingerprinting is
loaded with numerous errors because of the individual way of coordinating. DNA fingerprinting is
considerably more solid and depends on recognizing people by examining 13 DNA areas known as
loci, and the odds of one example coordinating another individual are most likely uncommon. This
can be utilized to manufacture the DNA profile of a man by utilizing their hair, blood and body
tissues. The DNA profile of such things found from the wrongdoing scene can be coordinated
against a pre–fabricated database of residents or suspected lawbreakers so as to attempt and discover
the culprit of the

Genetic Interventions
Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings The essay "Genetic
Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings", by Julian Savulescu is a moral
problems essay about genetically modifying human beings, specifically children, and not only does
it support the arguement, it also gives objections, ethical theories related to genetic enhancement,
and examples of what exactly it is and does. The main focus of the essay is about genetically
modifying people to choose their appearance, intellectual capabilities, or to prevent diseases they
may develop. Savulescu begins his essay with support for why genetic interventions and
enhancements for us human beings is so important and necessary. His main argument is "If ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the pros are it can prevent disease, it can eliminate discrimination, and can lead people to
live better lives. For me the biggest pro to this method is preventing disease. So many people die
every year from diseases such as cancer that if we could isolate a gene to cure cancer we could save
so many lives and so many people and their families from sorrow and suffering every day. A con to
this prevention of disease would be people that work in the field of treatment for the particular
disease that has been genetically treated may lose their job. Another pro of genetic intervention is
that the media gives us an unrealistic image for us to look up to. Being able to genetically enhance
human beings will eliminate the distress of young guys and girls to look like the supermodels on TV.
The con of this is everyone will look the same and there will be no individuality amongst the human
race. The biggest con for me of this method is the argument that you are playing God. I don't believe
it is our place as human beings to step in and interfere with what God has created. I think God
creates people to look, act, and have certain ailments for a reason and interfering with that could be
going against God's wishes. Overall, I would not support genetic enhancement and if I had to it
would only be for the case of preventing

Genetic Synthesis
Introduction After voluminous amounts of studies, it is known that million years ago, the first
human arose from our beloved ancestor, the Great Ape and just as humans arose, so has the way
research can be approached. Molecular data can be used in modern phylogeny as a form to study
evolutionary biology. This approach is practical because it uses extracted DNA and protein
sequences to do an analysis on the sequence by finding similar sequences to it, in which help in
phylogenetic reconstruction. In this study, two molecular markers were used: 16S rDNA and
mtNCR (control region) to generate common ancestors among both markers. It was crucial to
construct the phylogenetic tree to view the phenotypic evolution of the Great Apes. Bipedalism is
the primary method locomotion in humans and was the most drastic phenotypic change in the
primate lineage. Larger primates such as, gorilla and orangutan, possess the lateral sequence
locomotion: quadrupedalism. Both types of locomotion's are beneficial in distinctive ways. For
instance, scientist such as Darwin said that bipedalism is advantageous for humans because it "freed
the hands of task locomotion" and evolved them to tool making (Begun, 2015). Bipedal mammals
also have the ability to carry nutrition and their infants, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MP is an approach that minimized that number of changes throughout time while UPGMA
approaches the data by distance in which species are most similar. In figure 1, a phylogenetic tree is
represented that show how both approaches constructed the tree. These approaches worked best
because it shows that closest similarities. It differed in the Maximum parsimony in that the gorilla
gorilla connected with pongo abelli and the UPGMA did not. The first number in the tree is
bootstrap of NCR and the 2nd is the 16S bootstrap number which indicated the percentage in
similarities among

Genetic Disorders ( Genetic Disease Foundation ) Essay
There are around 6,000 known genetic disorders (Genetic Disease Foundation). The symptoms of
these disorders range from memory loss to blindness, physical abnormalities and more. A process
known as gene editing was created in an attempt to do away with genetic disorders. Gene editing
was named "Science Magazine 's Breakthrough of the Year 2015" due to its ease and high
accessibility (ScienceDirect). It works by using CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short
Palindromic Repeats) and Cas9 to make changes in the genes of cells. Francisco Mojica discovered
CRISPR in 1993 at the University of Alicante in Spain (Broad Institute). It works by adding,
changing or even removing DNA bases (Your Genome). Alexander Bolotin discovered Cas9 in 2005
at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (Broad Institute). Cas9 is an enzyme that
"acts as a pair of 'molecular scissors' that can cut two strands of DNA at a specific location in the
genome so that bits of DNA can then be added or removed" (YourGenome). "The CRISPR–Cas9
system has been used to correct genetic mutations and for replacing entire genes, opening up a
world of possibilities for the treatment of genetic diseases" (ScienceDirect). This makes CRISPR–
Cas9 a new and revolutionary technology with a wide range of potential applications, and almost
everybody will be affected by gene editing in one way or another. The scientists currently working
on making human gene editing a reality, is only one group of

Genetic Modifying Children
Genetically modifying children Genetically modifying children is a new concept and a possible
actuality that can happen in the future. While research progresses to make genetic modification a
reality many up and coming parents think about the possibility to genetically modify their child to
create a greater overall human. Although creating a more improved human has benefits such as
greater increased resistant to diseases and medical conditions genetic modification, it will cause an
issue even larger which is a societal gap. A societal gap can cause a negative affect in society which
effects all races and cultures. This societal gap can all be caused because of the genetic modification
of children. Because of a child being genetically modified

Inaccuracy In Genetic Testing
Although researchers and scientists always aim to develop further beneficial advancements, some of
them might be as harmful and still controversial as they are supposed to be beneficial. Genetic
technologies are advancing at a very high rate. For example, genetic testing is widely available
nowadays. It is a test that identifies whether an individual is carrying the gene for a specific disease
or disorder. Through genetic testing, parents can be provided with genetic information about the
health of the fetus by simply taking a blood sample and testing it. However, implications arise as
genetic technology is not very accurate. Although a positive result indicates a higher possibility of
carrying the disease or disorder and a negative result indicates a lower possibility, there is always
that other possibility of a false result (Women's Health Care Physicians). Inaccuracy in genetic
testing causes a controversial question on whether individuals should risk the choices by trusting
and basing their life on nothing but expected results. Even more concern is caused due to rejections
of going through genetic testing and consequently, a possibility of giving birth to a defected baby
and not taking benefit of the technology. Many agree that not taking a genetic test avoids a lot of the
emotional issues and stress that could arise with the results. Others believe that this technology
should play a major part of everyone's life as it allows individuals to be more aware of the

Genetic Essentialism In Gattaca
Gattaca deals with several philosophical issues: Genetically engineering humans, genetic privacy,
and discrimination, and genetic essentialism/determinism. For this paper, I would like to focus on
genetic essentialism/determinism. I would also like to posit that genetic essentialism is a form of
discrimination which has the possibility of denying a child's right to an open future.
First, this film has a personal appeal to me, but you will been a little background to understand why.
When I first saw Gattaca in a movie theater in 1997 my struggles to exceed in life were still very
real to me. I identified strongly with Vincent and his struggles. His struggles were my struggles. Not
because I was discriminated against because of my genes. In 1997, genetic testing was not an issue.
However, I was discriminated against, and my future was prognosticated at a very early age. I have a
learning disability. It would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What I did know, however, is that it felt wrong not to give Vincent a fair opportunity to pursue his
dreams because of his genes and the mistaken belief that our genes can prognosticate what type of
person we will become in the future. I felt that if a test, given to me in grade school, was so wrong at
predicting my abilities in the future, then how accurate can blood or genetic test at birth be? I
cheered for Vincent. I saw nothing wrong about Vincent cheating to exceed. After all, the way, I saw
it, the system was unfairly stacked against him.
In Gattaca, Andrew Niccol confronts us, through Vincent's struggles, with a utopian society of
humans whose lives were based solely on their genetic constitution. The Gattaca society was
portrayed as a modern, liberal, and industrialized society where the use of genetic engineering was
offered as a personal service to couples so they may choose their offspring traits. The use of genetic
engineering was voluntary and not a state–directed or mandated

Genetic And Non Genetic Mechanisms Of Inheritance Essay
Regina Noel
10/19/2016
Epigenetics: Genetic and Non–Genetic Mechanisms of Inheritance When discussing the topic of
genetics, it is typically viewed from the perspective of Mendelian inheritance in which genes are
transmitted from parent to offspring solely through the use of genetic alleles, which are the
alternative form of genes that have varying DNA sequences and chromosomes that affect the
phenotype, visual gene trait (Toth. 2015). If and how a genetic trait is expressed is whether the
alleles for that trait are dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles are genes that have a higher
probability of being expressed in the offspring than a recessive allele. In the case of dominate
alleles; there are two possible combinations that its gene can still be expressed with, homozygous
(which contains two dominant alleles) and heterozygous (which contains a dominant and recessive
allele). On the other hand, recessive alleles can only be expressive if it is homozygous (which
contains two recessive alleles) (Reece et al. 2013). Since Gregor Mendel's discovery of alleles and
genetic inheritance, there has been research shows that there are more mechanisms of inheriting
traits which do not include changing the nucleotide sequence of DNA. This form of non–genetic
inheritance is called epigenetic modification. One example of epigenetic modification is DNA
methylation. DNA methylation is when methyl groups, which are chemical groups that contain one
carbon bound to three hydrogen atoms,

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