SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or propositions des.docx

SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or
propositions designed to:
1. EXPLAIN = Why? For what reason?
2. DESCRIBE = What is happening? Portray the real world as
it is
3. PREDICT = What will happen? if this, then what?
4. UNDERSTAND = Comprehend what is happening; makes
sense
5. ORGANIZE = Way of thinking about, provide a
framework, a perspective, give direction and order to thinking
Theories must:
1. Contain carefully and clearly defined concepts, all basic
terms used in theory must be exactly defined
2. Be scientifically testable – good theories should suggest
hypotheses for research – these research studies could support
or refute the theory
3. Be stated as briefly as possible – in very few words,
unfortunately sociological theories rarely are short
4. Be internally consistent – all the parts of the theory should

make sense
NOTE: Later on we’ll see that some theories don’t meet any of
these four items. Especially Karl Marx
ISSUES IN THEORY:
SUBJECT MATTER
Macrosociology: overall characteristics of society
Microsociology: detailed study of daily human interaction
LEVEL OF DETAIL
Grand Theory: one theory to explain all parts of society,
everything, crime, religion, class, etc.
Middle-Range Theory: explains one aspect of society only, such
as crime, religion, family life, social class, suicide, etc.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Is human behavior basically determined behavior, caused by
something?
Is human behavior the result of human creativity, does it emerge
in the course of human interaction?
SEQ CHAPTER h r 1AUGUSTE COMTE
Full name Isidore Auguste Marie Francois Xavier Comte
Father: Louis, revenue officer
Mother: Rosalie, housewife

Siblings: 4
Religion: Roman Catholic
1798 – Born in Montpellier, France – date significant because
at time of French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. France
changing fast; conflict; disorganization; confusion –
Comte wanted to improve the conditions of people’s lives
$
1814-1857, Lived in Paris
$
1814-1816 – attendance at Ecole Polytechnique (best university
in France then), left after dispute, therefore never finished
college [notice he went to college at 16]
$
1816-1817 – Private teacher of math
$
1818-1824 – secretary of Henri Saint Simon (1760-1825), two
worked closely together writing – many of Comte’s later ideas
can be traced to St. Simon
$
1824 rest of life – Private scholar and writer
$
1825 – Married Caroline Masson, a former prostitute and a
lively and intelligent woman – unhappy marriage – she left him
in 1842, no divorce at that time – no
children
$
1825 – 1827 – Mental Illness, in hospital, leaves 1826, ‘not
cured’ – attempted suicide, rescued by wife
$
1832 – taught popular astronomy course every Sunday for 20

Years
$
1830-1854– taught math as private tutor – began writing many
books Course of Positive Philosophy, 6 volumes, and System
ofPositive Politics, 4 volumes
$
1839 – coined the term SOCIOLOGY
He never had a regular position at any university, but gave
popular lectures – he had numerous supporters
$
One of his disciples was a founder of modern Brazil in 1889
(Order and Progress [see below] is on the Brazilian flag)
$
1841 to death – lived at 10 Prince St. in Paris
$
His apartment is now a Museum, many rooms, open only
Wednesday
$
1844 – met Clothilde de Vaux (he 47, she 23) She was married
but husband deserted her; left her with no money; her uncle paid
her rent; she wrote stories to make money; she took meals with
her brother, a student of Comte, and that’s how they met
$
Brief but intense relationship, he was in love with her, wrote
183 letters in barely a year, platonic relationship; she died in
1846 of tuberculosis – Comte called her his “spiritual wife” –
love changed Comte in many ways
$
Three women in his life, mother, Clothilde, and Sophie,
his young housekeeper whom he adopted
(By the way, there are streets in Paris named after him and her)
But after Clothide died 1846 – thought science cannot deal with
emotional issues and turns to religion. Began his own religion

Religion of Humanity:
$
Agnostic Religion (no idea of any God)
$
Pope, priests (must marry)
$
Love the Principle, Order the Basis, Progress the Goal
$
Moral Formula is ‘Live for Others’
$
He called himself High Priest of this new religion of humanity
1857 – died at home from stomach cancer surrounded by
disciples and housekeeper – his disciples paid rent on his
apartment for 50 years after his death. – A museum since 1928
Your professor visited this museum – It’s only open Wednesday
afternoon (so if you go to Paris, make sure you’re there on a
Wednesday – it’s close to Odeon subway stop on the 4 and 10
lines)
COMTE KEY IDEAS:
1. Possible and necessary to study society scientifically in
order to improve it.
$
Possible to apply science to study human behavior (a point
others doubted)
$
Necessary because we could take knowledge we gained
scientifically to make society better; this is the only way to
improve society
$
Remember he grew up in a time of revolution, war, change,
conflict, chaos

2. What methods to use:
$
observation guided by theory
$
experiment, but difficult to use in sociology
$
historical, comparing different societies and
$
comparing the same society at different times
3. He divided the study of sociology into two parts
$
Statics – the conditions of society now; social structure, this is
not possible unless there is some sort of agreement among the
parts of society – ORDER
$
Dynamics – study of the movement and change of society –
PROGRESS
$
Statics and Dynamics are linked together, one is not possible
without the other – no order without progress and no progress
without order
ORDER AND PROGRESS
4. Law of the Three Stages: All history and all sciences pass
through three stages
$
Theological
$
Metaphysical
$
Positive
A. Go to Youtube
B. Search Auguste Comte

SCROLL DOWN TO:
Auguste Comte, Father of Positive Philosophy
By Tom Richey, 12:51 time OR
3.2 The Law of the Three Stages of the Human Mind,
7.03 time
5. Hierarchy of the Sciences
A. Go to Youtube
B. Search Auguste Comte
SCROLL DOWN TO:
3.4 The Law of the Classification of Sciences, 6.10 length
COMTE TODAY:
$
Practically nobody reads Comte any more
$
Our methods we use in sociology today come from Durkheim
not Comte
$
Law of Three Stages not true
$
Hierarchy of sciences also false, sciences develop together not
in order
$
Statics and dynamics similar to study things now and social
change
$
Order and Progress not used today – Progress bad word to use

because it implies judgment, not an objective word
SO, if we reject so many of his ideas, why did we spend so
much time on him?
1. He coined word ‘sociology’ and created the science of
society
2. Point 1 above – he insisted we can scientifically study
human society
3. He convinced others this is true, including everyone else we
will talk about in this course
4. He created ‘positivism’
SEQ CHAPTER h r 1Slides: Four Early American
Sociologists
These four founders of Sociology in America had things in
common:
1. All came to sociology later in life after successful careers
doing something else
2. All came to sociology after reading Spencer
3. All influenced by Spencer
4. All were Social Darwinists
5. All accepted ideas of Evolution and Progress

6. All came from small town America and all but Ward were
sons of Protestant ministers or were Protestant ministers
themselves
WILLIAM GRAHAM SUMNER (1840-1910)
$
born in Paterson, NJ
$
was a minister in Episcopal Church
$
Studied at Oxford University in England, but from 1868 was
one of Yale University’s greatest professors
$
married in 1873, three sons
$
a definite Social Darwinist
$
one of his early books was
$ WhatSocial Classes Owe to Each Other? sometimes called a
neglected classic
$
The answer, basically, is nothing
$
Does one group have the duty of helping another group? should
rich help poor, producers help consumers, one race or gender
help another – NO
$
he says let people alone – Mind your own business. Let every
man be happy in his own way. If your happiness impinges on
another person’s we have to make adjustments
$
This is how society progresses
$
called himself champion of ‘forgotten man,’ the clean, virtuous
man who works, supports his family, supports his church, minds
his own business, pays debts and his taxes but that tax money is

used to support other people
$
Greatest book Folkways
$
a book reviewing customs from countries all over the world,
today and historically – mostly from anthropologists
$
This introduced concept of NORMS
$
Folkways those norms that are habitual ways of behaving such
as Turkey at Thanksgiving, saying “please,” and “thank you,”
exchanging gifts at Christmas, etc.
$
Folkways do not develop by conscious effort or awareness, they
arrive as we deal with each other
$
Folkways resist change
$
Mores are those norms considered essential for society; basic
right and wrong such as “do not murder,” “do not lie,” “respect
your parents,” etc.
$
Mores may persist for centuries
$
Laws are mores enacted into rules by government
$
Ethnocentrism is the concept that our culture is the best in the
world; we are superior to everyone else
$
In groups are those groups we feel we are apart of; use the term
‘we’
$
Out groups are groups we do not belong to; use the term ‘they’
ALBION W. SMALL (1854-1926)
$
Father a Protestant minister

$
He graduated from Baptist seminary, but was never ordained
$
He studied further in Germany; married a woman there, one
child
$
Back to USA he attended Colby College (Maine) later taught
History
$
got Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins U in History and Economics
$
Became President of Colby College
$
Began to write about sociology
$
Left Colby in 1890 to go to new University of Chicago
$
as first Prof. of Sociology
$
GREAT ORGANIZER
$
Under his leadership U of Chicago became the major center for
sociological research in America; and he was a major figure
making sociology a legitimate field of study
$
Wrote first Introduction to Sociology textbook
$
Influenced by Ratzenhofer; individual is the product of struggle
of conflict and interests
FRANKLIN HENRY GIDDINGS (1855-1924)
$
Father a minister in Congregational Church
$
Went to Union College in Schenectady, studied engineering
$
Became associate editor of newspaper, and taught school

$
Married in 1876, 3 children
$
Best known as a journalist and writer
$
Began to write scholarly articles that attracted attention of
future President Woodrow Wilson who invited Giddings to
come to Bryn Mawr College (near Phila.).
$
In 1894 he left there to go to Columbia U as first prof of
sociology
$
Built reputation as a leading quantitative sociologist
$
Helped transform soc. into research discipline
$
Wrote many sociology books, too
$
GROUP IDENTIFICATION IMPORTANT
CONSCIOUSNESS OF KIND
$
major concept
$
a universal principle
$
we can fulfill basic human needs (intimacy, attachment,
response) only if there is like mindedness among individuals
$
In a group with people similar to ourselves
LESTER FRANK WARD (1841-1913)
$
born in Illinois, youngest of 10, son of Justice Ward and Silence
Rolph
$
very poor family

$
he educated himself; taught self Latin, Greek, German; could
read Russian, Japanese, and Hebrew.
$
Also studied math and geology
$
worked with brother in wagon wheel shop and by night read
everything he could find
$
went to college eventually
$
Married in 1862; one child died in infancy; wife died in 1872
from appendicitis; remarried in 1873
$
Joined Union Army during Civil War, kept diary, was seriously
wounded
$
After war, worked for government and went to George
Washington University and became an attorney
$
Worked for US Geological Survey and
$
was chief US paleontologist, in charge of national collection of
fossil plants
$
In 1905 went to Brown University as Sociology Professor
$
First President of American Sociological Association
$
Sometimes called the ‘American Aristotle’ because of his
contributions in many areas. He was: an attorney, a geologist, a
botanist, a paleontologist, an economist, and a sociologist. And
spoke or read many languages.
$
600 books and articles published. Dynamic Sociology 2
volumes is best sociological work

$
“My thesis is that the subject matter of sociology is human
achievement. It is not what men are but what they do.”
He divided sociology into
1. Pure Sociology – the study of social values, norms, and
institutions as they exist in society. It involves theoretical
statements about life in society.
Pure sociology is divided into two categories:
Genesis – the origin and development of social structures, it is
survival of fittest social structures, not people as Spencer
suggested
$
Telesis – is the goal directed, purposeful action of the members
of society
2. Applied Sociology – applying the knowledge gained from
pure sociology to help eliminate social problems.
Notice Ward is a Social Darwinist but he is a critic of Social
Darwinism. Genesis is similar to Spencer and should not be
interfered with. But Telesis and Applied Sociology insist
people can work to make society better. This is, clearly, critical
of Spencer.
Ward also wrote on government, education, family, politics, and
biology. He strongly supported equality of women and of all
races. He supported universal education as means of achieving
this equality.
KEY IDEAS:
SUMNER

1. Norms: Folkways, Mores, Laws
2. Ethnocentrism
3. In-group, Out-group
SMALL:
1. Great Organizer
2. Conflict, Interests
GIDDINGS:
1. Consciousness of Kind
2. Quantitative Methods
WARD:
1. Pure and Applied Sociology
2. Critic of Social Darwinism (who was a Social Darwinist)
SEQ CHAPTER h r 1Slides: Tonnies, Tarde, Veblen
Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936)
His father was a wealthy farmer. He studied at several German
universities, eventually becoming a Professor at the University
of Keil. He taught there until 1933 when he was dismissed by
the Nazis due to his writings against them. He wrote more than
900 books and articles over the years. But he is still best

known for his Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, first published in
1887. Those words are usually translated as Community and
Society. It’s the best we can do, but it’s not an exact
translation. If you speak more than one language, then you
probably know that sometimes it’s almost impossible to
translate a word from one language to another. You can try, but
some meaning is lost in translation. So it is with Gemeinschaft
and Gesellschaft. Community and Society is best.
Our textbook, and Tonnies, emphasize human will. That part is
not good. But let’s try to look at Gemeinschaft and
Gesselschaft without that. Tonnies is getting at the idea that
there are two types of societies and two types of human social
relationships.
GEMEINSCHAFT
GESELLSCHAFT
Small
Large
Family is important
Contract is important
Traditional
Rational
Common, customary laws Laws
from government
Religious
Secular
Few subcultures
Many subcultures

People much alike
People very different
People know each other well Most
people we don’t know
Little Social Mobility
Much social mobility possible
People’s beliefs unite them
People often different from each other
Not much change Can
changes rapidly
Notice gemeinschaft is like a small town where everyone knows
everyone else, and gesellschaft is similar to a big city, like New
York.
Tonnies was interested in social change. He insisted that
population growth helps produce the fact that modern society is
becoming more and more gesellschaft like.
But even in a big city, like New York, there can be
neighborhoods that are more gemeinschaft like. Maybe you
know places like that.
So does this make sense: There can be gemeinschaft like areas
in a gesellschaft, but there cannot be gesellschaft areas within a
gemeinschaft. If it does, you’re okay.
NOTE: This is similar to Mechanical and Organic Solidarity.
Gabriel Tarde
Jean-Gabriel Tarde (March 12, 1843 – May 13, 1904), was a

French sociologist, criminologist, and now considered a founder
of social psychology. He opposed the dominant sociological
model of his time, Emile Durkheim’s. Durkheim insisted that
sociology must begin with the study of social groups not the
individual. Tarde, on the other hand, emphasized the
importance of the individual; that sociological principles must
be grounded in psychology, in psychological interactions among
individuals. Tarde insisted that sociology study the inter-
mental aspects of man, or man insofar as he is influenced by
other men. For many years Tarde was chiefly remembered as
the man who lost the debate with Durkheim. However, today
Tarde is recognized as a founder of Social Psychology and
modern Criminology.
Life
Gabriel Tarde was born March 12, 1843 in Sarlat, east of
Bordeaux, France. He was the son of a military officer,
attorney, and judge. His father was 44 when he married
Gabriel’s mother, Anne-Aline Roux, who was 19. Gabriel was
their only child. His father died when he was only 7, and he
was raised by his mother, to whom he remained exceptionally
close throughout her life. He was educated in a Jesuit school in
Sarlat, obtaining training in Latin, Greek, history, and
mathematics. From ages 19-25 he suffered from an eye disease
which limited his activity. He followed his mother’s wishes and
became an attorney. From 1869 to 1894 he held a series of
court posts in and around Sarlat. He married Marthe Bardy-
Delisle in 1877, with whom he had three children. By the 1890s
he had written articles and books on sociology and criminology
and was well known. In 1891 his mother died and he left Sarlat
and settled in Paris. In 1894 he was named Director of Criminal
Statistics in Paris. He held virtually every position open to a
French social scientist. In the last year of his life he planned to
undertake a series of social psychological studies on school
children, but the eye disease of his youth returned and he died

in Paris in 1904 at age 61.
Work
Tarde insisted that three distinctive, yet interrelated processes
characterize human society – Invention, Imitation, and
Opposition. He wrote on those processes in his 1898 Les lois
sociales (Social Laws).
Invention, according to Tarde, is the source of all progress.
Inventions are the creations of talented individuals, and are
disseminated throughout society by Imitation. However, only
one percent of people can make creative associations. Tarde
believed that social factors can contribute to inventiveness. For
example, more coherent ties and better communication among
gifted individuals can lead to mutual stimulation, resulting in
greater flow of new ideas.
Imitation, Some inventions or discoveries, are more easily
accepted than others. The more similar are inventions to those
already imitated, the more likely they are to be imitated. The
more an invention is consistent with the culture, the more likely
it is to be imitated. Inventions descends from superior to
inferior groups. But in his The Laws of Imitation, he offers no
specific definition of the term. In the preface to the second
edition, he refers to a “quasi-photographic reproduction of a
cerebral image,” which did not clarify matters.
Tarde codified his ideas in his “three laws of imitation:”
1. The Law of Close Contact – this law explains that people
have a greater tendency to imitate the fashions and behaviors of
those around them. If one is constantly surrounded by deviant
behavior, one is more likely to imitate that type of behavior
than any other. Direct contact with deviance fosters more
deviance. Tarde thought that as society becomes denser, people
will start to imitate each other more.

2. The Law of Imitation by Superiors by Inferiors – this
explains that imitation spreads from the top down –
consequently youngsters imitate older people, poor imitate the
rich, peasants imitate royalty and so on. Perhaps people imitate
high-status people in hopes that their imitative behavior will
gain some of the rewards associated with being in a ‘superior’
class. Question from today’s perspective: Does knowledge of
deviant behavior of ‘superior’ persons, such as high government
officials and corporate executives, increase the likelihood of
deviance by us all?
3. Law of Insertion – means that new acts and behaviors are
superimposed on old ones and subsequently either reinforce or
extinguish previous behavior. For example, if criminals start to
use a new type of weapon, they will not use the old one any
more. Another example would be a new custom replacing an
older one, or DVD replacing VHS.
Opposition this takes place when two or more inventions come
into contact with each other, or when new and old ideas collide.
Oppositions, or conflict, may be associated with social groups,
regions, or social classes. This leads to adaptation which leads
to progress.
Criminology
Tarde left significant influence in the area of criminology.
Tarde opposed the extreme biological ideas of Cesare
Lombrosso and his school of criminology. Lombrosso claimed
that criminality was inherited and that biological dispositions
lead one to become a criminal. Tarde, on the other hand,
claimed that the environment played a significant role in
causing criminal behavior. He insisted that his ‘three laws of
imitation’ can explain why people engage in crime.

Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) Economist, sociologist and critic
of capitalism
Born in Wisconsin of Norwegian immigrant parents. He did not
learn English until he was a teenager. Attended different
schools and received his Ph.D. from Yale University. He had to
struggle to keep a college teaching position because of his
rough manners, opposition to organized religion, and that he did
not like working with students. Veblen is best known for his
book The Theory of the Leisure Class.
His central idea is opposition between those who make goods
and those who make money. Those who make goods move
society forward. People are what they do. Those who do
nothing but try to make more and more money are growing fat
and rich on the technological work and advances of others.
They are parasites. They are the Leisure Class. Those who
have as their goal to make money retard and destroy progress.
Social life today is based more on how much money you have
rather than the technological advances you produced by
working. But these technological inventions move society
forward. He introduced terms:
Conspicuous Consumption – wealthy buy expensive items to
display their wealth, they want to be obvious and let everyone
know how rich they are
Conspicuous Leisure – take long vacations to exotic places and
make sure everyone knows what they’re doing
SUMMARY:
KEY IDEAS:
Tonnies: Gemeinschaft and Geselschaft
Tarde: Imitation, Social Psychology, Criminology
Veblen: Technology

exam items must be answered, mostly in your own words, based
on information presented in class, on the Slides, in our
textbook, or online assignments. In most cases, if you copy
information directly from Slides, textbook, or online
assignments you make it difficult for your professor to
determine if you really understand what you are writing about,
(b) answers
must be accurate, complete, and relevant, (c) the form of your
answers will be evaluated in terms of clarity and organization,
(d) if you use additional sources, these must be documented.
Failure to do so indicates plagiarism and may result in an F for
the course.
SEQ CHAPTER h r 1Soc 302 – An Examination – Summer,
2020 ______________________________Name
Part I – Fill in the Blank – Sometimes one word will be enough.
Sometimes you’ll need several words to give a complete answer.
2 points maximum for each of 20 items, therefore 40 points
maximum for Part I.
1. According to Comte, the most advanced and challenging
science of all, is _______________.
2. Adolphe Quelelet and Franklin Giddings had in common
their emphasis on _____________.
3. All the sociologists we discussed, especially the Social
Darwinists, believed in Progress, that society is getting better.
The one exception, the theorist who thought society is getting
worse, was _________________.
4. I was a scientist who studied evolution; I was the first to use

the term ‘survival of the fittest.’ I am
_____________________.
5. Despite the criticisms directed against many early
sociologists, they are still important because
_____________________________________________________
.
6. The origins of sociology can be traced to: (A) rapid and
unsettling changes in societies in the 1800s, (B) the peaceful
periods in the 1700s when scholars had the time to study
society,
(C) social and political revolutions in the early 1900s, (D)
social philosophers in the United States. The correct answer is
Choice ____.
7. One of these statements about sociology and sociologists is
False. Which one and why?
Statement 1 “Ethnocentrism is the concept used to describe the
fact that actions which are considered good and moral in some
societies are considered bad and immoral in others.”
Statement 2 “The Organic Analogy (comparing society to a
living person) is wrong because biology and physiology can
help explain a person but not a society.”
Statement _________ is False because
___________________________________________.
8. Positivism is
____________________________________________.
9. Auguste Comte insisted that social change occurs mainly
though: (A) economic factors,

(B) political change and different kinds of government
(democracy, dictatorship) (C) people’s ideas, (D) technological
inventions. The correct answer is Choice ____.
10. Lester Frank Ward supported equality between men and
woman and among the races. He thought that we could achieve
this equality by ____________________________.
11. A good, brief definition of the word theory is
__________________________.
12. We know we have a good, useful theory when
___________________________________.
Page 2
13. The Key Ideas of one of these three people is wrong.
Which one and why?
1. Ward and “Pure and Applied Sociology”
2. Ratzenhofer and “Conflict and Human Interests”
3. Tylor and “Use of statistics and emphasis on quantitative
data”
Number _____ is wrong because
________________________________________.
14. The Key Ideas of one of these three people is wrong.
Which one and why?
1. Ward and “Early Criminology”

2. Quetelet, “Body Mass Index”
3. Gobineau, a “founder of racist ideology”
Number ____ is wrong because
______________________________________________.
15. A theory which attempts to explain all social reality in one
theory is called _____________.
16. A specific example of a ‘middle range theory’ we discussed
in this part of the course is ________________________.
17. I introduced the term ‘conspicuous consumption’ and I was
very critical of the kept classes who did little else but make
money. I am ____________________________.
18. In his Study of Sociology, Spencer insists that we need
sociology because _____________.
19. I insisted that only knowledge gained by scientific research
can be accepted as fact. I am ______________________.
20. Some have insisted that there can be no science of human
behavior because everyone is different and we can’t predict a
person’s behavior. How would Spencer respond to that?
_____________________________________________________
__________.
Part II – Essay – Answer carefully the following item. Be very
thorough in your essay. 30 points maximum for this item.
1. Imagine Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer are going to
meet and debate and discuss the following topic: “The results of
sociological study should be used actively to work toward

improving society and solving social problems.” How would
each sociologist respond to this debate topic? Discuss fully
emphasizing their theories.
Page 3
Part III – Essay– Answer carefully only ONE of the following
items. 30 points maximum for this item.
1. What is meant by the word ‘theory?’ Distinguish between
‘grand theory’ and ‘middle range theory’ and give examples of
each. What is the purpose of a theory? Discuss fully. How can
we distinguish between a strong theory from a weak one? What
is Social Darwinism? Based on this distinction, why is Social
Darwinism generally regarded as a weak theory? Discuss fully.
2. You may recall that your professor said that we sociologists
emphasize our founders more than they do in other sciences.
But there are limits to this. Many of these people we have
talked about so far have theories that have not stood the test of
time. For example, almost no one discusses the Hierarchy of
the Sciences, Progress, the Law of the Three Stages, or Genesis
and Telesis any more. However, some of these people have
made contributions that have stood thetest of time. Their ideas
are still relevant and used by sociologists today. Who? and
what theories or ideas? Name any five theorists we have
discussed and show how their contributions are still significant
these days. You may use information that you learned in other
sociology courses to help answer this item (just tell your
professor what course). Discuss fully.
3. Is Lehman College a gemeinschaft or a gesellschaft?
Carefully build a strong argument to support your conclusion

with evidence and plenty of examples.
4. Define and fully explain the Enlightenment, the Counter
Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution. How did these
historical events affect the development of sociology? In
addition explain how the theories of both Comte and Spencer
embody all these movements. Discuss fully.
5. In this part of the course, we reviewed several major ideas
of these sociologists. We discussed (a) Comte’s Law of the
Three Stages, (b) Tarde’s imitation, (c) Spencer’s Social
Darwinism, (d) Sumner’s Folkways, and (e) Gobineau’s racism.
Identify and thoroughly discuss each of them. Why were they
important at the time when they were first presented? How
have they been criticized? What is their status in sociology
today? Why? Discuss fully.

SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or propositions des.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or propositions des.docx

Similar to SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or propositions des.docx (20)

More from adkinspaige22

More from adkinspaige22 (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

SEQ CHAPTER h r 1THEORY is a set of ideas or propositions des.docx