2. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪Organism
▪ Is a single, living individual, either plant or
animal.
▪Population
▪ Is a collective group of organisms of the
same species living in the same place at the
same time.
3. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪ CHARACTERISTICSOF POPULATION
1. Size – pertains to the number of individuals in a population.
▪ The size of a population can be stated as:
Example:
▪ Kind – Homo Sapiens – May 1, 2000 – 76,504,077 – Philippines
▪ The recorded population of people in the Philippines according to
National Statistics Office on May 1, 2000 is 76,504,077.
Kind –What species –Time –What date/month/year
Place –Where located – Number – How many
4. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪ FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE SIZE
OF POPULATION:
▪ Natality – the number of species that are born
▪ Mortality – the number of species that die
▪ Immigration – the number of species that
entered the land
▪ Migration – the number of species that leave
the land
5. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪CHARACTERISTICS OF POPULATION
2. Density – is the number of individual
per unit in space. The population density
increases when the factors are favorable
to the population and decreases when
they are unfavorable.
3. Distribution – the arrangement of the
individuals of a population with a
particular space.
6. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪ THREE PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
1. Random Distribution
There is no specific order in random
distribution, the organism spreads
throughout the area without an overall
pattern.
7. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪ THREE PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
2. Uniform Distribution
The organism are evenly distributed over
an area.
8. LESSON 1
ORGANISM AND POPULATION
▪ THREE PATTERNS OF DISTRIBUTION
3. Clumped Distribution
The organism are concentrated in one
area.
9. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪ Populations have a birth rate, death rate and growth rate.
▪ Birth Rate - the number of young produced per unit of population
per unit of time.
▪ Death Rate - the number of deaths per unit of time.
▪ The major agent of population growth is births.
▪ The major agent of population loss is deaths.
▪ 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ > 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
▪ 𝐷𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 > 𝐵𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 = 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
▪ Zero Population Growth – when birth is equals to death in
a given population.
10. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪BIOTIC POTENTIAL
▪The biotic potential of an organism is
the number of offspring that could
theoretically exists if all offspring
survived and produced young.
11. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪CARRYING CAPACITY
▪The number of individuals in a
particular population that the
environment can support over an
indefinite periods of time in terms of
food, space, and shelter.
12. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪POPULATION OSCILLATIONS
AND INTERRUPTIVE GROWTH
▪Crash or Dieback – the growth curve
becomes negative rather than
positive, and the population
decreases as fast, or faster, than it
grew.
13. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪POPULATION OSCILLATIONS
AND INTERRUPTIVE GROWTH
▪Overshoot – the extent to which a
population exceeds capacity of its
environment .
14. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪POPULATION OSCILLATIONS
AND INTERRUPTIVE GROWTH
▪Irruptive or Malthisian Growth –
named after Thomas Malthus, who
concluded that human populations
tend to grow until they exhaust their
resources and become subject to
famine, disease or war.
15. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
PopulationSize
Time
POPULATION OSCILLATION
Die Back
Carrying
Capacity of the
Environment
Overshoot
16. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪ENVIRONMENTAL RESISTANCE
▪Is the collection of factors that
reduce the growth rate of a
population.
▪The result of an increase in
mortality and decrease in natality.
18. LESSON 2
DYANAMICS OF POPULATION GROWTH
▪J Curve
Represents the growth without restraint.
▪S Curve (Sigmoidal Curve)
Represents the logistic growth.
▪The area between the curve is the
cumulative effects of environmental
resistance.
19. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪Natality
Is the production of new individuals by
birth, hatching, germination and cloning
and it is the main of addition to most
biological populations.
20. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪Fecundity
Is the physical ability to reproduce while
fertility is a measure of the actual number
of offspring produced.
21. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪Mortality (Death Rate)
Is determined by dividing the number of
organisms that die in a certain time period
by the number alive at the beginning of the
period.
22. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪Survivorship
The death schedule of the organisms taken
as a sample for study.
23. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪DEWEY’S 3TYPES OF SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
1. Type I (Convex)
When an individual tend to live out their
physical life span and when there is a high
degree of survival throughout life followed by
heavy morality at the end of the species life
span.
Typical to human and other mammals and
some plants.
24. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪DEWEY’S 3TYPES OF SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
2. Type II (Linear)
If mortality are constant at all stages.
Is common characteristics of the adult stages of
birds, rodents, reptiles and perennial plans.
25. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪DEWEY’S 3TYPES OF SURVIVORSHIP CURVES
2. Type III (Concave)
If mortality is extremely high in early life as an
oyster, fish, many vertebrates and some plants.
26. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
Type I Population
- There is high survivorship until
some age and high mortality
Type II Population
- Shows a fairly constant death
rate at all ages
Type III Population
-There is low survivorship early
in life
27. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪LifeTable
Is created to summarize the age specific
pattern of birth and death of a particular
population in a particular environment.
▪Cohort or Dynamic LifeTable
It records the fate of a group of individual,
all born in a single period of time, from birth
to death.
28. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
Age Interval (Days) Survivorship
(number of
surviving at start of
interval)
Number Dying
During Interval
Death Rate per
Individual During
Interval
*Birth Rate*
(number of seeds
produced per
individual) During
Interval
0-63 996 328 0.329 0
66-124 668 373 0.558 0
124-184 295 105 0.356 0
184-215 190 104 0.074 0
215-264 176 4 0.023 0
264-278 172 5 0.029 0
278-292 167 8 0.048 0
292-306 159 5 0.031 0.33
306-320 154 7 0.045 3.13
320-334 147 42 0.286 5.42
334-348 105 83 0.790 9.26
362 0 0 0 0
Total 996
Life table for a
Cohort of Annual
Plants (Phillox
Drummondill)
29. LESSON 3
FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION SIZE
▪Emigration
Is the movement of numbers out of a
population,
Is the second major factor that reduces
population size.
30. LESSON 4
FACTORSTHAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH
▪DENSITY DEPENDENT FACTORS
▪ Density-dependent mechanism tend to
reduce population size by decreasing
natality or increasing mortality as the
population size increases.
31. LESSON 4
FACTORSTHAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH
▪ he An African fish eagle flies off
from the surface of a river, clutching a
catfish. These birds of prey are usually
found in pairs, perched in trees and
scanning the water for fish and
sometimes for the eggs of young
water birds and reptiles, or other
small animals. Its rich brown and
black wings, white head and bib and
yellow beak can be seen clearly.
32. LESSON 4
FACTORSTHAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH
▪DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS
In general, the factors that affect natality
and mortality independently of population
density tend to be abiotic components of
the ecosystem.
Often weather or climate are among the
most important of these factors.
33. LESSON 4
FACTORSTHAT REGULATE POPULATION GROWTH
▪DENSITY INDEPENDENT FACTORS
Example: The decline in the population in
Ormoc City caused by deforestation, floods,
volcanic activities can destroy the entire
population. By building damps, breakwater,
resorts and expansions city, we can change
many habitats. Human beings have
exterminated the whole population of many
organism.
34. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪The population of the Philippines
has been steadily growing for many
years. In 2014, it is the 12th most
populated country in the world.
35. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ The 2010 Census of Population and
Housing Reveals the Philippine
Population at 92.34 Million
▪ Reference Number:
▪ 2012-027
▪ Release Date:
▪ Wednesday,April 4, 2012
36. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ The country's population increased by
15.83 million
▪ The total population of the Philippines as
of May 1, 2010 is 92,337,852 based on the
2010 Census of Population and Housing.
The census counts up to the barangay
level were made official with the signing
by President Benigno S. Aquino III of
Proclamation No. 362 on March 30, 2012.
37. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ The 2010 population is higher by 15.83
million compared to the 2000 population of
76.51 million. In 1990, the total population
was 60.70 million.
CensusYear
Census
Reference Date
Philippine Population
(in million)
2010 May 1, 2010 92.34
2000 May 1, 2000 76.51
1990 May 1, 1990 60.70
38. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ Population grew by 1.90 percent annually
▪ The Philippine population increased at the rate of 1.90 percent annually, on the
average, during the period 2000-2010.This means that there were two persons
added per year for every 100 persons in the population.
Reference Period
Average Annual Growth Rate
for the Philippines
(in percent)
2000-2010 1.90
1990-2000 2.34
39. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ CALABARZON, NCR, and Central Luzon
comprise more than one-third of the total
population
▪ Among the 17 regions, CALABARZON (Region
IVA) had the largest population with 12.61 million,
followed by the National Capital Region (NCR)
with 11.86 million and Central Luzon (Region III)
with 10.14 million. The population of these three
regions together comprised more than one-third
(37.47 percent) of the Philippine population.
40. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ Cavite topped in population size
▪ Among the provinces, Cavite had the largest population with 3.09 million.
Bulacan had the second largest with 2.92 million and Pangasinan had the
third largest with 2.78 million.
▪ Six other provinces surpassed the two million mark: Laguna (2.67 million);
Cebu, excluding its three highly urbanized cities Cebu City, Lapu-Lapu
City, and Mandaue City (2.62 million); Rizal (2.48 million); Negros
Occidental, excluding Bacolod City (2.40 million); Batangas (2.38 million)
and Pampanga, excluding Angeles City (2.01 million).
▪ The provinces with a population of less than 100,000 persons were
Batanes (16,604), Camiguin (83,807), and Siquijor (91,066).
41. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
Largest City orTowns of Philippines
(Philippine Statistics Office 2010 Census March 30, 2012)
1. Quezon City - 2,761,720
2. Manila - 1,652,171
3. Caloocan - 1,489,040
4. Davao City - 1,449,296
5. Cebu City - 866,171
42. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ REASONS WHY FILIPINO HAVE AN IMMENSE
GROWTH OF POPULATION
1. Tradition of Having Big Families
2. Questions of Gender
3. The Male Macho Image
4. Unsatisfactory/Ineffective Family Relationships
5. Economic Reasons
6. Contraceptive Methods
7. Educational Background
43. LESSON 5
PHILIPPINE POPULATION
▪ PROBLEMS ON POPULATION GROWTH IN THE
PHILIPPINES
1. Environmental Problems
2. Social Problem
3. Economic Problem
4. Educational Problem
5. Health Problem
6. Spiritual and Moral Problems
7. Food Supply
8. Problems on Destruction of Nature
44. SUPPLEMENTARY READING
Giant Clam (Tridacna Gigas)
The largest and heaviest mollusc
in the world.
Quite large at 4 feet 6 inches and
quite heavy at 200-500 kilos. Their shells
may reach up to 1.5 meters in length.
Once fully grown, Giant Clams cannot
completely close their shells anymore.
These large creatures occupy coral reef
habitats, typically within 20 meters if the
surface. They are stationary or unable to
move from their position in the coral reef.
They are found in shallow waters of the
Pacific Ocean, from Thailand and Japan to
Australia and Micronesia.
