2. DEFENITION
Pathological anatomy - scientific and applied discipline that studies the
pathological processes and disease through research, mostly
microscopic, study the changes occurring in cells and tissues, organs
and organ systems.
Pathological anatomy - is the science which studies are morphological
changes in organs, tissues, cells, ultrastructure in diseases, as well as
the immediate cause of death, objects of study which are the bodies of
people who died from various diseases, biopsies, surgical material,
organs and tissues of the experimental animals studied by the main
morphological studies based on clinical data.
3. Object consists of two parts
1. General pathological anatomy studies the typical pathological processes that make
up the disease (blood and lymph circulation disorders, inflammation,
immunopathological processes, regeneration, atrophy, hypertrophy, tumor growth,
necrosis, etc.).
2. System (special) pathological anatomy studies the morphological manifestations of
certain diseases (nosological forms), for example, tuberculosis, rheumatism, liver
cirrhosis, etc.
4. Tasks of pathological anatomy:
• 1) study of the etiology of the disease (causes and conditions of the disease);
• 2) study of the pathogenesis of the disease (development mechanism);
• 3) study of the morphology of the disease, i.e., structural changes in the body and tissues;
• 4) the study of the morphogenesis of the disease, i.e., diagnostic structural changes;
• 5) study of the pathomorphosis of the disease;
• 6) study of complications of diseases;
• 7) study of the outcomes of the disease;
• 8) the study of thanatogenesis (the mechanism of death);
• 9) assessment of the functioning and condition of damaged organs.
5. TASKS OF PRACTICAL PATHOLOGICAL
ANATOMY:
• 1) control of the correctness and timeliness of the clinical diagnosis (autopsy). Timeliness of
the diagnosis means that the diagnosis must be made within 3 days, in case of a serious
condition of the patient - in the first hours;
• 2) advanced training of the attending physician (the attending physician is always present
at the autopsy). For each case of discrepancy in the diagnosis in the clinic, a clinical and
anatomical conference is held, where a specific analysis of the disease is carried out;
• 3) direct participation in the formulation of an intravital clinical diagnosis (by biopsy and
examination of the operating material).
6. METHODS OF RESEARCH IN
PATHOLOGY
• Autopsy (macroscopic research, деfence material on microscopic examination).
• Biopsy (incisional, puncture, endoscopic, aspiration).
• Disease modeling in the experimental animals
7. MICROSCOPIC METHODS
Light microscopic: stain hematoxylin and eosin , Van
Gieson's, mix Romanovsky-Giemsa, etc.
histochemistry
immunofluorescence
immunohistochemistry
polarizing microscopy
Fluorescent microscopy
Electronic microscopic
9. METHODS OF LEARNING AND
TEACHING MATERIAL
• Lectures
• The textbook, teaching aids
• Necropsy
• Museums macropreparations
• Histological preparations
• Electronic photography
• Situational tasks, tests
• UIRS - Study research work of students
• NIRS - research work of students
