The document discusses the esophageal glands of plant parasitic nematodes. It notes that these glands contain secretory cells that produce proteins (the secretome) involved in parasitism. These secretions are injected through the nematode's stylet into host plant cells and alter the cells' gene expression and morphology, transforming them into feeding sites for the nematode. The dorsal gland helps develop and maintain these feeding sites, while the subventral glands are most active during parasitism in the infective juvenile stage.

1. Submitted to ;
Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Atif
Submitted By ;
Abdul Qadir (39),
Muhammad Hassan(47

2.  The most advanced adaptation for plant
parasitism by nematode the product of
parasitism gene That are expressed in their
esophageal gland cells
These parasitic product secreted through their
stylet into host tissue to control the process of
parasitism

3. nematode esophagus have
muscular metacarpus
pump chamber
Three active secretory
gland cells ,one dorsal
and two sub ventral in
position

4. A cytoplasmic body of each
gland cell extends forward
in the esophagus and end in
storage cavity(ampulla)
This ampulla is connected
to the esophageal lumen
(tube) by a valve

5. •The valve of the dorsal
gland cell is located near
the base of the stylet
•The valves of sub ventral
gland cells is present on
back of the metacorporal
pump chamber and
release secretions into
the tube of the esophagus

6. Secretory proteins are synthesized in the
nuclear region of the gland cell
And stored in membrane-bounded
granules that are transport to the ampulla

8. The gland secretion is controlled by the
nervous system.
The sub ventral glands are the most active
during parasitism infective juvenile stage.
Dorsal gland cell for the development and
maintenance of feeding sites. e.g. syncytia and
giant cells

9. Esophageal gland secretion
These stylet secretions play a role in infection and
parasitism of plants
The secreted products in the nematode esophageal
gland cells are called as secretome (secreted proteins)
of a parasite that helpful in parasitism .

11. •Penetration
• migration through root tissue
• modification of root cells as feeding cells
• formation of feeding tubes
• Digestion of host cell cytoplasm to
facilitate nutrient acquisition by the nematode

12.  The nematode inject esophageal gland
secretion through stylet in the root cell of
susceptible plant
The stylet penetrates the cell wall but does
not puncture the plasma membrane
secretion deposit outside the plasma
membrane and perforate in the Cytoplasm
through pores

13. Where they interact with receptor and other host protien
for organizing and maintenance of feeding cell and to form
feeding tube.
secreted product containing nuclear localization signals may
be targeted to host cell nucleus to directly regulate change in
host gene expression

14. These gland secretion alter the morphological,
physiological, and molecular changes in the recipient
cells to enable them to function as a continuous
source of nutrients for the nematode parasitic stages