Ph. D SEMINAR

1. • In the name of ALLAH most beneficent and most merciful
• Enter to learn and leave to serve
WELCOME

3. INDIA J&K REFRENCE
Cattle 190.904 million 2.798 million 19th livestock census
Buffalo 108.702 million 0.739 million
Animals in milk 116.77 million 1.76 million
Milk production 146.7 million tones in
2016 (vs. 17 million
tons in 1951)
10.61 million
tones in 2014
(Annual report, 2015-
2016., GOI)
Per-capita
availability of milk
322 g
World 294 g
1CMR 260 g
302 g
Rank in milk
production
First in world (18.5%
of world’s production)
5th In country

4. Conception
Cycle from one calving
until the next calving
Ist breeding
any time after
VWP
Voluntary
waiting period
85 Days – Cow
85-115 Days -Buffalo
Calving
Day 0
Later breeding
45-60 Days

5. Reproductive characteristics Optimum value Value indicating serious
problem
Age at first calving (months) 32 in CB and exotic
cattle (45 to 50 In
Indigenous cows&
buffaloes)
>35 CB and exotic cattle (> 55 in
Indigenous cows and buffaloes)
Calving to first service < 2 months > 3 months
First service conception rate 50- 60 % < 40 %
Calving rate (%) > 75 ( > 70 in
Indigenous cows &
buffaloes)
< 70 (< 65 in Indigenous cows &
buffaloes)
Abortion rate < 5 % > 10 %
Culling % for reproductive
problem
< 10 % > 10 %
(Kumarasen et al., 2013)
OPTIMUM VALUE OF REPRODUCTIVE
CHARACTERISTICS

6. DISORDER Incidence REFRENCES
Peurperal metritis 8 to > 40% (Galvao et al., 2009)
Endometritis 5.0 to >30% (Crowe et al., 2008)
Sub clinical Endometritis 30% (Galvao et al., 2009)
Retained foetal membranes 3-12% (Smith and Risco, 2011)
Dystocia 2-7% (Heifers= >20%) (Leblank et al., 2012)
Embryonic mortality 20-30% during first 3
weeks
(Michal et al., 2009)
Repeat breeding cattle 5.5-33%
 Buffalo 6-30%
(Kumarasen et al., 2013)
Infertility 30% (Khan et al., 2009)
Anatomical (adhesions) <2% (Leblank et al., 2012)
Ketosis 8-12% (Risco and Retamal, 2011)
Mastitis & lameness 17-22% & 5-7%,
respectively
(Huszenicza et al., 2005)
Hypocalcemia 10-23% (Goff & Horst, 2008)
Over all disorders in buffalo 4.66% to 12.66% (Khan et al., 2009)

7. DISORDER SEVER
ITY
TRAITS ECONOMIC
LOSS
REFRENCES
Metrits
Mild
Milk loss during first 3
weeks
-5.7 kg/day
(Roche et al., 2014)
Severe -8.3 kg/day
Days to first insemination +18.24 days
(Crowe et al., 2008)
Insemination number/
gestation
+0.54
Conception rate -20%
(Leblank et al., 2012)Calving to conception +30 days
Embryonic
mortality
Repeat breeding 20-30% (Michal et al., 2009)
Infertility Treatment cost 29% (Kumarasen et al.,
2013)
Culling level 18-40% (Khan et al., 2009)

8.  Reproductive
Problems
Nutritional
 Severe under-
condition
 over-condition
at calving
Post-partum infusion
 Infusion with out
necessity
 inter- animal
transfer
Calving assistance
Unqualified person
 Dystocia
 RFM handling
 Systemic infectious
diseases
 Mastitis
 Improperly timed
insemination
 Improper heat
detection
Environment
 Unhygienic
calving pen
 Inter – animal
transfer
MANAGEMENTAL CAUSES OF REPRODUCTIVE
PROBLEMS IN DAIRY ANIMALS
30% of infertility cases are due to uterine infections
(Galvao et al., 2009)

9. Managemental factors
Nutrition management
Transition management
 BCS management
Shelter management
Stress management
Health management
Breeding management

10. Nutrient Consumption Reproductive Consequence
Excessive energy intake Low conception, abortion, dystocia, retained placenta
Inadequate energy intake Delayed puberty, suppressed estrus and ovulation
(Santos et al., 2009)
Excessive protein intake Low conception rate
Inadequate protein intake Suppressed estrus, low conception, fetal reabsorption, premature
parturition, weak offspring (Roche et al., 2007)
Vitamin A deficiency Anestrus, Low conception, Abortion, Weak offspring, Retained
placenta
Vitamin E deficiency Increases RFM, Metritis and number of days open
(Khan et al., 2014)
Calcium deficiency Uterine prolapse, RFM, Dystokia and delayed uterine involution
(Khan et al., 2014)
Phosphorus deficiency Anestrus, irregular estrus
Selenium deficiency Retained placenta
Zinc deficiency Reduced spermatogenesis (Bindaril et al., 2013)
Copper deficiency Irregular cycles, difficult delivery, abortions, repeat breeding
and early embryonic deaths (Khan et al., 2014)
Nutrient fluctuation

11. Nutritional management
Balanced ration to prevent NEB
DM: 2.5% B.Wt. in crossbred & 2.5-3% B.Wt. in buffalo.
(Banerjee 2013)
Ample mixed green fodder (legume+cereal)
Ad lib. good quality dry fodder and concentrate @ 1to 2 kg /d for
maintenance and production allowance of concentrate for high yielders as:
 1 kg/ 3kg milk in indigenous cows &
 1 kg/ 2 kg milk in CB cows & Buffaloes
(Solanki et al., 2013)
Supplementation of bypass fat (300 ml oil)
Provide glucogenic precursors (propylene glycol) during early lactation
period
(Gadariya et al., 2013)

12. Nutritional management
During first 3 months post-partum, 19 % CP instead of 15 % CP is
recommended
(Solanki et al ., 2013)
Cows receiving 960 g of protein exhibited 29% better behavioral
estrous compared to those receiving 320 g
(Sasser et al., 2009)
Feed supplement Urea Molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB)
augments early resumption of postpartum ovarian activity
(Kumar, 2001)
Ensure adequate feeding time and social behavior
(Patbandha et al., 2013)

13. Supplementation of minerals & vitamins
Menirals Quantity
Calcium 0.8 to 1.0%
Phosphorus 0.4%
Magnesium 0.3%
DCAD Meq/kg <80
Selenium mg/kg 0.3
Copper mg/kg 20
Cobalt mg/kg 0.11
Zinc mg/kg 48
Manganese mg/kg 15
Iodine mg/kg 0.6 (Degaris et al., 2011)
vitamin E (IU/ 50 kg b.wt) 50
Vitamin A (IU/kg b.wt) 200 (Bhakat et al., 2013)

14. Transition cow management
Reduce ruminal disruption Milking cows are very vulnerable to lactic acidosis and
sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) resulting from
suppressed appetite and rapid introduction of grains/
concentrates
Minimise macromineral
deficiencies (Ca, Mg &P)
& Dietary Cation Anion
Difference
Milk fever and grass tetany results from a conditioned
deficiency where excess potassium disturbs blood
concentrations of calcium and magnesium
Minimise lipid & protein
mobilization disorders
Includes ketosis, fatty liver and pregnancy toxemia
Avoid immune
suppression
Often associated with lack of energy, protein and
micronutrients( copper, selenium, zinc, iodine, vitamin E
and vitamin D) (Lean et al., 2010)

15. SARA: Accumulation of propionate. Rumen pH: 6 to 5.5
Prevent very soluble sources of carbohydrate (sugars & lactic acid
feeds) eg corn silages.
(Risco and Retmal., 2011)
Lactic acidosis: Accumulation of lactate. Rumen pH < 5.5
Increase the effective fibre in the diet.
Rumen buffers or Ionophore modifiers (sodium monensin and
lasalocid).
 Antibiotic rumen modifiers (virginiamycin and tylosin)
 Introduce grain and concentrates before calving.
(Lean et al., 2010)
Dietary Cation Anion Difference (DCAD) as calculated by chlorine,
sulphur and sodium, potassium, should be minimum.
Diets high in sodium and potassium and low in chlorine and sulphur
increases the incidence of milk fever
Prevent DCAD by using 500-1000g of a commercial mineral acid
feed product (e.g. BioChlor / SoyChlor) (Degaris et al., 2011)

16. BCS management
For each 0.5-1 unit change in BCS between calving and AI
10-15% decline in conception. (Kumarasen et al., 2013)
Cows should not loose weight during dry period.
Prevent over and under condition score.
Desirable BCS during different physiological stages:
Stage Desirable BCS
Calving 4.0-4.5
Early Lactation 3.5-4.0
Mid lactation 3.0-3.5
Late lactation 4.0-4.5
Dry Period 4.0-4.5 (Prasad, 2013)

17. BCS PREGNANCY
RATE
CALVING INTERVAL IN DAYS
3 43 414
4 61 381
5 86 364
6 93 364
(Funston, 2009)
Relationship of body condition score (BCS) to cow performance

18. Shelter & Thermal stress management
Clean paddock
Clean, disinfect and remove bedding material from
maternity pen after each calving
Do not use maternity pens for more than two months
(Solanki et al., 2013)
Floor space (3.5 meter square)
 Lighting intensity of 10 to 30 lux and optimum photo-
period of 16 to 18 hours in dairy cow house increases feed
intake and milk yield by 6 to 16%
(Gadariya et al., 2013)

19. Temperature humidity index should be <72
(Verma et al., 2013)
Comfortable zone of temperature for optimum production is
45-75ºF (Banerjee, 2011)
Introduce cooling facilities to prevent heat stress through:
i) Wallowing tank for buffaloes
ii) Fans iii) Sprinklers/ foggers/misters
iv) Desert coolers
v) Air conditioners.
(Solanki et al., 2013)
Nutritional modification: increase the energy content (77 % vs.
70 -72% TDN) and protein (17.5% CP vs. 14.5% CP)
(Gadariya et al., 2013)
 Introduce heating facilities to prevent cold stress in winter
through use of room heaters, blankets, curtains, warm drinking
water, use of energy rich ration, etc.

20.  Health management
Minimize exposure to infection
Provide assistance during difficult calving
(Huszenicza et al., 2005)
Examine retained placenta cases and treat within 3 days
Through per-rectal examination at 10-11 days interval for conditions:
 ovarian agenesis & hypoplasia
 smooth, small & cystic (>2.5 cm) ovaries
 CL in ovaries (Kumarasen et al., 2013)
Treatment of post-partum debilitating diseases like metrits and cystic
ovaries
Regular / periodical CMT& strip cup test be
practiced to minimize incidence of clinical mastitis

21. Breeding management
Ensure adequate voluntary waiting period & Cycling status
Heat expectancy chart & Record keeping
Bio-stimulation by teaser bull –effective for late calving cows
(Bhakat et al., 2013)
Fixed time AI

22. Semen Handling Techniques
 when removing straws for thawing, keep others below the frost line
of the tank
 Thaw straws in water at 37°C (95°F) for at least 30 sec.
 Once thawed, prevent cold shock of sperm cells until the semen is
Properly deposited in the cervix of female.
Clitoris stimulation: massage 10 times after AI improves
calving rate by 6-15% (Gadariya et al., 2013)
Frequency of pregnancy checks
Resynchronize repeat services

23. Use of hormonal protocols: ovsynch, pre-synch, heat synch,
etc.
7 days 2 days 16-22 hours
__________________________________________
GnRH PGF2a GnRH TAI
7 days 1 day 45-50 hours
__________________________________________
GnRH PGF2a Estradiol TAI
(Roberts 2012)
Ovsynch (Presence of CL & DF)
Heatsynch (Presence of CL & DF)

24. Use of hormonal protocols: pre-synch +ovsynch
14 days 12 days 7 days 2 days 16-22 hours
__________________________________________
PGF2a PGF2a GnRH PGF2a GnRH TAI
(Roberts 2012)
Presynch+Ovsynch (Presence of CL & DF)

25. POST PARTUM FOLLOW UP
Calving
RFM
preventive
measures
Temperature
monitoring for 7
days
Cows
showing
fever
Antibiotic
treatment
Cows
without
fever
Re-examination
at 10-15 days
Re-examination
at 30 days
Non cyclicCyclic
Insemin
ation
Estrous
induction
and FTAI

26. conclusion
Provide
Balanced ration
 Health care
Transition management
BCS management
Shelter management
Stress management

28. Acknowledgement
Highly thankful to my esteemed advisor: Dr. H. M. Khan
Associate professor: Dr. A. A. Khan
Head division of LPM: Dr. M. T. Banday