Clearly explaination plsss!!! 1- Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited.pdf

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Clearly explaination plsss!!! 1. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive system of about 30,000 children and adults in the United States. It is caused by a recessive allele that encodes a defective chloride channel. Genetic screening has determined that two parents are carriers (heterozygous for CF). What is the probability that they have a child with CF? 2. When crossing true-breeding yellow seeded peas with true-breeding green seeded peas, the F1 generation all have yellow seeds. What genotypic and phenotypic ratio would you expect in the F2 generation? 3.You work in a fruit fly lab. Every once in a while you notice a fly that has a golden body color. Early one morning, you have the great fortune of finding two such flies: one a male, and the other (in another culture) a female. Delighted, you cross one with the other and 48 progeny result: 34 golden and 14 normal color. a. Which trait do you think is dominant: golden or normal color? b. What do you think are the genotypes of the parents and their progeny? c. What phenotypic ratios would you have expected from your answers to a and b? d. How could you test your answer to b by genetic crosses?.

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1. In a given plant, the yellow seed color allele (Y) is dominant to green seed color (y). Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios for the following crosses? a. homozygous yellow x green b. heterozygous yellow x green c. heterozygous yellow x heterozygous yellow d. green x green 2. If two animals heterozygous for a single pair of genes are mated and have 276 offspring, how many would be expected to have the dominant genotype? 3. Two long-winged fies are mated. The offspring included 90 with long wings and 32 with short wings. Which phenotype is recessive? 4. A blood test reveals that a couple both have the sickle-cell trat. What is the probability of their producing a child with sickle-cell anemia? 5. A blood type A woman has a type B child. She accuses a type O man of being the father. Knowing genetics you are asked to give an opinion; do so. 6. Assume that human eye color is controlled by a single pair of alleles. A blue-eyed man, both of whose parents were bom brown-eyed, marries a brown-eyed woman whose father was blue-eyed and whose mother was brown-eyed. They have a blue-eyed child. Which are the genotypes of all individuals mentioned? 7. A red fruit, tall tomato plant RrTt, is crossed with a yellow-fruited dwarf plant ritt. What genotypes and phenotypes would be expected in the offispring? 8. What genotype and phenotype would be expected in the offspring if the cross in the previous problem had been RrTt x RrTt ?.

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Menders experiments were conducted using garden peas. Why would humans be an awful choice for an experimental organism (give at least 3 reasons)? Give an example of an animal that would be better sorted for genetics experiments. In Mendel\'s experiments, a plant with purple flowers was crossed with a plant having white flowers. Explain why white flowers disappeared in the F_1 generation and reappeared in the F_2. Your pet rabbit has curly fur. After seeking advice from a rabbit breeder, you learn that curly fur is a dominant trait, but you want to know the precise genotype of your pet. Describe how you could find out. Describe the inheritance of ABO blood types in humans and explain why individuals with type O are universal donors while individuals with type AB are universal acceptors. Describe the nature vs. nurture debate. In your explanation, give an example of a trait that is controlled entirely by nature and one that is heavily influenced by both nature and nurture. Solution Answer: 1. Studying human genetics is unlike studying the genetics of any other organism. In many ways, humans are very poor model organisms for genetics. Long generation times make for slow progress when doing genetic crosses, which brings us to another problem with human genetics: The inability to make controlled crosses. So, any human geneticist that tried to make controlled human crosses would most likely be considered a very disturbed criminal and not a brilliant scientist. Besides, humans usually only have one child at a time, which makes it really difficult to generate numbers of offspring that can achieve statistical significance. On top of all this, there\'s the issue of genetic manipulation. Key genetic techniques, like mutation screening and transgenics, are completely off-limits to human geneticists. Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly) would be better suited as a model organism for genetics experiments. 1. The relationship between fruit fly and human genes is so close that often the sequences of newly discovered human genes, including disease genes, can be matched with equivalent genes in the fly. 2. 75 per cent of the genes that cause disease in humans are also found in the fruit fly. 3. Drosophila have a short, simple reproduction cycle. It is normally about 8-14 days, depending on the environmental temperature. This means that several generations can be observed in a matter of months. 4. Fruit fly are small (3 mm long) but not so small that they can’t be seen without a microscope. This allows scientists to keep millions of them in the laboratory at a time. 5. They are inexpensive to maintain in the laboratory. 6. They require a simple diet consisting of simple sources of carbohydrates (cornmeal) and proteins (yeast extract). 7. The only care they need is having their food changed regularly (every 10-14 days at 25C or 5- 6 weeks at 18C). 8. Drosophila have ‘polytene’ chromosomes, which means that they are oversized and have barcode-like banding patterns.

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Please answer all questions Define 1. Wild type – 2. Epistasis – Fill in the Blank 3. Two genes may interact effecting one trait and resulting in novel phenotypes with an F2 phenotypic ________________ ratio. 4. Under ________________ conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die. True or False 5. Penetrance is the degree or intensity with which a particular genotype is expressed in a phenotype. 6. Continuous traits are usually controlled by multiple genes and may be influenced by the environment. Short Answer 7. Describe the inheritance pattern(s) of blood types. 8. When studying a newly discovered flowering plant in Costa Rica, you collect data on its petal color in an effort to determine how this trait may be inherited. You find that 852 flowers are red, 331 are white and 389 are yellow. What are the possible inheritance patterns, and how could you definitely conclude which of these possibilities is the true mode of inheritance? Solution Wild type- wild type phenotype refers to characteristics that occurs naturally in a breeding population. Epistasis - it refers to a phenomena when one gene’s expression is dependent on the presence of another gene(s), called the modifier gene. 9:16 Let\'s take an example of comb varieties in chicken We have two pure breeds : wyandotte whose phenotype is a rose comb and brahmas having the phenotype of a pea comb, when crossed with each other, they create a completely new phenotype of a walnut comb. Let\'s look at the ratio: Parental cross: rose comb x pea comb F1 : all walnut combs F2 : 9 walnut : 3 rose: 3peas : 1 single Hence the ratio is 9:16 Under the restrictive or nonpermissive condition conditions, conditionally lethal mutants will die. Conditionally lethal mutants are those which have an allele that will make the survival of the species difficult only in a specific condition. True. for example if a mutation in a gene gives the species a particular characterisitc which has 97%penetrance, only 97% of those with the mutation will develop that characteristic and 3 % will not. True. multiple genes affect continuous traits. For such complex gene interactions, the traits are influenced by environmental factors too. For example, height and skin color. There are four basic blood types which are A, B, AB and O and together with the Rh factor, these can be +ve or -ve. A and B are dominant, while O is recessive. Blood type A B O A A AB A B AB B B O A B O For Rh factor, Rh (+)ve is dominant. So if the any one or both parents have Rh (+)ve factor, the progeny will be Rh(+)ve. If both parents are Rh(-)ve, the progeny will be Rh (-)ve Father Mother D D d Dd Dd d Dd Dd 100% Rh (+)ve children Father Mother D d d Dd dd d Dd dd 50% Rh(+)ve children Red: 852 White: 331 Yellow:389 According to the given data, red is dominant and white is recessive and yellow is a result of incomplete dominance of both white and red phenotype. It can\'t be codominance, because codominance involves both phenotypes being expressed in di.

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Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study heredity in a series of experiments. Mendel worked by carefully observing and recording traits in successive generations of plants. Knowledge about DNA and chromosomes came later. This lab will apply genetic laws to human inheritance using Punnett squares. Recall that DNA is wound tightly into chromosomes. Cells with only one set of chromosomes, such as sex cells, are haploid . When two haploid cells fuse during fertilization, a diploid zygote with two full sets of chromosomes is formed. Most cells of a mature individual are diploid. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes, but they might have different versions ( alleles ) of those genes. Diploid cells have two alleles for each gene. These alleles might be identical (gene A) or different (gene B). Each gene’s locus is its location on a chromosome. Human traits come through dominant or recessive inheritance. For example, the cystic fibrosis traits carried by a dominant allele are always expressed, even if the recessive gene is present (FF or Ff). The recessive is only expressed when two copies of the recessive allele are present (ff). Mother: Healthy carrier F f Father: Healthy carrier F FF Healthy non-carrier Ff Healthy carrier f Ff Healthy carrier FF Affected Human gender is carried on the X and Y chromosomes. Females are XX and males are XY. Heredity traits such as color blindness, which is the inability to distinguish among some colors, are carried on the X chromosome (X c ). The presence of one normal X C will allow normal vision. In this next set of exercises, you will determine the genotypes of the parents by considering the inheritance patterns of traits in their children. The following is a table of the phenotypes of the family members: Phenotype Alleles Parents Mother Not color blind Freckles Type B blood X c X C Ff I B i Father Color blind No freckles Type A blood X c Y Ff I A i Children Abby Color blind Freckles X c X c Ff or ff Brady Not color blind No freckles X C Y ff Carly Not color blind No freckles X c X C ff Dennis Color blind Freckles X c Y Ff or ff Exercise 1: Color Blindness Using the alleles XC (not color blind) and Xc (color blind), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punnett square. Drag and drop the child with the correct phenotype to the box within the Punnett square that has the corresponding genotype that would occur from the fusion of egg and sperm as indicated by your placement of the gametes. Exercise 2: Freckles Freckles are groups of cells on the skin that produce the pigment melanin, often in response to exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. The gene for freckles is inherited in a dominant/recessive pattern. A person carrying even a single copy of the dominant allele (F) will have freckles. A person who is homozygous recessive (ff) will have no freckles. Using the alleles F (freckles) and f (no freckles), distribute the gametes from each parent to the outside of the Punne.

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