Nursing Student Handouts Credits: Holy Pendon

1. Muscular System
General Functions:
1. Movement/Locomotion
2. Posture/ Shape/ Stability
3. Communication - body language
4. Digestion/ Circulation
5. Heat Production - perspiration
1. Prime Movers - main muscles
that perform the actions
2. Antagonists - counteract the
prime movers
3. Fixators - small muscles that
prevent unnecessary actions
4. Synergists - small muscles
that help primary movers
Functional classifications
of muscles:
Skeletal Muscles
1. Attached to bones
2. Voluntary
3. Striated - alternating light (actin)
and dark (myosin) bonds
Movements:
1. Flexion - decrease angle, bend
2. Extension - increase angle (Hyperextension-
abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond
its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury)
3. Abduction - away
4. Adduction - close
5. Internal Rotation - medial
6. External Rotation - lateral
7. Inversion - "ankle sprain", paloob
8. Eversion - palabas
9. Plantar Flexion - tiptoe
10. Dorsiflexion - lifting the foot pointing your toes
towards your head
11. Ulnar Deviation - opening the doorknob, medial
12. Radial Deviation - towards the thumb, lateral,
has more limited movement
Hardest Muscle - masseter
13. Pronation - nakadapa
14. Supination - sukli, palm
15. Depression - baba
16. Elevation - taas
17 . Protraction - Protrude
18. Retraction - Hide
19. Circumduction - 360 degrees, ball and
socket
Holy Notes

2. Muscular System
Two points of attachment:
Holy Notes
1. Origin - relatively fixed/ proximal
2. Insertion - where you expect movement/ distal
Two ways by which the muscles
develops:
1. Hypertrophy- increase in diameter of the muscle fibers
2. Hyperplasia - increase in number of muscle fibers
Names of muscle
1. Occipitofrontalis - wrinkles in the forehead
2. Orbicularis oculi - blinking/ winking muscle
3. Orbicularis oris - kissing muscle
4. Buccinator - blowing muscle
5. Masseter- strongest muscle
6. Zygomaticus - smiling muscle
7. Trapezius - elevates shoulder/ stressed/ stiff neck (muscle spasm)
8. Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)- flexes the neck
9. Deltoid - forms the bulk of your shoulder
10. Pectoralis Major -
11. Serratus - saw muscle
12. Latissimus Dorsi -
13. Gluteus Maximus - hip extension; Gluteus Medius - supports the hip
14. Hamstring - PM for knee flexion
15. Gastrocnemius - PM for ankle-plantar flexion
16. Quadriceps Femoris
17. Sartorius - longest muscle
18. Anterior Tibialis - PM for ankle dorsiflexion

3. Nervous System
Anatomical Division
Holy Notes
1. Central Nervous System : brain & spinal cord
2. Peripheral Nervous System : cranial nerves (12 pairs),
spinal nerves (31 pairs), ganglia
Functional Divisions
1. Somatic NS (skeletal muscles) - voluntary movements
2. Autonomic NS (smooth and cardiac) - involuntary movements;
sympathetic division, parasympathetic division; Fight and flight
Spinal Nerves
7 cervical bones = 8 cervical nerve roots (1 above each bone)
12 thoracic vertebrae = 12 nerve roots (1 above each thoracic
vertebrae)
5 lumbar = 5
5 sacral = 5
1 coccyx = 1
Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory (se)
II. Optic (se)
III. Occulomotor (mo)
IV. Trochlear (mo)
V. Trigeminal (mi)
VI. Abducens (mo)
VII. Facial (mi)
VIII. Auditory (se)
IX. Glossopharyngeal (mi)
X. Vagus (mi)
XI. Accessory (mo)
XII. Hypoglossal (mo)
Classification of nerves:
SENSORY - Afferent; environment to the
brain or spinal cord
MOTOR - Efferent (Contraction & Secretion)
MIXED - both sensory and motor
If ever na kulang po yung notes ko sorry po
kasi ang bilis maglesson ni sir hehe saka
areng notes na are ay halo halo din
nanguha ako from other classmates hihi
-yloh