Lesson 5_Recognizing Adjectives Adverbs.pdf

LESSON 5: RECOGNIZING
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
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LESSON OBJECTIVES:
•Use adjectives to describe a noun properly
•Use the correct order of adjective
•Use adverbs appropriately to describe an
action

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS MODIFY WORDS
Although both adjectives and adverbs modify words, they each modify different parts of
speech.
• 1. Adjectives: Modify nouns and pronouns.
• e.g.:
• Many customers wrote angry letters to the beer company.
• Red square is a favorite place of Chinese people.
• 2. Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
• e.g.:
• The girl smiled nervously.
• The bus moved slowly.
• You look absolutely fabulous.
• She played the piano extremely well.
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3

ADVERBS – FORM
• First, let’s see how adverbs are formed.
1. In most cases, an adverb is formed by adding '-ly' to an adjective:
• Adjective Adverb
• cheap cheaply
• quick quickly
• slow slowly
• e.g.:
• • Time goes quickly.
• • He walked slowly to the door.
• • She certainly had an interesting life.
• • He carefully picked up the sleeping child.
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ADVERBS – FORM (CONT….)
• If the adjective ends in '-y', replace the 'y' with 'i' and add '-ly':
• easy easily
• angry angrily
• happy happily
• lucky luckily
5

If the adjective ends in -'able', '-ible', or '-le', replace the '-e' with '-y':
• probable probably
• terrible terribly
• gentle gently
6

If the adjective ends in '-ic', add '-ally':
• basic basically
• economic economically
• tragic tragically
• Note: Exception: public - publicly
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• 2. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjective:
• Adjective / Adverb
• early late
• fast near
• hard straight
• High wrong
• Compare:
• • It is a fast car.
• • He drives very fast.
• • This is a hard exercise.
• • He works hard.
• • We saw many high buildings.
• • The bird flew high in the sky.
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'WELL' AND 'GOOD'
3. 'Well' is the adverb that corresponds to the adjective 'good'.
e.g.:
• He is a good student. • He studies well.
• She is a good pianist. • She plays the piano well.
• They are good swimmers. • They swim well.
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KINDS OF ADVERBS
• There are several classes or 'kinds' of adverbs that we use for specific
functions:
1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverbs of place
3. Adverbs of time
4. Adverbs of certainty
5. Adverbs of degree
6. Interrogative adverbs
7. Relative adverbs
8. Viewpoint and commenting adverbs
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ADVERBS OF MANNER
• Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after the main verb or after
the object.
• Examples:
• • He swims well, (after the main verb)
• • He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..
• • She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
• • James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
• • He plays the flute beautifully. (after the object)
• • He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
• BE CAREFUL! The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object:
• He ate greedily the chocolate cake [incorrect] • He ate the chocolate cake greedily [correct]
• If there is a preposition before the object, e.g. at, towards, we can place the adverb either before the
preposition or after the object.
• Example:
• The child ran happily towards his mother. • The child ran towards his mother happily.
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2. ADVERBS OF PLACE
• Adverbs of place tell us where something happens. They are usually placed
after the main verb or after the object:
Example:
• After the main verb:
• I looked everywhere
• John looked away, up, down, around...
• I'm going home, out, back
• Come in
• After the object:
• They built a house nearby
• She took the child outside
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3. ADVERBS OF TIME
• Adverbs of time tell us when an action happened, but also for how long, and how often.
• Examples:
• When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
• For how long: all day, not long, for a while, since last year
• How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly
• "How often" adverbs expressing the frequency of an action are usually placed before
the main verb but after auxiliary verbs (such as be, have, may, must):
• I often eat vegetarian food. (before the main verb)
• He never drinks milk. (before the main verb)
• You must always fasten your seat belt. (after the auxiliary must)
• She is never sea-sick.(after the auxiliary is)
• I have never forgotten my first kiss. (after the auxiliary have and before the main verb
forgotten)
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4. ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY
• These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.
• Common adverbs of certainty:
• certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
• Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':
• He definitely left the house this morning. • He is probably in the park.
• With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:
• He has certainly forgotten the meeting. • He will probably remember tomorrow.
• Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:
• • Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
• BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks
something is true, but is looking for confirmation:
• Example:
• • Surely you've got a bicycle?
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5. ADVERBS OF DEGREE
• Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another
adverb.
• Common adverbs of degree:
• Almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
• Adverbs of degree are usually placed:
• 1. Before the adjective or adverb they are modifying:
• e.g. The water was extremely cold.
• 2. Before the main verb:
• e.g. He was just leaving. She has almost finished.
• Examples:
• • She doesn't quite know what she'll do after university.
• • They are completely exhausted from the trip.
• • I am too tired to go out tonight.
• • He hardly noticed what she was saying.
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ENOUGH, VERY, TOO
• Enough as an adverb meaning 'to the necessary degree' goes after adjectives and adverbs.
• Example:
• • Is your coffee hot enough? (adjective) – describes coffee - a noun
• • He didn't work hard enough. (adverb) _ describes work - a verb
• It also goes before nouns and means 'as much as is necessary'. In this case it is not an adverb,
but a 'determiner'.
• Example:
• • We have enough bread. – determines an amount
• • They don't have enough food.
• Too as an adverb meaning 'more than is necessary or useful' goes before adjectives and
adverbs, e.g.
• • This coffee is too hot. (adjective)
• • He works too hard. (adverb)
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ENOUGH, VERY, TOO (CONT…)
• Enough and too with adjectives can be followed by 'for someone/something'.
• Example:
• • The dress was big enough for me.
• • She's not experienced enough for this job.
• • The coffee was too hot for me.
• • The dress was too small for her.
• We can also use 'to + infinitive' after enough and too with adjectives/adverb.
• Example:
• • The coffee was too hot to drink.
• • He didn't work hard enough to pass the exam.
• • She's not old enough to get married.
• • You're too young to have grandchildren!
17

ENOUGH, VERY, TOO (CONT…)
• Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
• Example:
• • The girl was very beautiful. (adjective)
• • He worked very quickly. (adverb)
• If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can use a word of
opposite meaning, or not very.
• Example:
• • The girl was ugly OR The girl was not very beautiful
• • He worked slowly OR He didn't work very quickly.
• BE CAREFUL! There is a big difference between too and very.
• • Very expresses a fact: e.g. He speaks very quickly.
• • Too suggests there is a problem: e.g.: He speaks too quickly (for me to understand).
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OTHER ADVERBS LIKE VERY
• These common adverbs are used like very and not very, and are listed in order of
strength, from positive to negative:
• extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly,
• Note: rather can be positive or negative, depending on the adjective or adverb
that follows:
• Positive: The teacher was rather nice.
• Negative: The film was rather disappointing.
• Note on inversion with negative adverbs:
• Normally the subject goes before the verb:
SUBJECT VERB
• I left
• She goes
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SOME NEGATIVE ADVERBS CAN CAUSE AN INVERSION
• However, some negative adverbs can cause an inversion - the order is
reversed and the verb goes before the subject
• Example:
• I have never seen such courage. Never have I seen such courage.
• She rarely left the house. Rarely did she leave the house.
• Negative inversion is used in writing, not in speaking.
• Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can be used like this:
• seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only .....
• but also, no sooner .....
• than, not until, under no circumstances.
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06. INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS
• These are: why, where, how, when
• They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.
• Examples:
• • Why are you so late?
• • Where is my passport?
• • How are you?
• • How much is that coat?
• • When does the train arrive?
• Notice that how can be used in four different ways:
• 1. meaning 'in what way?': How did you make this sauce? How do you start the car?
• 2. with adjectives: How tall are you? How old is your house?
• 3. with much and many: How much are these tomatoes? How many people are coming to
the party?
• 4. with other adverbs: How quickly can you read this? How often do you go to London?
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07. RELATIVE ADVERBS
• The following adverbs can be used to join sentences or clauses. They replace
the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause:
• where, when, why
• Examples:
• • That's the restaurant where we met for the first time. (where = at/in which)
• • I remember the day when we first met. (when = on which)
• • There was a very hot summer the year when he was born. (when = in which)
• • Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.
• (why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase 'the reason for which')
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8. VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS
• There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's
viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action.
• Viewpoint
• Frankly, I think he is a liar. (= this is my frank, honest opinion)
• Theoretically, you should pay a fine. (= from a theoretical point of view but there may be
another way of looking at the situation)
• These adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are separated from the rest
of the sentence by a comma.
• Some common Viewpoint adverbs:
• honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally, surprisingly, ideally, economically, officially,
obviously, clearly, surely, undoubtedly.
• Examples:
• • Personally, I'd rather go by train.
• • Surprisingly, this car is cheaper than the smaller model.
• • Geographically, Britain is rather cut off from the rest of Europe.
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COMMENTING
• • She is certainly the best person for the job.
• • You obviously enjoyed your meal.
• These are very similar to viewpoint adverbs, and often the same words, but
they go in a different position - after the verb to be and before the main verb.
• Some common Commenting adverbs:
• definitely, certainly, obviously, simply.
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ADVERB ORDER
• 1. Except for frequency adverbs and special adverbs, the normal position of
adverbs is at the end of the sentence, in the order manner, place and time.
• e.g.: He spoke well at the debate this morning.
• 2. The time adverb can place at the beginning or at the end of the sentence.
( either end of the sentence) Moreover, the more particular expressions of
time come before the more general.
• e.g.: He was born at six o’clock on Christmas morning in the year 1925.
25

ADJECTIVES
• Number of syllables Comparative Superlative
• one syllable + -er + -est
• tall taller tallest
• one syllable with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the
final consonant:
• fat fatter fattest
• big bigger biggest
• sad sadder saddest
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ADJECTIVES (CONT….)
• two syllables + -er OR more + adj + -est OR most + adj
• ending in: -y, -ly, -ow
• ending in: -le, -er or -ure
• these common adjectives - handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet
happy happier/ more happy happiest/ most happy
• yellow yellower/ more yellow yellowest/ most yellow
• simple simpler/ more simple simplest/ most simple
• tender tenderer/ more tender tenderest/ most tender
27

ADJECTIVES (CONT…)
• If you are not sure, use MORE + OR MOST +
• Note: Adjectives ending in '-y' like happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc:.
replace the -y with -ier or -iest in the comparative and superlative form Busy
busier busiest
• Number of syllables Comparative Superlative
• three syllables or more more + adj most + adj
• important more important most important
• expensive more expensive most expensive
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IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
• These adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative
forms:
• Adjective Comparative Superlative
• good better best
• bad worse worst
• little less least
• much more most
• far further / farther furthest / farthest
29

TASK ONE
• Identify the adjectives and adverbs of the following paragraph and underline
the adjectives once and adverbs twice.
• Wireless networks have significantly impacted the world as far back as World War II. With the
use of wireless networks, information could be sent overseas or behind enemy lines easily
and quickly and was more reliable. Since then wireless networks have continued to develop
and its uses have significantly grown. Cellular phones are part of huge wireless network
systems. People use these phones daily to communicate with one another. Sending
information over seas is only possible through wireless network systems using satellites and
other signals to communicate across the world otherwise getting information Emergency
services such as the police department utilize wireless networks to communicate important
information quickly. People and businesses use wireless networks to send and share data
quickly whether it be in a small office building or across the world. Another important use for
wireless networks is as an inexpensive and rapid way to be connected to the Internet in
countries and regions where the telecom infrastructure is poor or there is a lack of resources,
like most Developing Countries.
• Wireless networks allow you to eliminate messy cables. While wireless connections offer more
mobility, the downside is there can sometimes be interference that might block the radio
signals from passing through. One way to avoid this is by putting the source of your wireless
connection in a place where the signal will have as little interference as possible. Sometimes
nearby networks are using the same frequencies; this can also cause interference within the
network and can reduce its performance.
30

ACTIVITY ONE
• Expand each of the following sentences by adding appropriate adjectives and
adverbs. Delete the, if you need to.
• Example: The physicians examined the patient.
• Eventually, the three young physicians thoroughly examined the nervous
patients.
• 1. A corporation can fire workers
• 2. The heroine marries the prince.
• 3. In the painting a road curves between hills.
• 4. Students are using the library for research.
• 5. Feminists have staged demonstrations against the movie.
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ACTIVITY TWO
• Identify the adjectives and adverbs of the following sentences and underline the
adjectives once and adverbs twice. Remember the articles and some pronouns are used
as adjectives.
e.g.: Luckily, each day brought new challenges.
1. You are lucky that your roommate rarely becomes extremely angry.
2. Anxiously, I took my place in the long line to register for classes.
3. The aroma from the pantry was rather mysterious.
4. Twenty Italian flags snapped in the strong breeze.
5. Ms. Peters was the most inspirational of the three instructors.
6. Those people adjusted quite happily to their new situation.
7. Never did I expect to move to a small town in Texas.
8. After the election the president spoke more pessimistically about the future of the
country.
9. The biggest factor in homelessness is a drop in federal aid for housing.
10. Some say that the personal life of a political candidate is not relevant.
32

HOME WORK
Complete the Activity 1 & 2 and e-mail to vijith@openarc.lk.
Subject should be Assignment 4_FIT_Batch No. (your batch)

ANY QUESTION ?
Summary of the session
34

EXAMINATION QUESTION 1
• Fill in the blank with the most suitable adverb.
• Susanthika ran ....... to win the race.
• Select one:
a) rapidly
b) quickly
c) bravely
d) swiftly
e) fast
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EXAMINATION QUESTION 2
Select the most suitable adjective from the given list and fill in the blank.
She had a …….. tongue that no one dared to argue with her.
• Select one:
a) sharp
b) talkative
c) smelly
d) long
e) bad
36

THANK YOU !
Don’t forget Home Work
37

Lesson 5_Recognizing Adjectives Adverbs.pdf

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