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- 1. hist ory of archit ect ure History of Architecture Part I- Ancient Architecture Lecture - II
- 2. hist ory of archit ect ure The Historical Timeline of Architecture Near East PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO Pre-Historic Near East
- 3. hist ory of archit ect ure INFLUENCES HISTORY • Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” • Turned into city-states with populations of thousands • Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a large temple • Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests • Fought and traded with each other • Sometimes would conquer each other and form an empire Near East Mesopotamian • City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus • 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major empire • 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi • Instituted laws to keep order • Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on clay tablets Assyrian • Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt Persian • Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC • Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean, Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa • Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army • Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and customs • Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis • Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia • Traded raw materials, carpets and spices • Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece • Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great of Macedonia UR BABYLON AGADE ASHUR MEMPHIS Mesopotamian Empire under King Sargon of Agade Mesopotamian Empire under King Hammurabi Assyrian Empire under King Ashurbanipal PERSEPOLIS Persian Empire under King Darius I PERSIA EGYPT THEBES DAMASCUS PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO
- 4. hist ory of archit ect ure RELIGION • Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection • People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY Fertile Crescent: • Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from water and soil • Import materials like hardwood and metals Also: • Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula • Mountains and plateaux from west to east ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS • Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds, rushes • Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or kiln-fired • Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported DECORATION • Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals • Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green • Murals of decorative continuous stone Near East PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO
- 5. hist ory of archit ect ure EXAMPLES ZIGGURATS • Religious buildings built next to temples • On top was a small temple Development: • Archaic ziggurat • Two or Three-staged ziggurat • Seven-staged ziggurat during the Assyrian period Ziggurat at Ur • 2000 BC Near East PALACES • Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by building large palaces Palace Platform at Persepolis • Ruins still exist • 50 years to build • People from all over the empire were involved in its construction • Variety of architectural styles • parts: audience halls, reception halls, storerooms for tributes and valuables, military quarters, apadana – tallest building, with 36 columns of 20m height DWELLINGS • Known as Megaron • Entrance at end rather than on the long sides • Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns • Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO
- 6. hist ory of archit ect ure Near East PRE-HISTORIC NEAR EAST EGYPTIAN GREEK ROMAN EARLY CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE ROMANESQUE GOTHIC RENAISSANCE 18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 20TH C MODERN ISLAMIC INDIAN CHINESE & JAPANESE FILIPINO