SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’”

SARVAJANIK EDUCATION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT affiliated with
Gujarat Technological University
AHMEDABAD
P. G. CENTER IN
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Report on
“SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’”
In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING (TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING) – I
SEMESTER – II
Under the subject of
SMART METROPOLITAN PLANNING
(Course code: 3724815)
Prepared by:
YASH SHAH
(ENROLLMENT NO: - 190420748027)
M. E. (TCP) – I, Semester – II
Under the guidance of
Prof. Palak S. Shah
Ad –Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
Prof. Zarna H. Gandhi
Ad –Hoc Assistant Professor, FCE, SCET
(MAY, 2020)

Faculty of Civil Engineering
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT
(2019 - 20)
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the work being presented in this Report on “SMART CITY:
FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’” by YASH SHAH Semester
– II, ME (Town & Country Planning) - I bearing Enrolment No. : 190420748027
respectively submitted to the Faculty of Civil Engineering at Sarvajanik College
of Engineering and Technology, Surat; is an authentic record of our own work
carried out during the period of even semester 2019-2020 under the supervision
of and Ad-hoc Assistant Prof. Palak S. Shah and Ad-hoc Assistant Prof. Zarna H.
Gandhi.
NAME ENROLLMENT
NUMBER
SIGN
YASH SHAH 190420748027

Faculty of Civil Engineering
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT
(2019-20)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “SMART CITY: FEATURES
THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’ is presented under the Course work of
SMART METROPOLITAN PLANNING (Course code: 3724815) and report is
submitted by YASH SHAH (Enrolment No: 190420748027) of 2nd
Semester for
partial fulfilment of requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING
IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING of Sarvajanik College of Engineering and
Technology, Surat during the academic year 2019-2020.
______________________ ____________________ ______________________
Prof. Palak S. Shah Prof. Zarna H. Gandhi Prof. (Dr.) Pratima A. Patel
Ad-hoc Assistant Ad-hoc Assistant Faculty & Head
Professor (FCE) Professor (FCE) Faculty of Civil Engineering
External Examiner
Date: _____________
Place: _____________

SMART METROPOLITAN PLANNING (3724815) 2019-20
SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’ | I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. What is a ‘Smart city’ .......................................................................................................... 1
2. PURPOSE OF SMART CITY.................................................................................................... 3
3. COVERAGE AND DURATION ............................................................................................... 5
4. STRATEGY OF SMART CITY ................................................................................................ 5
4.1. Area Based Development .................................................................................................... 5
4.2. Pan-city development........................................................................................................... 6
4.3. Strategy for implementation ................................................................................................ 6
5. SMART CITY FEATURES ....................................................................................................... 7
5.1. Promoting mixed land use in area based development........................................................ 7
5.2. Housing and inclusiveness................................................................................................... 8
5.3. Creating walkable localities................................................................................................. 9
5.4. Preserving and developing open spaces............................................................................... 9
5.5. Promoting a variety of transport options ............................................................................. 9
5.6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective..................................................... 10
5.7. Giving an identity to the city ............................................................................................. 10
5.8. Applying smart solutions to infrastructure ........................................................................ 10
6. CASE STUDIES OF SMART CITY: ...................................................................................... 11
6.1. BARCELONA................................................................................................................... 11
6.2. GUJARAT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE TECH CITY (GIFT) ................................... 13
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS.................................................................................................... 15
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 16

SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’ | II
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Smart City Features .......................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 Smart Solutions ................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 3 Bicing: Shared Bicycle Facility...................................................................................... 11
Figure 4 Orthogonal Bus Line Network: Phase I- 5 Lines ........................................................... 12

SMART CITY: FEATURES THAT MAKE A CITY ‘SMART’ | 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Cities are engines of growth for the economy of every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of
India’s current population lives in urban areas and contributes 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011).
With increasing urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40% of India’s population and
contribute 75% of India’s GDP by 2030. This requires comprehensive development of physical,
institutional, social and economic infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality of life
and attracting people and investments to the City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and
development. Development of Smart Cities is a step in that direction.
1.1. What is a ‘Smart city’
The first question is what is meant by a ‘smart city’. The answer is, there is no universally accepted
definition of a smart city. It means different things to different people. The conceptualisation of
Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of
development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting programme launched by the Government
of India on June 25, 2015 with a mission to develop 100 cities all over the country making them
citizen friendly and sustainable (Government of India 2015). Each of the 100 Smart Cities will get
Rs 100 crore every year for five years, with an equal contribution coming from the respective state
government and the urban local body combined. The Mission is carried out through special
purpose vehicles (SPVs), registered under the Companies Act, 2013.
A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is
no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in
the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a
wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for
the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban
eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional,
physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work
towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of
‘smartness’.

In the approach of the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that provide core
infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment
and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive development and
the idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable model which will act like a light house to
other aspiring cities.
The Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant to set examples
that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar
Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country.
Smart Cities focus on their most pressing needs and on the greatest opportunities to improve lives.
They tap a range of approaches - digital and information technologies, urban planning best
practices, public-private partnerships, and policy change - to make a difference. They always put
people first. The framework proposed also helps in identifying guiding principles, major
challenges and concerns along with recent trends and requirements for a city to evolve into a
"smart" city.
Figure 1 Smart City Features
(Source: - https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/smart-city-design-future-technology-
living-384740665)

2. PURPOSE OF SMART CITY
The purpose of the Smart Cities Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the quality of
life of people by enabling local area development and harnessing technology, especially
technology that leads to Smart outcomes. The ministry of housing and urban affairs, the nodal
department for Smart City Mission, is set to roll out smart city 2.0 mission in 2020. The central
government’s second version of the smart city initiative will be rolled out across the country, said
a government official. The ministry of housing and urban affairs is also looking at alternative
funding mechanisms such as pool finance, fund of fund approach, bonds, fiscal money,
monetisation of unused land and tapping foreign capital.
Area based development will transform existing areas (retrofit and redevelop), including slums,
into better planned ones, thereby improving liveability of the whole City. New areas (Greenfield)
will be developed around cities in order to accommodate the expanding population in urban areas.
Application of Smart Solutions will enable cities to use technology, information and data to
improve infrastructure and services. Comprehensive development in this way will improve quality
of life, create employment and enhance incomes for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged,
leading to inclusive Cities.
The core infrastructure elements in a smart city would include:
a) Adequate water supply
b) Assured electricity supply
c) Sanitation, including solid waste management
d) Efficient urban mobility and public transport
e) Affordable housing, especially for the poor
f) Robust it connectivity and digitalization
g) Good governance, especially e-governance and citizen participation,
h) Sustainable environment
i) Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly, and
j) Health and education.

The Smart Cities Mission is meant to set examples that can be replicated both within and outside
the Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the
country.
As far as Smart Solutions are concerned, an illustrative list is given below. This is not, however,
an exhaustive list, and cities are free to add more applications. Smart solutions are application of
ITC to municipal services and infrastructure to make them better. Examples:-
 Smart water meters and billing systems,
 Remotely controlled automatic distribution valves,
 Real time, online systems of monitoring water quality,
 City-wide intelligent video surveillance network,
 Using mobile phones for cyber tour of worksites,
Figure 2 Smart Solutions
(Source: - Smart city Mission statement and guidelines, June 2015)

3. COVERAGE AND DURATION
The Mission will cover 100 cities and its duration will be five years (FY2015-16 to FY2019-20).
The Mission may be continued thereafter in the light of an evaluation to be done by the Ministry
of Urban Development (MoUD) and incorporating the learnings into the Mission.
4. STRATEGY OF SMART CITY
The strategic components of Area-based development in the Smart Cities Mission are city
improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield
development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts
of the city.
4.1. Area Based Development
 Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing built-up area to achieve Smart City
objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient and
liveable. In retrofitting, an area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identified by the
city in consultation with citizens. Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services
in the identified area and the vision of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to
become smart. Since existing structures are largely to remain intact in this model, it is
expected that more intensive infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart
applications will be packed into the retrofitted Smart City. This strategy may also be
completed in a shorter time frame, leading to its replication in another part of the city.
 Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the existing built-up environment and enable
co-creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and
increased density. Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identified by
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For instance, a new layout plan
of the identified area will be prepared with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground
coverage. Two examples of the redevelopment model are the Saifee Burhani Upliftment
Project in Mumbai (also called the Bhendi Bazaar Project) and the redevelopment of East
Kidwai Nagar in New Delhi being undertaken by the National Building Construction
Corporation.
 Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart Solutions in a previously vacant
area (more than 250 acres) using innovative planning, plan financing and plan

implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for affordable
housing, especially for the poor. Greenfield developments are required around cities in
order to address the needs of the expanding population. One well known example is the
GIFT City in Gujarat. Unlike retrofitting and redevelopment, Greenfield developments
could be located either within the limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local Urban
Development Authority (UDA).
4.2. Pan-city development
- Pan-City envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide
infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology,
information and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example, applying
Smart Solutions in the transport sector (intelligent traffic management system) and
reducing average commute time or cost to citizens will have positive effects on productivity
and quality of life of citizens. Another example can be waste water recycling and smart
metering which can make a substantial contribution to better water management in the city.
4.3. Strategy for implementation
- The Smart City proposal of each shortlisted city is expected to encapsulate either a
retrofitting or redevelopment or Greenfield development model, or a mix thereof and a
Pan-city feature with Smart Solution(s). It is important to note that pan-city is an additional
feature to be provided. Since Smart City is taking a compact area approach, it is necessary
that all the city residents feel there is something in it for them also. Therefore, the additional
requirement of some (at least one) city-wide smart solution has been put in the scheme to
make it inclusive.
For North Eastern and Himalayan States, the area proposed to be developed will be one-half of
what is prescribed for any of the alternative models - retrofitting, redevelopment or Greenfield
development.

5. SMART CITY FEATURES
Some typical features of comprehensive development in Smart Cities are described below.
1) Promoting mixed land use in area based developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’
containing a range of compatible activities and land uses close to one another in order to
make land use more efficient. The States will enable some flexibility in land use and
building bye-laws to adapt to change;
2) Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing opportunities for all;
3) Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost
local economy, promote interactions and ensure security. The road network is created or
refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but also for pedestrians and cyclists,
and necessary administrative services are offered within walking or cycling distance;
4) Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in
order to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat effects in Areas and
generally promote eco-balance;
5) Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public
transport and last mile para-transport connectivity;
6) Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective - increasingly rely on online services
to bring about accountability and transparency, especially using mobiles to reduce cost of
services and providing services without having to go to municipal offices. Forming e-
groups to listen to people and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of programs and
activities with the aid of cyber tour of worksites;
7) Giving an identity to the city - based on its main economic activity, such as local cuisine,
health, education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;
8) Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and services in area-based development in order
to make them better. For example, making Areas less vulnerable to disasters, using fewer
resources, and providing cheaper services.
5.1. Promoting mixed land use in area based development
Area based development includes planning for ‘unplanned areas’ containing a range of compatible
activities and land uses close to one another in order to make land use more efficient. The States
will enable some flexibility in land use and building bye-laws to adapt to change.

Mixed land use enables a range of land uses including residential, commercial, and industrial to
be co-located in an integrated way that supports sustainable forms of transport such as public
transport, walking and cycling, and increases neighbourhood amenity. Mixed land use
developments can enhance the economic vitality and perceived security of an area by increasing
the number of people on the street and in public spaces
These benefits of mixed landuse include:
• Greater housing variety and density
• Reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other destinations
• More compact development
• Stronger neighbourhood character
• Pedestrian and bicycle-friendly environments
5.2. Housing and inclusiveness
One of the basic requirements of a smart city to sustain itself is housing. Without housing,
sustenance and further growth of a smart city will be limited and unlike that in a Metro, these smart
cities will require a good amount of affordable housing to cater to the large middle and lower
income demographic. This is where the Smart City Mission and Affordable Housing converge to
mutually benefit each other and further the goal of development.
The government has been pushing for affordable housing across the country and it reiterated its
stand in the 2017-18 budget which emphasised on affordable housing by providing it with
infrastructure status.
Tax incentives, easier sanctioning of bank loans, transparency between buyers and developers are
some of the other benefits that will ensure the success of ‘Housing for All’ while also pushing for
the growth of smart cities.
There are subsidies on interest rates that can be availed by buyers under the PMAY scheme. For
example, the Middle-Income Group – I or MIG-1 buyers will get an interest subsidy of 4% on a
loan amount of up to 9 lakh and the MIG -II buyers will get 3% on a loan amount of up to 12 lakhs.

5.3. Creating walkable localities
Walkability is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. Walkability has health,
environmental, and economic benefits. Factors influencing walkability include the presence,
absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of-way, traffic and road
conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others. Walkability is an
important concept in sustainable urban design and smart city.
These all options reduce congestion, air pollution and resource depletion, boost local economy,
promote interactions and ensure security.
The road network is created or refurbished not only for vehicles and public transport, but also for
pedestrians and cyclists, and necessary administrative services are offered within walking or
cycling distance.
The new tool is Pedestrians First: Tools for a Walkable City will facilitate the understanding and
the measurement of the features that promote walkability in urban environments around the world
at multiple levels. With a better global understanding of walkability, and more consistent and
frequent measurement of the walkability of urban environments, decision-makers will be
empowered to enact policies that create more walkable urban areas.
5.4. Preserving and developing open spaces
Urban open spaces have increasing importance in city developments due to the urban expansion
characteristic of the last decade. Parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces should be preserved
in order to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat effects in areas and
generally promote eco-balance.
Protecting agricultural lands safeguards the future of farming economies and communities. Open
space conservation is often the cheapest way to safeguard drinking water, clean the air, and achieve
other environmental goals.
5.5. Promoting a variety of transport options
City transportation is an important pillar for quality of life of citizens in a city. Currently, in most
of the cities, public and private road transportation are the key mode of commuting and logistics.

Some large and mega cities have metro and local train network as the backbone transportation
mode.
Lack of quality and safe public transportation, inadequate capacity of public transportation, road
safety concerns, overcrowded road network, poor traffic management, parking issues. Some of
variety of transport options are as follows
a) Bicycle sharing system
b) Integrated transit hubs
c) Electric vehicles
d) Smart parking
e) Smart toll
f) Smart traffic lights
5.6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost effective
Increasingly rely on online services to bring about accountability and transparency, especially
using mobiles to reduce cost of services and providing services without having to go to municipal
offices.
Unified Mobile Application for New Age Governance (UMANG) application launched by the
government provide a vast unified platform to citizens to access more than 200 e-Governance
services from the Centre, States and even from local bodies and other private agencies on their
mobile phone.
5.7. Giving an identity to the city
The city should be based on its main economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, education,
arts and craft, culture, sports goods, furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc.
5.8. Applying smart solutions to infrastructure
Rapid urbanization has mandated the need for smart city solutions. Experts' worldwide point out
that smart cities will be the future enablers in accelerating economic growth and improving the
quality of citizens' lifestyle.

6. CASE STUDIES OF SMART CITY:
Some of the smart cities projects initiated globally and in India.
6.1. BARCELONA
Barcelona has a population of 1.6 million and the core industries are tourism followed by
knowledge and information systems, media and fashion. The city has implemented several projects
under the smart cities initiative. Moreover, it has established, which is a unique platform for small
and medium enterprises to experiment and develop innovations in technology.
Key Initiatives:-
1) ICT
- New Telecommunications network: Integration of different fiber optic networks including
Wi-Fi network available at 193 municipal facilities, 276 street sites making it a total of 461
access points. Wi-Fi would also be introduced in public spaces, municipal gardens, parks,
city bus network and metro.
2) Environment
- Smart Rubbish collection: Promoting recycling of garbage at household level.
- Remote irrigation control for City's green spaces.
3) Transportation
- Bicing: Shared bicycle use plan which enables the citizens to travel short distances and
undertake everyday journeys easily. 6,000 bikes are available in the city and they can be
accessed through a card which can be obtained through an online registration. The
bicycling website together with the app allows real-time tracking of the availability of the
bicycles.
Figure 3 Bicing: Shared Bicycle Facility
(Source: - BCN Smart City (http://smartcity.bcn.cat/en)

- Orthogonal Bus lines: Well-planned, well-connected, faster and intuitive bus network,
which allows commute to any point in the city in a single transfer.
Figure 4 Orthogonal Bus Line Network: Phase I- 5 Lines
(Source: http://bcnecologia.net/en/projects/orthogonal-bus-network-barcelona)
4) Buildings
- District heating and cooling: Two networks provide hot water in 64 buildings spanning 21
kms.
5) Governance
- Launch of open data portal and kiosks to create transparency and increase collaboration
with the citizens. Citizens have an opportunity to participate by submitting their proposals
on the government portal.
- The Barcelona Open Government app allows citizens to communicate with the government
representatives, share opinions and be involved in different processes.
6) Energy
- The city deployed 19,500 smart meters in Olympic villa.
7) Other
- Smart traffic lights emit sound to assist blind people in crossing the road, in addition to
providing easy movement for Fire Brigade and other emergency vehicles.

The city of Barcelona has developed projects through collaboration between other cities across the
world, academia and industry. The city entered a PPP with Abertis Telecom to manage the
municipal networks and enhance access to information through mobile phones. For the smart grid,
the city partnered with Endesa (the largest utility company in Spain) for expanding the electricity
distribution network, expanding the network of heating and cooling in the city and rehabilitating
buildings using energy efficiency. Barcelona has also collaborated with research centers for
promoting innovation for smart cities.
To support the implementation of the smart cities initiative, the city created an Urban Habitats
group that brought together isolated departments like water, energy, human services and
environment housing. Additionally, it created a Smart City PMO (Personal Management Office)
to coordinate all projects under the smart city tag.
6.2. GUJARAT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE TECH CITY (GIFT)
GIFT is an under construction smart cities project spanning over 550 acres located at Gandhinagar
near Ahmedabad, in the state of Gujarat. It is planned to be built as a financial business district to
be equipped with high quality infrastructure in order to create a platform for finance and tech firms.
The project is a public-private collaboration between the Gujarat Urban Development Co. Ltd.
(GUDC) and Infrastructure Leasing & Financial Services Ltd. (IL&FS).
 The project will include the following initiatives:
1) ICT: - ICT is the basic infrastructure for all the smart cities. There is no limitation on the
collaborations and innovations that can be adopted across various departments and with
multiple stakeholders.
ICT enables the city and the governance to bring in participation from the citizens and integrate
their inputs in the processes. By extending community participation, it not only empowers the
citizens, but it also allows them to develop a sense of ownership of their cities.
Thus, the smart cities initiative would result in sustainable and thriving Indian cities – new and
old, if implemented properly with active involvement of all stakeholders.
- Broadband FTTP, Wi-Fi/ WiMAX, global connectivity
- Financial extranets
- IPTV internet gateway

2) Environment
- Water management
- Automated solid waste management
- District cooling system
- Integrated utility trench alignment
3) Energy
- Uninterrupted & highly reliable power supply
- Domestic gas distribution
- Emergency power generation
- Green power
4) Transportation
- Intelligent transport system
- Metro Rail Transport System (MRTS)
- Extension of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) to GIFT
- Personal Rapid Transport (PRT): Dedicated guide-way network, 24X7.
- Multi-modal transport hub
- Real time travel response
- Interactive road maps
- Transit node management
- Automatic vehicle location and tracking
- Vehicle emission monitoring
The total cost of the project is estimated at INR 70,270 crores, of which 18% is from the GIFTR
Unit Fund, 49% is from the developers, 8% from investors and the remainder 25% is debt. The
project is currently in its first phase of implementation and the design development for the core
infrastructure is completed.
Since the launch of the 100 cities project, GIFT has been recognized as a smart city and is
anticipated to receive financial as well as policy support from the centre for the implementation of
the project.

7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
 We concluded that Smart cities will promote the use of technology, information and data
to enhance and improve its infrastructure and services. The success of the programmes will
be judged by its power to transform the life of the people, and their ability to reduce
growing inequality in our society.
 The smart cities concept has gained a lot of attention lately and it will most likely continue
to do so in the future. Making ICT enabled services and applications available to the
citizens, businesses and authorities makes the day to day life simple and smart.
 Smart technologies can provide solutions for cities by helping them save money, reduce
carbon emissions and manage traffic flows.
 A city is smart by its people being smart and not by the smart technology.

REFERENCES
 Guidelines. (2017, September 26). Retrieved from http://smartcities.gov.in:
http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/guidelines.php
 A Cushman & Wakefield research report, January 2015 : Urbanization challenges in
setting up smart cities
 Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India
 Adarsh. 2018. Smart Cities and Affordable Housing. 2018.
 Prabhakar, Vishvesh. Smart transportation for smart cities. Economictimes. [Online]

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