Harvesting Risks: Innovative Rainwater Solutions

Harvesting Risks
Harvesting Risks
Table of Contents
Ethical Strategy.........................................................................................................3
Ethical Manner...........................................................................................................3
Ethics Code...............................................................................................................3
The Consequences.......................................................................................................4
A Modified Code.......................................................................................................5
Exporting Pesticides....................................................................................................5
The Pros..................................................................................................................6
The Cons..................................................................................................................6
Is it Justifiable............................................................................................................6
Amvac Stocks............................................................................................................7
Ethical Strategy
Does Amvac have an ethical strategy? In my opinion, Amvac does not have an ethical strategy. The reason for this is because there were...show more
content...
I do not think it is ethical to have mevinphos banned in the United States were as in other foreign countries it is permitted to be used.
The Pros
What are the pros and cons of such an approach from the perspective of various stakeholders? The pros from such a law would be that people would
not be exposed to such dangerous products. Consequently, symptoms such as nauseas, vomiting, or cancer would lower among people because they
would not be a result of these products. Another pro is that the environment would be safer throughout the world if the products were to be banned in
other countries as well. Also the fact that Amvac would not be sued anymore because it would not sell such dangerous products. The fact that several
animals would have the insects that were being killed back in their food chain.
The Cons

If the United States was the only country to ban these products, one of the cons would be that it is not ethical to sell these dangerous products to
another country. Another con would be that the stocks that Amvac has in the United States would be lowered down because it would no longer be
sold in the United States. As a result Amvac and several others would lose a lot of money. Is it Justifiable In terms of costs, benefits, and risks, does
the value to society of pesticides such as dibromochloropropane, mevinphos, and dichlorvos justify their use or to warrant the risks they pose? No, the
risks in my
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The Importance of Rainwater Producing
Rainwater producing is the accumulation and deposition of rainwater for reuse beforehand that up to groundwater. Also, is a method of collection and
storage of rain water in external (reservoirs) or groundwater below the external of the earth beforehand you become capitulated as external runoff.
Architects and builders are nowadays routinely constructing arrangements to make sure we uphold water stocks. A little of the arrangements most
oftentimes installed at the nowadays are those projected for rainwater harvesting. In easy words, this has been projected to arrest and storage rainwater
that falls on the external in order to be reused in the houses and in the business.
Uses contain water of the park, water for livestock, indoor warming of the residences and water for irrigation intentions etc. Rainwater that has been
amassed of the surfaces of houses, tents and innate institutions, or from specially coordinated spans of earth, might make an vital contribution to
drinking water.( Anon, 2009 )
It is a style to rise the nutrition of groundwater across storage rainwater innately, by rooftop water producing, packaged to engraved wells
(Thompson,2010 ). From the main goals of rainwater producing is:
Supplement internal water needs.
To face the producing demand from water
To amass rainwater.
To supply water to garden.
To craft awareness concerning rainwater producing system.
This assignment debates concerning water conservation across the adoption of rainwater

Author: Chien–Lin Haung, Nien–Sheng Hsu, Chih–Chiang Wei, and Wei–Jiun Luo Optimal Spatial Design of Capacity and Quantity of Rainwater
Harvesting Systems for Urban Flood Mitigation http://www.mdpi.com/2073–4441/7/9/5173/htm The change of global climate and the increasing rate
of severe hydrological events, combined with Taiwan's densely populated and overdeveloped areas. Flooding caused by heavy rainfall is more than
what it can handle. When there is a typhoon and heavy rainfall, the water level rise very quickly. The pumping stations cannot handle that much water,
and can't keep up with the water levels. Over time, they have debated about putting in rainwater harvest systems. Rainwater harvest systems are
containers that collect roof...show more content...
In 2012, Campisano and Modica created a dimensionless methodology for the best design of domestic rainwater harvest systems. From these studies, it
can be proved that the previous research had poorly designed the intake of the rainwater harvest systems. The size of the designs of rainwater harvest
systems were kept in small communities. They also lacked consideration of all metropolitan catchments varying in special capacity and quality of the
systems. The second category in rainwater harvest systems is simulation and evaluation of the effectiveness. First the research included evaluating the
possible potential for safe to drink water savings by using rainwater in residential areas. The second thing that was in the research was estimating
nonpotable household potential. With the performance of storage type, and investigating the potential benefits from sharing rainwater harvest systems
with neighbors by using rainfall data. Establishing the probabilistic relationships between storage capacities and deficit rates of rainwater harvest
systems was some of the next things that were used to consideration. These studies weren't really considered for the surface and sewer flowing after
rainwater. There are many studies evaluating the performance and reliability if rainwater harvest systems using numerical or hydrological models.
Jones and Hunt figured

The list below are some creative and innovative solutions to water scarcity. Very basic technology, such as rainwater collection, water filtration,
building wells and water desalination can be some solutions, but they are not included in this list, as it is already very common and many countries
/communities/fundraisers have employed these technologies already. Innovative Technology P&G PUR Packets (for cities/towns with contaminated
water) The PUR packet is a small pack of powder that can quickly turn 10 liters of dirty water to clean and drinkable water. Developed by P&G and
the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the PUR packet removes pathogenic microorganisms and suspended matter, making
previously contaminated water clean. Watch a video of how it works: http://www.pg.com/pur_packet.shtml. Atmospheric Humidity Collector (for cities
/towns with lack of water) Lima, Peru is one of the driest places on Earth and over 700,000 people have no access to clean water. However, Lima's
atmospheric humidity is over 90 percent. Therefore, Peru's University of Engineering and Technology (UTEC) thought of a way to turn the humid air
into clean and drinkable water. They built a humidity–collecting billboard in the Bujama District of Lima. Electricity from the city's power lines runs
the five condensers inside the billboard. When air contacts the cooled surfaces of the condensers, the air also cools, and the water vapor in the air
condenses into liquid water. After

How To Write A Fog Harvesting Essay
Water is the biggest necessity for all humans to have on this earth. Every person needs water in their body to be able to live. Other than drinking,
water has many more uses that people take advantage of. It is used for cooling machinery, it can be used as a source of power, to water crops, and
much more. Unfortunately, not everybody has access to a stable water source. Right now, several states such as California, Nevada, and Oregon
have severe drought. Many people are unable to use a toilet because they don't have the amount of water needed to flush it. In fact, 1.6 million
people in America don't have any sort of access to indoor plumbing at all.. Seeing how big of a problem it is, many states have already taken action
through various methods to obtain more water. More operations have begun to obtain more water from different sources, and many states have
employed methods to clean dirty water and give it to the people. Despite these efforts, the reality is that there are still too many people without access
to water, and the level of drought that some of our states have is too much. There is one method that has been used within a minor scale in some other
countries that requires some more attention, which is called fog harvesting. Fog harvesting is a method that should be used much more in areas that
lack water because it is environmentally friendly, is easy to construct, requires no constant attention or care, and it simply provides a great amount of
water. As shown

Rain Water Harvesting
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Rainwater harvesting
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia | This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline
citations. Please help toimprove this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2012)|
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. It has been used to provide drinking water,
water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses and local institutions can make an
important contribution to the availability of drinking water. See also first flush. Contents [show] |...show more content...
Veeranam is a 16–kilometre (9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465 mcft.
[edit]Present day * Currently in China and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practiced for providing drinking water, domestic water, water
for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels. Gansu province in China and semi–arid north east Brazil have the
largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects ongoing. * In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for
the residents. * The U.S. Virgin Islands have a similar law. * In Senegal and Guinea–Bissau, the houses of the Diola–people are frequently equipped
with homebrew rainwater harvesters made from local, organic materials. * In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and
communities rely on mud–lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season. Some of these ponds are centuries old
and are treated with great reverence and respect.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER RAJASTHAN CONTEXT by Dr. S. K. GUPTA
Scientist 'D' Central Ground Water Board Western Region, Jaipur
Rain water harvesting and Artificial recharge of ground water
Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection
and storage of rain water at surface or in subsurface aquifer, before it is lost as surface run off or as
evaporation.
The artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that under natural conditions
of replenishment utilizing suitable civil construction techniques.
Identification of Area
Areas where availability of ground water is inadequate in lean months. Areas where groundwater levels...show more content...
Check Dam, Cement Plug, Nala Bund
A series of small bunds are made across selected nala sections such that the flow of surface water in the stream channel is impeded and water is
retained on pervious soil/rock surface for longer period. Nala bunds are constructed across bigger nalas of second order streams in areas having
gentler slopes. A nala bund acts like a mini percolation tank.
Horizontal Section of Nala Bund
Vertical Section of Nala Bund
Site Characteristic and Design Guidelines
The total catchment of the nala should normally be between 40 to 100 Hectares. The rainfall in the catchment should be 25 m). Aquifer is over lain by
impervious thick clay beds. Injection well can be with or without assembly. The Injection well with assembly should have screen in the potential
aquifer at least 3–5 m below the water level. The injection well without assembly is filled with gravel to provide hydraulic continuity so that water is
directly recharged into the aquifer.

п‚§ п‚§
The injection well without assembly is very costeffective. The efficiency is very high and rate of recharge goes even up to 15 1ps at certain places.
Vertical Shaft with Injection Well
Rainwater Harvesting Structure, Collectorate Building, Jaipur
Lateral Recharge Shaft
пЃ±
Ideally suited for areas where permeable sandy horizon is within 3 meter

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1BACKGROUND
Rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) is a direct collection of water from roofs and other purpose built catchments. It is also as the collection of sheet
runoff from a made–man ground or natural surface catchments and rock catchments for domestic, industry, agriculture and environmental use (Abdul
Hamid & Nordin, 2011). Normally, RWHS is depended to the size of the roof catchment area and the available rainfall. RWHS usually have six
components. There are the catchment area, gutter and downspout, a filtration system, a storage system, a delivery system and a treatment system.
According to (M. Martim & W. Watkins, Jr, 2010, pp. 2000
–2009) RWHS is a roof collection system which has three main...show more content...
The government is trying to promote the application of RWH systems in buildings, houses, mosques and others. Therefore, the RWH systems are not
considered as a new phenomenon.
The RWH systems apply an environmental friendly design. People throughout Malaysia lack enough knowledge of knowing the benefits RWH
systems. Within the support and effort of government in promoting the application of RWH systems, the numbers of buildings and others using the
RWH systems increased.
The establishment of National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM) make people aware to study how the importance of RWH systems
actually. Based on NAHRIM, approximately RWH systems begun implemented during of drought crisis in 1998 which brought unpleasant water supply
disruptions for Klang Valley folks.
Although, the application is still ongoing, the implementation of RWH systems in building offices not widely use. This implementation is executed
more on green building offices. From these circumstances, it seems like RWH systems only competence to the green buildings because RWH systems
is non environmental impact and it design for green. Here, we will look how far differences of efficiency RWH System between green building and
non green building on this study.
Besides, RWH systems are described as water and energy efficiency that had further explained in background. Although, RWH

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Rooftops
In Cairo, Manshiet Nasser is a prime location for Zabbaleen which are local collectors of garbage. They are supposed to recycle the city's waste and
they recycle as much as 80% of the collected refuse (Simpson, 2016). Most of the rooftops at this area is used as a space for storing, segregating
garbage, and processing Garbage where it is considered as a valuable resource of income and business. Residence and work areas are attached to one
another.
In downtown Cairo, Zamalek, and some other areas. Many rooftops are used as residence especially in the areas where the buildings' rooftops do
have previously service rooms for drivers and maids' Focusing more on such areas, it's also considered as suitable living areas(s) for many families
that couldn't find the suitable homes, especially with the shortage of housing units. Having these rooftops with basic conditions of living standards,
prime location among the city, is not a bad idea to be hosting many residents.
5. Literature review
5.1. Green roof definition.
A green roof is defined as a living roof at the top of a building which is either partly or totally covered with vegetation and a growing medium and
underneath it is a strong and water resistant membrane. Some additional layers are sometimes included in it as well like root barrier along with a
system of irrigation and drainage. Plants are grown on the top of the roofs and this helps in the replacement of vegetated footprints which were lost
while constructing the

Disadvantages Of Dry Storage Containers
Dry storage containers are most commonly available in 10, 20 and 40 feet lengths. They are widely used and found in a variety of colours depending
on their branding and label. Nevertheless, they come in high cubes as well, whereby the height of the containers are slightly higher than the standard
ones. The most striking advantage of using dry storage container is that they are highly reusable. They are constructed mainly with different
compositions of steel such as structural steel, wieldable steel that are weather proof and non–corrosive in the long run. they are both durable and strong.
Moreover, a steel lockbox feature may be added to it to enhance the security. It is mostly constructed with different compositions of steel for the entire
...show more content...
They generally come in 20 and 40 feet length which is similar to that of the dry storage container. However, due to the refrigeration unit and
ventilation equipment, some space are occupied resulting in a slight decrease in cargo space available. It is a temperature controlled container that
can go as low as negative 60 degree Celsius or even high temperature too if required. They are even equipped with a dehumidifier to ensure optimal
humidity and some even offer the control over the atmosphere such as adjusting the composition of air inside the container. They are often used for
the shipment of perishables such as flowers and fruits like bananas or even frozen goods.Its refrigeration unit is connected to the carrying ship's
electrical power supply and in some cases an external battery Air Freight Container / Pallet Air Freight Containers are also known as Unit Load
Devices (ULD). They are constructed with sheets of aluminum that are specially molded to fit plane's profile. the various edges of the plane so as to
maximize the limited amount of space. They are certified for air–worthiness to make sure they won't jeopardise flight safety or harm the

INTRODUCTION
It is widely known that water covers up to 70% of our planet's surface. However, we have never been able to have enough fresh water to meet our
demands. Up until now, 1.1 billion people worldwide still lack the access to usable water sources and a total of 2.7 billion find water scarce for at
least one month of the year. (WWF) Even in a centralized industry area, the main water supply system sometimes not able to meet the demand.
Water crisis is now a global problem. Since the 1950s till this present date the population of world has increased into double. The use of water is
increasing but the sources are constant for safe water. The world is facing an overall of deficit of fresh water. Therefore, the need to find an additional
water resource is inevitable.
Rainwater...show more content...
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
In times of such crisis today, rainwater harvest is indeed a blessing. However, there is no perfect solution for a reality problem.
Below we are going to highlight some advantage and disadvantages of rainwater harvesting.
Advantage
1.Rain water harvest relieves pressure on other water sources. In a small community such in rural or mountain area, rainwater supply can co–exist with
other sources and can act as a supplement to them. (CEF, 2013)
2.Safe, drinkable reserved rainwater can be the solution when there is a calamity or an outbreak of safe water. It can help us prevent many diseases
and epidemic to spread wide during water crises due to the use of unclean, contaminated water.
3.Storing excess rain water during rainy season can help reduce the possibility of. Drainage overload can also be prevented by keeping drinkable
fresh water from the rainwater. Furthermore, water from flood can also be well taken care of and utilized by the rain harvesting system.(GDRC, 2015)
4.It can help reduce soil erosion during rainy

Why Is Tap Water Better Than Rainwater
Rainwater and Tap Water
For many years, commoners debated whether tap water or rainwater is better for the growth of plants. These waters have different levels of salinity
and different PH levels. The higher level of the salinity, the lower chance of plant growth and vise versa . The lower level of the salinity, the higher
chance of plant growth. Also the lower PH level, the higher chance of plant growth. The higher PH level, the lower chance of plant growth. Rainwater
is better for the plant's growth due to the lower level of salinity and the lower level of PH.
According to Freshly Squeezed Water (1), an organization that fits filtration systems in homes and businesses, tap water contains more salinity than
rainwater (FreshlySqueezedWater 1). Salinity is not good from plants because it can absorbs the plant's water which can be very harmful to its growth.
Tap water also contains arsenic, radium, aluminum, copper, lead, mercury, cadmium, and fluoride. Fluoride can build up in the plant's tissues which
can lead to defects in photosynthesis. Due to the fluoride within the water, tap water is not a good choice for plants. Also many...show more content...
Ken Rubin 1). Acid rain is rainfall that contains acid from atmospheric pollution. The amount of acid in rainfall differs from where the rainfall is from.
Dr.Ken Rubin wrote on how acid rain affects plants. Acid rain affects plants differently due to the makeup of the plant's tissues and the makeup of the
soil. This effect is neither good nor bad depending on the makeup of the plant and the soil. Dr.Ken also stated that the excess acid in soil can dissolve
soil substrate, leading to erosion. This is very harmful to the growth of the plant's because erosion can lead to the absence of nutrient within the soil.
Rainwater can have a harmful effect on the growth of the plant due to acid

Rainwater Harvesting: Conserving Water at DHS
Decatur High School uses water for numerous tasks on a daily basis. Whether its watering schools lawns, washing animals at the Ag building,
watering greenhouse plants, or cooking in the cafeteria and washing one's hands; DHS could not function without the readily available supply of
water. Unfortunately, water has become scarcer in Texas over the past few years, because of extreme drought conditions. Due to the limited supply of
water in Wise County and surrounding areas, DHS should install a rainwater harvesting system. People often take water for granted, assuming that it
will always be readily available. They see endless pictures of beautiful lakes, rivers, and oceans that have an abundance of crystal clear water on
websites such as...show more content...
In the same way, Georgia Tech created a 6000–gallon collection system that waters landscape and allows over flow to travel to a nearby pond ("Old
Civil"). These two schools are merely examples of the hundreds of schools seeking to make a positive impact on their environment. At CHRIS Kids, a
foster care system in Atlanta, Georgia, a 19,400–gallon collection tank was built to provide water for irrigation. Property manager Harold Moreau
stated "We use those gallons of water for our irrigation. The property has a lot of natural vegetation, and with the readily available source of water
from the cistern, we're able to water accordingly as well as reduce costs, because we're not taking in any city water to use for our irrigation
program"("CHRIS Kids"). Building a proper rainwater system can be rather expensive upfront; however, many organizations offer funding to assist
with the cost and in the long run, the benefits will outweigh the cost that was spent to build it. According to the Texas Water Development Board, a
typical collection system for a home will cost between eight to ten thousand dollars ("Frequently Asked Questions"). While this sounds like an
outrageous price to collect a small amount of water, systems can actually collect a lot of water from only a little amount of rain. The average rainfall
in Austin is 32 inches annually, but homes can collect up to 34,000 gallons of water per year ("Frequently Asked

What Are The Best Options For Harvesting Stormwater?
Explore the Reuse options for harvesting stormwater.
Christopher Dinh
Undergraduate Student, School of Civil Engineering
Queensland University of Technology, Gardens Point Campus
2 George Street, Brisbane, 4001
Abstract
The aim of this technical conference paper is to explore the reuse options for Stormwater Harvesting.
There are several options that are explored and described in detail, in order to determine the most efficient.
Introduction
The recent drought in Australia has raised the need for more efficient, sustainable management of water sources throughout urban areas in the
ever–changing diverse Australian climate; with major objectives of reducing water pollution and...show more content...
Stormwater Harvesting
Stormwater Harvesting projects typically cost millions of dollars. With the larger the scale of the scheme, the larger the costs of funding, but in return
millions of litres of water can potentially be saved annually [4]. Having said that, there are still millions of dollars invested into unprecedented pilot
projects which inevitably become invaluable learning opportunities to determine which means can be utilised best as being the most cost–effective.
Developing successful Stormwater Harvesting schemes are reliant upon pilot projects which can provide specific guidance by means of producing
new ideas and principles. However, there are a few constant elements that are generally common in all Stormwater Harvesting schemes developed,
which will be discussed below.
In a typical Stormwater Harvesting scheme, there are several stages that are critical to the process. Unlike basic "Rainwater Harvesting", which simply
involves collecting the water runoffs from roofs, Stormwater Harvesting incorporates several common elements across the varying methods which
include the collection (harvesting) of runoff water from drains, treatment, storage and distribution into urban areas [1].
Harvest

Stormwater is harvested from a water source (e.g. drain).
If the source is owned by a private owner or government body sector, a licence will need to be attained.
Treatment
The harvested stormwater is treated to a water quality level that is

Rainwater collection can help minimize the demand for water that gardening makes during the hottest, driest periods. Rain barrels are a great way
to capitalize on this free source of water. Reasonably priced and easy to install, gardeners are advised to take a look at utilizing rain barrels.
Rainwater collection for use during dry spells is not new technology; rainwater has been being collected for over 2,000 years. This ancient
technology has found new life among today 's green gardeners. Costs of municipal water are rising and drought restrictions now face many areas of
the United States. While the average American may not be inclined to install a large cistern in their yard, rain barrels provide a reasonably priced and
easily installed option that produces a nice supplement to traditional water sources. Water is a much valued and often taken for granted natural
resource. Water is essential to life, human, critter, plant and other. Many Americans turn on the tap, leave it running for whatever their intended
purpose, such as brushing one 's teeth, and never give a thought to the big picture of water shortages around the world. Often gardeners turn on their
sprinklers with not much thought beyond their knowledge that their plants need a thorough soaking. It may seem to some that water is in abundance.
Lakes and rivers may dot the topo map of your region. However, consider these facts. Though 70% of the Earth surface is water only 2.5% is fresh
water (as opposed to salt

Rain Water Harvesting
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Other Information
In the present scenario management and distribution of water has become centralized. People depend on government system, which has resulted in
disruption of community participation in water management and collapse of traditional water harvesting system.
As the water crisis continues to become severe, there is a dire need of reform in water management system and revival of traditional systems.
Scientific and technological studies needs to be carried out to assess present status so as to suggest suitable mitigative measures for the revival to
traditional system/wisdom. Revival process should necessarily be backed by people 's...show more content...
This method is less expensive and very effective and if implemented properly helps in augmenting the ground water level of the area.
Components of the roof top rainwater harvesting system
The illustrative design of the basic components of roof top rainwater harvesting system is given in the following typical schematic diagram/
The system mainly constitutes of following sub components:
В§ Catchment
В§ Transportation
В§ First flush
В§ Filter

The surface that receives rainfall directly is the catchment of rainwater harvesting system. It may be terrace, courtyard, or paved or unpaved open
ground. The terrace may be flat RCC/stone roof or sloping roof. Therefore the catchment is the area, which actually contributes rainwater to the
harvesting system.
Transportation
Rainwater from rooftop should be carried through down take water pipes or drains to storage/harvesting system. Water pipes should be UV resistant
(ISI HDPE/PVC pipes) of required capacity. Water from sloping roofs could be caught through gutters and down take pipe. At terraces, mouth of the
each drain should have wire mesh to restrict floating material.
First Flush
First flush is a device used to flush off the water received in first shower. The first shower of rains needs to be flushed–off to avoid contaminating
storable/rechargeable water by the probable contaminants of the atmosphere and the catchment roof. It

Measurement Folio Task : Rainwater Harvesting
Measurement Folio Task
Rainwater Harvesting
Introduction:
In today's world, the scarcity of water due to global warming and climate changes is a major problem. This cannot be reduced just by introducing
water restrictions, it is necessary to collect and store water in order to use them during droughts and situations where the supply of water is limited.
For this purpose, many cities have decided to build rainwater harvesting tanks in order to collect and store rainwater for future use.
Rainwater can be used in various ways including watering gardens, toilet flushes, household chores etc. Though, it is not advisable to drink rainwater,
it can still be used for cooking after being boiled or cleansed.
This report will include investigating several things such as the sizes of the tanks required for a certain volume of water, the volume of water that
should be used during different times of the year and so on.
Through this task, common questions like– What is the capacity of rainfall that my roof can catch? How often does rainfall occur? / What is the
average rainfall in my area? What dimensions of the tank would I need, to save a certain amount of water? How much water would I need for a
certain period of time? Would be answered
Answers
To prove: 1mm of rain that falls on 1m2 of surface = 1 litre of water in the tank.
L.H.S= 1 mm of rain on 1m2 of surface
Volume/ Capacity = h*A
= 1mm * 1m2
= 0.001m * 1m2 (Since 1mm= 0.001m)
= 0.001m3
1m3 = 1000 litre

в€
ґ

Hot Water Tank
LAB REPORT
"Hot water tank"
QUALIFICTION: NATIONAL DIPLOMA
SUBJECT: CONTROL SYSTEMS 2
SUBJECT CODE: ASY 211
Student nВ°: 201228212
Surname: KALA
Initials: T.G.
20th /05/2014
Experiments to consider
i.Basic sequence1 ii. Basic sequence 2 iii. Batch count sequence iv. Automatic reset
v.Soaking period (version 1) vi. Soaking period (version 2)
i.HWT 1 (Basic sequence1)
Objective
The aim of this experiment is to build and understand the basics of the operation of a hot water tank sequence.
This experiment actually introduces the basic functions and the use of a hot water tank.
Procedure:
From the beginning of the sequence the tank is empty and all the valves will be closed (not active), once the start button which is (I07) on the diagram
is pressed inlet valve fast which is (Q01) will open and will then start filling the tank with the water. The level of water in the tank will start rising and
once the water reaches the min level which is (I01), (I01) will sense the water and will turn on, once the water has rose and reached the max level

(I04), I04 will turn on and will cause the inlet valve to close and outlet valve (Q03) to open and the tank will then start to drain the water. Now to
stop the sequence, the outlet valve will close as soon as the water goes below the min level (I01).
Circuit Diagram
Figure 1 (Basic Sequence 1)
ii.HWT 2 (Basic sequence 2)
Objective Same as first experiment but this time we have been asked to design a system

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