2. Causes of WWI – MANIA!
• Militarism - policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war,
military used as a tool for diplomacy
• Alliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on
another
• Nationalism – extreme pride in one’s country, national interests should be
placed above international affairs
• Imperialism – when one country takes over another country economically
and politically.
• Assassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand
3.
4. Alliances
• There were 2 major alliances in Europe before
WW1. Alliances were made to protect each
nation from attack
• The Triple Alliance – Germany, Italy, Austria
Hungry
• The Triple Entente – Russia, France, Britain
5.
6. The Spark
• Archduke Franz
Ferdinand and his
wife Sophie are
assassinated by
Gavrilo Princip.
• He was a member of
the Serbian
nationalist group –
the black hand.
7. The Domino Effect
• Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s
death and declared war on Serbia.
• Germany pledged their support for
Austria –Hungary
• Russia pledged their support for Serbia.
8. • Germany declares war on Russia.
• France pledges their support for Russia.
• Germany declares war on France.
• Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.
• Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war
on Germany.
9. Who was fighting?
Allied Powers Central Powers
• Britain & its colonies
• France & its colonies
• Russia
• Italy
• United States
• Many more
• Germany
• Austria-Hungry
• Ottoman Empire
• Bulgaria
10.
11. Stalemate
• Outdated military tactics and new technology quickly turn the war
into a stalemate
• Trenches were dug in France to protect soldiers and solidify gains.
The area between the Central Powers and Allied Powers was known
as no mans land.
12.
13. New Technology
• New Technology was used to turn WW1 into a
modern war.
– Tanks, Planes, Submarines, Poison Gas, Machine
Guns all see use in the war.
14. U.S. Neutrality
• U.S. remains neutral until 1917
• Practicing (foreign) policy of Isolationism
Reason:
1. Europe’s war
2. Economic reasons
- trade
- financial backing
3. Immigrant sympathizers
15. U.S. getting drawn into WWI
• Germany counter-attack to GB’s blockaded with
• the U-boats (sinking without warning)
• May 7, 1915 U-boat sank the Lusitania
- German’s defense - was carrying ammunition
• March 1916 Germany torpedoes the Sussex liner
• Sussex Pledge – agreement - Germany would stop attacking
ships if U.S. could get G.B. to lift blockade
• Election of 1916: Wilson wins on campaign promise to keep
the U.S. out of war
16. Neutrality Ends
Immediate Causes:
• Violation of Sussex - Germany announces the U-boats will
sink ships again - no warning
• Rev. in Russia- attempting democratic gov’t
now an acceptable ally
• Zimmermann Note (telegram from Germany to Mexico)
suggesting an alliance between them and promising to help
them recover the territories of TX,
NM, & AZ
* 1917 – U.S. had no option but to enter the war
17.
18.
19. Big IDEAS for the
U.S. entrance
• Financial - to ensure Allies victory and
repayment of debts to the U.S.
• Threat - to prevent the Germans harming
U.S. shipping and protect U.S. territory
20. The "I WANT
YOU" Army
recruiting poster
from World War I
became the most
recognized image
of Uncle Sam, a
character first
made popular by
Thomas Nast and
other 19th century
political cartoonists.
The poster was
painted by James
Montgomery Flagg
in 1916-
1917. Flagg
reportedly used his
own face as the
model for Uncle
Sam’s stern visage.
www.klasek.com/90th/1917_timeline.html
21. Home Front Production
• shifting in production of goods
• must make war & consumer goods
pro.corbis.com/search/Enlargement.aspx?CID=is...
22. Selective Service Act
• a draft
• eventually 24 million draftees
• ages of 21-23
(some lied about their age)
• Those excused
- married men
- those with dependents
- medical reasons
24. Women and WWI
• filled all types of roles/jobs in society
i.e.
• driving cabs and delivery trucks
• bricklayers
• cooks
• railroad workers
• dock workers and shipbuilder
• Roles in society gave them the final
ammunition needed for the 19th amendment
25. • women filled industry jobs
https://www.allposters.co.jp/RedirectLocale.a...
26. War Industries Board (WIB)
• encourage mass production techniques
• to increase efficiency & eliminate waste
- production increased by 20%
- i.e. corsets
tall leather boots
hemlines
laracorsets.com
28. Supporting the War
• Propaganda
~ persuasive technique used to influence
opinions
~ A campaign to help people feel justified
in the sacrifices they were making.
• promote patriotism
• it manufactured hate
30. Fuel Administration
• monitored coal supplies, rationed gasoline &
heating oil
• adopted to help conserve for the war
i.e.
• gasless Sunday
• heatless Monday
• lightless nights
~ daylight-savings
time used
www.rainfall.com/posters/WWI/195.htm
31. Food Administration
• established to conserve food (voluntary)
• Herbert Hoover - director
• each day special emphasis
i.e.
- wheatless Mon. and Wed.
- meatless Tues.
- porkless Thurs. and Sat.
- sweetless Fri
(calling it Hooverizing)
• victory gardens
- planted at people’s homes
- on city buildings and
in allies staff.imsa.edu/.../jiang_3_7/conservation.htm
32. Financing the War
• U.S. spent 33 billion
• raised 1/3 with taxes
(higher income taxes)
• higher excise tax on
luxury goods
• Liberty Loans
- war bonds
33.
34. Attack on Civil Liberties
• worst attacks directed at German - Americans
i.e.
• lost their jobs
• would not play music by German composers
• Schools stopped teaching German language
• German books were removed from libraries
35. Government ‘s Role
• Sedition Act (p. 598)
no disloyalties to the U.S. gov., its symbols, or the war,
• Espionage Act
punish those found helping the enemy
• Trading with the Enemy Act
postmaster could censor publications exchanged
* What did all of these violate?
Civil Liberties cont…
36. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
• Jan. 1918
• Wilson presented to Congress
- Causes of war
- boundaries
- plan for peace /League of Nations
(international peace organization)
37. Peace Conference
• Allied leaders / Council of Ten
• new Russian leaders did not attend
• Purpose: decide end of war issues
• Wilson presented his 14 pts.
- wanted peace organization
• Clash between Wilson’s ideas & Allies
rewards/punishments
- Allies wanted territory & Germany punished
38. Treaty of Versailles
• agreement to end the war
• between Allies & Central Powers
• League of Nations included
- U.S. Congress did not support
- made it a WEAK organization
39. Terms of the Treaty
• Germany had to accept full responsibility for war.
• Germany had to surrender all land back to its
surrounding nations.
• Germany would reduce its military and give up all
warships.
• Germany would transfer all colonies to a mandate
where the Allies could watch them.
• Germany must pay reparations for the entire cost of
the war to the Allies.
• Territory divided (Ottoman, A-H, Russia)
• League of Nations established
40. U.S. Congress would not support plan
Reasons…
• Economic reasons
• Did not fit policy of Isolationism
• Did not want to be responsible for
world peace
* Why did Congress believe the League violated
Isolationism?
41.
42. War Impact
On the U.S.
• Industrial production increased
• became richest country in the world
• achieved a high standard of living
• citizens became materialistic
• women more opportunities/recognition
• rejecting the Treaty/League of Nations
• U.S. shifts back to a policy of Isolation
43. War Impact
On Europe:
• All economies were bad
• Land was destroyed
• German develop a depression in 1923
• German $ became almost worthless
• Germans were looking for someone to
blame
On Middle East:
• Territory divided among Allies
44. Casualties
• Total troops mobilized by all countries in WW1
– 65,038,810
• Total troops dead from all countries in WW1
– 8,556,315
• Total troops wounded from all countries in WW1
– 21,219,452
• Total missing or POWs
– 7,750,945
