2. Classified as Type 1 diabetes
It is an autoimmune disease in which a person's
pancreas stops producing insulin, a hormone that
enables people to get energy from food.
Occurs when the body's immune system attacks
and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the
pancreas, called beta cells.
Its onset has nothing to do with diet or lifestyle.
There is nothing you can do to prevent it, and-at
present-nothing you can do to get rid of it.
3. Affects children and adults
This type strikes both children and adults at
any age. It comes on suddenly.
4. 1869–Paul Langerhans discovered there were
clumps of tissue clustered in the pancreas. His
son Archibald and Edouard Laguesse later
thought the clusters of cells might secrete
something that helped regulate digestion
1901-Confirmed that the pancreas was not
functioning in a person with diabetes.
1906-George Zuelzer had some success treating
dogs, but couldn’t get support to continue his
work
1911-E.L. Scott used secretions from the islets to
reduce glucose levels, but he couldn’t get
backing to continue his work either
1920-Nicholae Paulescu isolated the secretions of
the islets of Langerhans and called it pancrein
5. 1920-Frederick Banting reviewed earlier work of
Minkowski and he thought that whatever the
pancreas secreted was controlling sugar in the
blood.
1921-Found a treatment for diabetes Banting
tested his theories on dogs and found that he
could mimic the symptoms of diabetes if they
removed the pancreas. He also found that the
symptoms would subside after injecting insulin
1922-first tests on humans using insulin
injections
1977-the first genetically-engineered human
insulin was developed using E. coli
1982-started selling human insulin.
6. Juvenile diabetes needs constant attention
Living with type 1 is a constant challenge.
People with the disease must carefully balance
insulin doses (either by injections multiple times
a day or continuous infusion through a pump)
with eating and daily activities throughout the
day and night.
They must also test their blood sugar by pricking
their fingers for blood six or more times a day.
People with type 1 still run the risk of dangerous
high or low blood sugar levels, both of which can
be life-threatening.
7. 3 million Americans may have type 1
diabetes.
Each year, more than 15,000 children and
15,000 adults are diagnosed with type 1
diabetes in the U.S.
85 percent of people living with type 1
diabetes are adults.
8. Have fun with Diabetes
http://vimeo.com/9768817
9. Minority populations have an increased rate
of diabetes compared to Caucasians
4.9 million African American adults have
diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes
10. Shields students with diabetes from unfair
treatment by creating a framework that
requires schools to provide proper care to
keep students healthy and provide the
necessary support to ensure that students
are able to optimally participate in class and
school activities.
11. Following training by the school nurse, school
staff members such as teachers, coaches, or
principals may administer glucagon in the
case of an emergency.
Students are permitted to test their blood
glucose anywhere and anytime necessary.
Capable students may self-administer
medication and self-manage their diabetes at
school.
12. Urine sugar test
Blood glucose tests
Fasting plasma glucose
Random plasma glucose
Tests for ongoing monitoring of diabetes
control
HbA1c blood test – an average blood sugar
measure over about 3 months
Fructosamine blood test – an average blood sugar
measure of about 2 weeks
13. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
C-peptide blood test
Insulin level blood test
Urine ketone tests
16. Diabetes eye tests
Kidney tests
Nerve tests
Foot and reflex tests
Knee reflex test
Other tests for associated
conditions
Cholesterol blood tests
Blood lipid tests
Liver function tests
Thyroid tests - see also tests for
thyroid conditions
17. Potentially fatal if not recognized and treated
Test blood sugar if child feels unusual
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Causes of Hypoglycemia:
Too much insulin
Delayed or missed meal
Low carbohydrate content of meal
Increased exercise
Dizziness Sweating Confusion
Shaky Trembling Pale Skin
Hunger Weakness Passing Out
Headache Pounding
Heart
Bad Dreams
Irritable Anxiety Coma
18. Every diabetic on insulin should carry some form of
sugar
3 glucose tablets
½ cup orange, apple or grapefruit juice or non-diet soft drink
1/3 cup grape or cranberry juice
1 tablespoon honey or corn syrup
3 sugar cubes
Glucagon Injection
19. Give glucagon if:
the person is unconscious
the person is unable to eat sugar or a sugar-
sweetened product
the person is having a seizure or convulsions
drink or fruit juice does not improve the patient's
condition.
Glucagon will only work when injected under
the skin into muscle or into fatty tissue.
Editor's Notes
Fatigue, constantly tired
The body is inefficient and sometimes unable to use glucose for fuel
Unexplained weight loss
Unable to process many of the calories in the foods they eat
Excessive thirst (polydipsia): A person with diabetes develops high blood sugar levels, which overwhelms the kidney's ability to reabsorb the sugar as the blood is filtered to make urine. Excessive urine is made as the kidney spills the excess sugar. The body tries to counteract this by sending a signal to the brain to dilute the blood, which translates into thirst. The body encourages more water consumption to dilute the high blood sugar back to normal levels and to compensate for the water lost by excessive urination.
Excessive urination (polyuria): Another way the body tries to rid the body of the extra sugar in the blood is to excrete it in the urine. This can also lead to dehydration because a large amount of water is necessary to excrete the sugar.
Excessive eating (polyphagia): If the body is able, it will secrete more insulin in order to try to manage the excessive blood sugar levels. Moreover, the body is resistant to the action of insulin in type 2 diabetes. One of the functions of insulin is to stimulate hunger. Therefore, higher insulin levels lead to increased hunger. Despite increased caloric intake, the person may gain very little weight and may even lose weight.
Poor wound healing: High blood sugar levels prevent white blood cells, which are important in defending the body against bacteria and also in cleaning up dead tissue and cells, from functioning normally. When these cells do not function properly, wounds take much longer to heal and become infected more frequently. Long-standing diabetes also is associated with thickening of blood vessels, which prevents good circulation, including the delivery of enough oxygen and other nutrients to body tissues.
Infections: Certain infections, such as frequent yeast infections of the genitals, skin infections, and frequent urinary tract infections, may result from suppression of the immune system by diabetes and by the presence of glucose in the tissues, which allows bacteria to grow. These infections can also be an indicator of poor blood sugar control in a person known to have diabetes.
Altered mental status: Agitation, unexplained irritability, inattention, extreme lethargy, or confusion can all be signs of very high blood sugar, ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemia nonketotic syndrome, or hypoglycemia (low sugar). Thus, any of these merit the immediate attention of a medical professional. Call your health care professional or 911.
Blurry vision: Blurry vision is not specific for diabetes but is frequently present with high blood sugar levels.