The document discusses the risks and opportunities of sewage irrigation. It notes that sewage contains nutrients that can be used as fertilizer but also pathogens that pose health risks. Sewage irrigation provides opportunities such as addressing water scarcity and poverty but risks include transmission of diseases and heavy metals to consumers through contaminated food and water. Proper treatment is needed to manage the risks while harnessing the opportunities of sewage irrigation.

1. L OADING

2. A STUDY ON RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES RELATED TO SEWAGE IRRIGATION Presented by: Zeeshan Shahid (Pakistan) BS –Chemical Engineering (4 th Semester) COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

8. SEWAGE USE IN AGRICULTURE

13. Phosphorous Potassium Nitrogen Chart showing the levels of the plant nutrients of strong, medium and weak domestic wastewaters [1] Concentration (mg/L)

18. Table showing the classes of Pathogens associated with raw sewage [2] Pathogen Class Diseases Bacteria Bacillary dysentery Typhoid fever, Cholera A variety of gastroenteric diseases Viruses Infectious hepatitis Acute gastroenteritis Poliomyelitis ''flu-like" symptoms Protozoa Amebiasis (amoebic dysentery) Giardiasis (gastroenteritis) Cryptosporidiosis (gastroenteritis) Balantidiasis (gastroenteritis) Helminths Ascariasis (roundworm infection) Taeniasis (tapeworm infection) Ancylostomiasis (hookworm infection) Trichuriasis (whipworm infection)

20. Table showing typical concentrations of Elements in Untreated Sewage [3] Element Concentration (mg/L) Aluminum 0.3-3 Arsenic 0-0.2 Barium 0-0.2 Boron 0.5-3 Cadmium 0.01-0.2 Chromium 0.1-0.3 Cobalt - Copper 0.01-0.5 Iron 0.5-6.5 Lead 0-1 Manganese 0.0002-0.003 Nickel 0.05-0.5 Zinc 0.01-2.1

23. CONCLUSION

28. THANK YOU