Environmetal studies

1. -Prof. Madhulika Bhumkar

3. NATURAL RESOURCES
1. FOREST RESOURCES
2. WATER RESOURCES
3. MINERAL RESOURCES
4. FOOD RESOURCES
5. LAND RESOURCES
6. ENERGY RESOURCES

4. MINERAL RESOURCES

5. MINERAL RESOURCES
 Magma is the main source of mineral deposits. All
rocks on earth’s surface, as well as in its interior are
made up of an aggregate of minerals.
 Mineral resources are the one from which usable
material are extracted economically from the
concentrated elements, compounds, minerals or rocks
of the earth.
 Minerals fulfil the requirements in industries,
commerce, transportation atomic minerals in power
plants.

6. VARIETY OF MINERALS
Minerals
Metals
Structural
metals
Iron,
aluminium
Scare metals
Copper, lead,
zinc, nickel,
mercury,
magnesium
Precious metals
Platinum, gold, silver
Non-
metals
NPK Building material
Rock, sand,
gravel cement,
and clay

7. In Maharashtra there are off shore deposits of
petroleum and bauxite at Kolhapur and Ratnagiri.

9. DAMAGES CAUSED BY EXPLOITATION
OF MINERAL RESOURCES
 DEVEGETATION AND DEFACING OF LAND
 AIR POLLUTION
 SOIL EROSION AND CROPPING
 SURFACE WATER POLLUTION

10. CASE STUDIES
1. BAUXITE DEPOSITS OF KOLHAPUR:
 Bauxite and laterite form the aquifers in ground
water thus change the ground water conditions.
 Loss of vegetation.
 Rehabilitation and afforestation is essential.
2. KUDERMUKH IRON ORE IN KARNATAKA
 First systematic effort has been done to control
environmental pollution
 Largest open cast mine in india

11. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN
 Afforestation on mining site
 Formation of contour trenches in mining site
 Formation of green belt along the roads
 Parks and gardens in the township area and green belt
around it is developed

19. FERTILIZERS AND PESTISIDES
PROBLEMS
 Organic and chemical fertilizers increase the fertility
of soil.
 Pesticides are biocides that are designed to kill
unwanted life.
 Reduction in bio-diversity of natural pest enemies,
and friendly organisms
 In India, 20% of food products contain pesticides.
 Also, out of 133 pesticides for regular use, 34 are those
which are banned or restricted in other countries

20. BIO-INTESIVE INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT (BIPM)
 Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies of
crop pest
 Use of healthy seed
 Bio-fertilizer
 Crop rotation

21. WATER CLOGGING AND SALINITY
 Irrigation without proper drainage of excess water
 Ground Water level less than 1.5m to 2.1 m clogging is
major problem
 Low rainfall regions with excessive irrigation causes
salination.
 The rich alluvial plains of uttar pradesh and punjab
suffer seriously from desertification by excessive
farming
 In Maharashtra, Digraj of Sangli district thousands of
hectares of fertile land has permanently lost its
productivity

23.  The most important resource upon which all
human activity is based is land.
 India has 2.4 % land of the world, supporting 16%
of the total population
 Land degradation can be defined as any change in
the land that reduces its condition or quality and
hence its productivity or productive potential.

24. MAJOR LAND USE CATEGORIES IN
INDIA, AREA IN MILLION HECTARE
CULTIVATED,
142
FOREST
67
BARREN &
PASTURE
55
FALLOW
25
NON-
AGRICULTURE
20

27. CASE STUDY Selenium –Punjab
 In 1981-82, farmers from Hoshirapur and Nawanshehar
Districts approached scientists of the Punjab Agricultural
University (PAU), Ludhiana, as wheat crops had turned
white. Soil analysis indicated selenium (Se) levels in the
area were above toxic limits. Se is a naturally occurring
trace element, essential for animal and human health, but
the gap between requirement and excess is narrow. Soils
containing 0.5 microgrammes (ug) of Se per kg or more are
injurious to health. In some areas of Punjab, Se levels
ranges from 0.31 ug/kg to 4.55ug/kg. Rice cultivation
requires the presence of standing water. Being highly
soluble, Se dissolves and comes to the surface.

41. WHY IS ALL THIS HAPPENING . . . ?

42. Population
growth and
the resulting
shortage of
resources

43. Greed for
material goods

44. How would you feel to have
plenty of money....
Unlimited!!!!!!!!

45. And how would you feel to
have all this money and no
natural resources left???

46. ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
The two most damaging factors leading to the current
rapid depletion of all forms of natural resources are
increasing ‘consumerism’ on the part of the affluent
sections of society, and rapid population growth. Both
factors are the results of choices we make as
individuals. As individuals we need to decide;
• What will we leave to our children? (Are we thinking of
short-term or long-term gain?)
• Is my material gain someone else’s loss?

47. We must ask ourselves if we
have perhaps reached a critical
flash point, at which economic
‘development’ affects the lives of
people more adversely than the
benefits it provides.