Er. Vikas Nishad

1. COLLAGE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGG.
CAPUS – ETAWAH 206001
DIRECT BY
Er. VIKAS NISHAD
Er. Vikas Nishad
Quilification -
Agriculture - 10th
, 12th
From - J.P.SHARMA INTER COLLAGE BABERU BANDA UP
Graduation – B.Tech Agricultural Engineering
From – CSAUAT Kanpur Campus - Etawah

2. AGRONOMOGY
Definition - Agronomy is branch of agriculture science which deals with
principales and practice soil, water and crop management know as called
agronomy
The term agriculture is derived from the LATIN word ager or agri meaning soil
and cultura meaning
Cultivation . Agriculture isa very broad term encompassing all aspects of crop
production , livestock farming , fisheries , forestry , etc
Father of agronomy - peetro dey cresangy
Book name – opas rurelium camodon
Introduction of agronomy
The term agriculture is derived from the LATIN word ager or agri meaning soil
and cultura meaning
Cultivation . Agriculture isa very broad term encompassing all aspects of crop
production , livestock farming , fisheries , forestry , etc Agroculture is the
science and arts
Agriculture is a productive unit where the natural iputs I,e light , air , water
nutrient etc

3. Scope of AgronomY
Agronomy is the dynamic discipline with the adavancement of knowledge and
bettar understanding of plant and environment , agricultural practice are
modified or new practice development for high productivity .
CROPS
Definition of crops - The group of plant which have economic value called
crops
CROPS
Crops refrers to group of plant sown and harvestet by man for some definite
economic purpose
Classification of crops
Can we done the basis of deffrent criteria and presently crops classified in
twenty five group of six classification which are very important give as follow
(A) Classification of According to Season
1.Kharif 2. Rabi 3. Zaid

4. 1. Kharif crops
The crops which sown just befor mansoon or after mansoon (rainy
season ) 15 june to 15 july and the harvest in month of 15 octover to
15 november befor ( winter season)
Example – paddy , maize , millet, sorghum,etc
2.Rabi crops
The crops which sown just befor mansoon or after mansoon (winter season )
15 November to 15 December and the harvest in month of 15 March to 15
April befor called Rabi crops
Example- Wheat , Barley, gram, Pea and Lentil
3. Zaid crops
The crops which sown just befor mansoon or after mansoon (sort of summer ) 15
February to 15 March and the harvest last month of june (befor mansoon )
called zaid crops
Example - watermelon, pumpkin (vegetable crops )
B. classification of According to orgin

5. 1. Indigenous crops – the crops originated and distributed in land and
further riches a bought
Example – sugarcane, jute , gram, tea,. Pearl, millet, barley,etc
2.Exotic crops – the crops which are originated and distribute a
brouth and from there to other countries called exotic crops
Example- berseem, wheat, potato, paddy , sorghum etc
C. classification of According to life cycle
There are three type of life cycle
1.Annual crops 2. Biennual crops 3. Perennial crops
1. Annual crops – The crops which complete their life cycle from
few month to one year (Germination to maturity ) called
annual crops
Example- Wheat, barley, maize, moong, soybean ,and mustard
2.Biennual crops – the crops which complete their life cycle in two year
Called biennual crops
Example- onion ,. Sugarbeat , etc
3.Perennial crops- – the crops which complete their life cycle in one
To three year and it is not necessary to give
complete production called perennial cops
Example – Lucern, Turmeric, and Ginger etc

6. D. Classification According to Family (Botanical
Classification)
1. poaceae( Gramineae) - wheat , paddy, millet, sorghum, maize, sugarcane
2.fabaceae ( Leguminaceae )- Gram,pegionpea, pea, urad , moong, soybean,
frenchbean,etc
3.Solenaceae - potato tobacco, tomato, brinjal, greenpaper, etc
4.Malvaceae - cotton, ladyfinger, Hibiscus, jute etc
5.Crucifereae – Toria, Mustrad, Cauliflower, Cabbage, etc
6.Compositeae – Sunflower, sufflower, Niger,etc
7.Linaceae - Onion,Garlic,
8.Umblifereae - Coriander , fenugreek
9.Cucurbitaceae – Bottle guard, Pumpkin , Bitter guard, Spong guard , Snak
guard, etc,
E.Classification According to the special Purposes
1. Green Manures crops - the crop which are used green manures in field or after harvesting
called green manures crops
Example – Surghum , Urd Moong,Cowpea etc
2.Mulch crops - The crops which are used are mulch in main crop plot to
Reduce moisture loss and weed control called mulch crops
Example- Maize , paddy , etc
3.Silo crops - the crops which are used are silage at the stage to aroid
scarcity of green fodder in leap time for anim,al , called silo crops

7. Example - maize , sorghum millet
4.Hay crops - The crops which are used as hay after dry in the shed and reseverd
from animal feeding called Hay crops
Example lucern (medicago sativa )
6. Guard crops - the crops which protect the main crop in the plot if guard crops
sown in the boundry between the crop
Example- ladyfinger, marigold, around in cotton, mesta around the sugarcane
6.Augment crops - The crops which increase the biomass of main crops
Called augment crops
Example barseem, mustard fodder , maize cowpea
7. Smother crops - The crops which protect the soil from moisture loss and
Control the weed called smother crops
Example- urd , cowpea
8.Cover crops - The crops which protect from soil ersion and save the soil
fertility Called cover crops
Example – soybean, French, kidney bean , cowpea
9. Strip crops - the crops which are grown in high solopy soil of hills and
protect the soil from ersion losses called strip crops
example – sorghum , moong ,Doobgrass + cowpea , Doobgrass + lemon grass
10. cash crops - The which provides money just after harvesting the crops
or provides the money in the field , called cash crops

8. Example – sorghum, potato , cotton , tobacco, etc
11. Nurse crops - mustard in pea , sorghum in cowpea,
12. Foul crops – Upland , Paddy, Gram in light soil
13. Avenue crops - late , pegionpea , caster etc
14. Brakes crops - pulse in paddy , weed cropping system
15.Soiling crops - lucern , Grass , Nipiergrass , etc
16. Track crops – Potato, Green , Vagetable
17.Ware crops - Potato, Onion, Turmeric, Ginger
18. Pulse crops - pigeonpea , Gram, Pea , Lentill, urd ,moong,
soybean,
Frenchbean etc,
Edible oils - Mustard ,sunflower ,
19. Oils crop
Non Edible – Lineseed , caster, sufflower
20. Medicinal crops - Ashwagandha , sarpgandha, moosili, ashoka
etc

9. 21. Fiber Crops - The crops which are grown to get fiber for use in
Industry in domestic use called fiber crops
22. Forage / Fodder crops - The crops which are grown to get
Fodder or animal called forage crops
Example - Barseem, Lucern, Nepiergrass, sorghum, perlmilet
23. Tubber crops - When root Rhizome are used for crop
Called Tubber crops
Example - Potato , Carrot ,sugarbeet , Turnip
Tillage
The physical condition of soil for bettar germination growth
developmentof crop plant is called Tillage
Tilth
Tilth is aphysical condition of the soil resulting from tillage

10. KIND OF TILLAGE
1.Preparatory cultivation 2. After cultivation
1.Primary Tillage 2. Secondry Tillage 3. Layout Tillage
Deep Tillage
Sub Soiling
Year Round Tillage
Example of Primary Tillage - Wooden plough , Mouldboard
plough , Disc plough ,
Example of Secondry Tillage – Tractor Drawn Cultivator,
Sweet Cultivator ,Harrows,

11. Disc Harrow , Blade Harrow , Indigenous Blade Harrow
,Pedda Guntaka ( Big Blade Harrows)
Saline Soil Crops – Paddy, Barseem, Dhaicha
Acidic Soil Crops - Mustard , Potato, ,wheat
Classification of crops on the basis of water requirement
A .More Water Required crops- Paddy, Soybean , Wheat
B.Less Water Required crops – Pulses crops , Oil seed
crops , mustard, soybean
C.Drough Prome water requird Crops - sorghum, millet ,
soybean, ( Puise crops)
D. More Water Tolerant crops – Paddy, Joot,
Classification of Crops on the Basis of Soil Type Required
1.Heavy Soil / Clay soil/ Black,Cotton Soil Crops – Paddy ,
Cotton,
Sugarcane ,
2.Sandy Loam Soil Crops – All Tuber and Roots Crops

12. 3. Sandy Soil Crops - Muskmelon, Watermelon
4.Loamy SoilCrops - Suitabale for All Crops
Classification of crops on the basis of Seed Size –
1. Small Seed Size – Barseam, Rapeseed,
Tobacco, Millet
2. Midium Seed Size – Wheat, Sorghum , Barley,
3. Large Seed Size - MAIZE ,Pea, Cotton, Gram
Kidney Bean
Classification of crops on the basis of Depth of
Roots
1.Shallow Rooted Crops – Toria, Paddy ,Potato,
Onion
2.Deep ROOTET Crops – Maize, sorghum,Cotton
Pigeon Pea , Sugarbeat,
3.Moderately Deep ROOTET Crops- Wheat , tobacco
Barley,
GrounNut, etc

13. 4.Very Deep Rootet Crops – Sugarcane,
Pigeon Pea, Rijika ,
Classification of crops on the basisa of
Nodules on Roots
1. Legumes Crops – Gram, Pea, Sunhemp,
Lentil , Moong
2. Non Legumes crops – Paddy, Wheat,
sorghum, millet ,
barley

14. Classification of crops on the basis of Soil
Erosion
1. Erosion Resisting Crops – Ground Nut ,
Moong, cowpea
Wheat ,Barley,
2.Erosion Permitting Crops – Rape seed ,
Caster ,
Maize,
Pigeon Pea
Classification of crops on the basis of
wether condition –
1.Frost Tolerant Crops – sugarbeat
2.Cold Tolerant Crops – Rapeseed ,

15. Potato,
Cauliflower,
3.Drought Tolerant – Sorghum, Millet,
Cotton,Barley
Classification of crops on the basis of
Light Period –
1.Short Day Plants – maize , sorghum,
Millet, soybean
,tobacco , cowpea, moong ,
2.Long Day Plants- Wheat,Pea, Gram
Barseam , lentil,
3.Day Neutral Plants – Cotton, potato,
sunflower ,

16. fertilizers
Definition of Fertilizer - Any substance such as
manures or a mixture of nitrtes use to make
soil more fertile is called fertilizer
Plant Nutrients
As much 95 % of a plant is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen ,
These nutrients are obtained from the air (from carbon dioxide (Co2),
And from water .
Non mineral Primary or Secondry Micronutrient
Carbon Ntrogen Calcium Zinc
Hydrogen Phosphorus Magnesium Clorine
Oxygen Potassium Sulfur Boron
Molibdenum
Copper
Iron
Manganese
Cobalt
Nickel

17. Herbicide and Their Trade Name
HERBICIDE NAME TRADE NAME
Atrazine Atratex, Atrataf
Alachlor Lasso
Butachlor Mechate
Isoproturon Ronak,Arelon
Fluchloralin Basalin
Manuron Telvar
Metalochlor Daul
Metribuzin Sencor
Lectophan Cobra
Nitrofen Tok E-25
Oxadiazon Ronstar
Dalapon Dowfon
Metsulfuron Escort
Oxyflorfen Goal
Paraquat Sweep , Grame
Pendimethalin Stomp
Propanil Stamp F-32
Sulfosulfuron Leader
Benthiocarb Belero Saturn
Glyphosate Round up
2-4 D Plantguard weedon
Imazethapyr Gaurd

18. Short
name
Full name Place State Orgine
year
IARI INDIAN
AGRICULTURE
RESERCH
INSTITUTE
NEW
DELHI
NEW DELHI 1905
IVRI INDIAN
VETERINARY
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
EJJTNAGAR UP 1889
NDRI NATIONAL
DAIRY
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
KARNAL HARIYANA 1923
CRRI CENTRAL RICE
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
CUTTAK UDISA 1945

19. CTCRI CENTRAL
TOBACCO
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
RAJMU
NDRI
AP 1947
CICR CENTRAL
INSTITUTE FOR
COTTON
RESEARCH
NAGPU
R
MAHA
RASTRA
1976
IISR INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF
SUGARCANE
RESEARCH
LUCKN
OW
UP 1952
IIHR INDIAN
INSTITUTE OF
HORTICULTURE
RESEARCH
SOLAN HIMANCHAL
PRADESH
------

20. IGFRI INDIAN
GRASSLAND AND
FODDER
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
JHANSI UP 1962
SBI SUGARCANE
BREEDING
INSTITUTE
KOIMB
TOOR
TAMIL
NADU
1912
VPKAS VIVEKANAND
PARVATIYA
KRISHI ANU-
-SHANDHAN
SHALA
ALMON
DA
UP 1924
TRA
NSFE
R
1953
BAIK
AR
PUR

21. CPRI CENTRAL POTATO
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
SHIMLA HIMAN
CHAL
PRADES
JH
1949
CPCRI CENTRAL
PLANTATION
CROPS RESEARCH
KESAR
GOD
KERAL 1970
CTCRI CENTRAL TUBER
CROPS RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
TRIVEN
DRAM
KERAL 1963
CISH CENTRAL
INSTITUTE FOR
SUBTROPICAL
HORTICULTURE
LUCK
NOW
UP 1995