A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names. the titles of the works. the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources.

1. Presented by G.Vijayalakshmi BSc.,MSc., 20py10
Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College,Sivakasi
Presented to DR.K.Nalini

2. “

3. What is bibliography?
 Derived from the Greek biblion (book)and graphein
(writing)
 A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a
particular subject
 Bibliography a science of the traansmission of literary
documents
 A bibliography provides the full reference information for
all the soures which you may have consulted in preparing
a particular project
 The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to
trace the elements

4. “
◈ We should include:
◈ Title of publication
◈ Author/editor/corporate author(surname always
comes first)
◈ Place of publication
◈ Publisher
◈ Copyright date
◈ Volume /URL/ Pagination /Month(these are not
applicable to books)
WHAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED?

5. Traits of bibliography
 The author’s name is listed in reverse order
(VIJAYALAKSHMI.G)
 The entry is generally presented in hanging –
indention form.
 The entry gives the inclusive pages of
articles,,but not for books,and does not refer to
any one page or passage.
 Second and subsequent references to
publications of the same author are indicated by
a uniform line.

6. When do you use a Bibliography?
 In a report with statistics to show where you found
those facts
 In a paper /report that uses a main idea from an
author
 In a research paper to show ALL the different sources
required by the teacher

7. USES OF BIBLIOGRAPHY
◈ To identify and verify information
◈ To locate materials
◈ To select materials for the collection

8. “
◈ There are various formats used in the creation of
a bibliography such as the American
Pyschological Association(APA),Modern
Language Association of America (MLA)and
Chicago Manual of Style and Council of Biology
Editors (CBE)
◈ The APA style of referencing is common in the
papers written on topics of social sciences ;MLA
style is used in field of humanities;and CBEis a
popular citation style in the natural sciences
Standard citation styles used in a
Bibliography

9. Not all bibliographies are equal
 Works cited:
This will include a list of all the written sources used or
quoted
in the piece.MLA style generally employs a works cited.
 Reference List:
Much like a works cited,it’ll list all the sources used in the
piece.APA format calls for a reference list.
 Bibliography:
This is a citation page that will include all the sources that
wentinto the inception of the piece.Chicago and Turbian styles
use a bibliography.

10. Preparing your citation page:
 Start on a separate page .this will be after your endnotes,if
applicable.
 Center the title at the top of the page
 Alphabetize the author’s names.
 Left-align the citations.
 Use a hanging indent for any citations that go overv one
line.

11. EXAMPLE

12. MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION
◈ Modern language Association’s is used in the educational
and literary world,a new edition coming out about every
decade,this writing styles also designed for humanities or
art writers.
◈ The in-text citations for MLA are author- page
◈ The author name will then help readers find the reference
on your works cited page.

13. MLA CHANGES IN MLA
2009 changes in MLA:
 No more underlining (only use italics)
 Publication medium(eg.PRINT,WEB etc,)
 New abbreviations (eg.”N.p.” for” no publisher given”)

14. GENERAL RULES FOR WORK CITED LIKE THIS:
◈ Use the title “works Cited”.
◈ Double-space entries without extra line breaks in between.
◈ Author’s full names are inverted (eg.,Smith ,John Bert).
◈ Capitalize all major words in the titles (eg.,The Hunger
Games).
◈ Italicize titles.
◈ End all citations with a period.
◈ Use “and “ between multiple authors.
◈ Leave only one space after punctuation
◈ Set all margins to 1 inch on all sides

15. Example for MLA

16. GENERATING MLA/APA Bibliography using
word
◈ Go to microsoft word(2007,3,or 10)
◈ Go to reference
◈ Select “Insert Citation”
◈ Input source information
◈ Select desired style (MLA/APA)
◈ Select Bibliography or Reference

18. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
ASSOCIATION(APA)
 The American Psychological Association is the preferred
format in the social sciences.
 APA, named after the American Psychological
Association, uses an author-date format for in-text
citations.
 These citations will be at the end of a sentence in the text,
in most cases. These citations will then be further
explained on the references page.
 The source list at the end of the paper is called References.
 Since the author and date are typically one of the first
things listed in the reference sheet, it’s easy to find
citations on the reference list.

19. Example of APA citation is most helpful, the
general rules for your reference page include:
◈ Use the title “References.”
◈ Double-space the entire page.
◈ Invert author’s names (e.g., Smith, J. B.).
◈ Use only the initial for an author’s first and middle names.
◈ Capitalize only first word in a title (e.g., The hunger
games).
◈ Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
◈ Italicize titles of larger works like books and journals.
◈ Include an ampersand between multiple authors.

20. EXAMPLE FOR APA

21. WORD FORMAT IN APA

24. CHICAGO /TURABIAN BIBLIOGRAPHY
CMS writing style was first used in 1890 by
students at the University of Chicago
Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS) is a
professional writing style that uses endnotes
and bibliographies or author-date and
references.
Additionally, Turabian is a student version of
the Chicago Manual of Style.
It is used for non-professional student works
that aren’t going to be published.
It is used in Humanities field:art ,history and
literature.

25. CMS/TURABIAN
◈ Turabian is another format students may use at the
college, and sometimes, high school level.
◈ It is the student version of the Chicago Manual of Style.
◈ This professional style can use an author-date citation
style with a reference page, or it can use notes and a
bibliography.
◈ Turabian is a diverse style that can work well for fiction
and nonfiction sources.

26. Chicago style is synonymous
with Turabian, named for Kate L.
Turabian, the original author of A Manual
for Writers of Research Papers, Theses,
and Dissertations.
 The Turabian manual, which is based
on The Chicago Manual of Style, is used
by students in history and the arts and
other subjects in the humanities and social
sciences.
 In addition to covering Chicago style,
including Chicago-style citations, the
Turabian manual advises students on
research and writing, from topic selection
to finished paper.

27. General rules for creating your citation page
include:
◈ Use the title “References” or “Bibliography” as
appropriate.
◈ Double space the text.
◈ Leave two blank lines between the title and first entry.
◈ Leave one blank line between entries.
◈ Invert author’s full names (e.g., Agamben, Giorgio).
◈ Use headline style capitalization for titles.
◈ Place titles in quotes or italics based on type.
◈ Use “and” between author’s names.

28. CMS (REFERENCES)

34. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FOR A BOOK
Author (last name first),title of
thebook,city:Publisher,Date of Publication
EG:Godin,Seth,Purple cow: Transform your business
by being Remarkable ,New York :Upper Saddle
river,2002.

35. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FOR AN ENCYCLOPEDIA
Encyclopedia title,Edition Date,Volume
Number,”Article Page”,page numbers
EG:The Encyclopedia Britiannica
1997,”Gorillas,”pp51-67

36. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
 FOR A MAGAZINE
Author (last name first),”article title,”Name of
magazine,Volume number,(date):page numbers.
EG: Jordan,Jennifer,”Filming on top of the world,”Museum of
Science Magazine.Volume7(winter 1998)pp-67

37. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
FOR A NEWSPAPER
Author (last name first),”Article Title,”Name of
newspaper,city ,state of
publication,(date):edition if
available,section,page number(s)
EG:Powers,Ann,”New Trends”The New
York,NY(3/1/98),Atlantic Region,Section2,p-4

38. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
 WORLD WIDE WEB
URL (Uniform Resource Locator orWWW
address),author(or item’s name,if mentional),date
EG:http://WWW.The Hindu.com.Today’s news,August6,2023

39. MAKING A BIBLIOGRAPHY
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,Office
of Air and Radiation,Healthy Buildins,Healthy
people:A vision for the 21st Century,October
2009.
EG:http://WWW.epa.gov/iaq/images/indoor_air_p
ollution.pdf.

40. PURPOSES OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES
◈ To give credit to the writers from whom you have
borrowed words and ideas.
◈ To inform your readers where your information was found
◈ To avoid plagiarism ,or borrowing words and ideas
without acknowleding their original sources