The mind is the set of cognitive faculties housed in the brain, including consciousness, imagination, perception, thinking, judgement, language and memory. The brain learns through experiences stored in memory, both from external stimuli processed by the senses and internal reflections. Learning can be impacted if the mind is unclear due to factors like infections, drugs or chemical imbalances. False or incorrect learning can disturb the mind's balance and lead to emotional or behavioral problems. Mental disorders can arise from false perceptions, false learnings, or negative experiences that develop into delusional beliefs.

1. EVERYTHING IS IN
THE MIND
Dr Vijay Bhatia

2. WHAT IS THE
MIND?
The mind is the set of cognitive faculties
including consciousness, imagination,
perception, thinking, judgement, language
and memory, which is housed in the brain.
Mind is overall functions of the brain.

3. MIND: MEMORY
• All learnings are stored in the memory
• Memory stores can be accessed at will, reminders, thinking about them, trigger,
photos or visiting those places.
• Memories attached with fear will trigger freeze, fight or flight reactions.
• Memories with good things will help relax, be comfortable and make you feel
happy.
• Positive memories are rewarding
• Memories can be strengthened by repeating or reminding again and again.
• Bad memories are difficult to eliminate as these have made connections through
repeated being rehearsed.

4. WHAT IS THE
BRAIN?
Brain has a structure and functions. Certain brain areas are specialised for example emotions, reward centres,
sleep and appetite centres.
Structure is designed from the genes. Genes are switched on or off by the needs and learning. New
connections, new gates in cell membranes to allow certain molecules inside and outside the nerve cells.
Most structure is present at time of birth. Most connections are present made in first 3 months of development
in pregnancy. If connections are not correct during pregnancy – mental disorders can develop.
Later structures like more connections with dendrites, axon terminals are being created as the brain develops
and learns. These must be correct connections otherwise information is conveyed to wrong areas.
A lot of brain connections are made in early childhood some of which are later pruned during adolescence.
Brain cells communicate with each other through chemical messengers. This includes neurotransmitters,
hormones and some simple elements.
Certain brain area have certain specified functions.

5. STRUCTURE
MAINTENANCE
Structure of the brain is maintained by the proper supply of raw
materials and proper machinery to design those structures.
Raw material includes all the food including proteins (amino acid),
Fats (Fatty acids), carbohydrates (Sugars) and vitamins and minerals.
Machinery is mainly the enzymes. Chemical reactions, receptors or
gates that control the flow of substances in and out of the cell,
nucleus or other structures in the cell like mitochondria, Golgi bodies
etc
Design is by the DNA genes. DNA can be switched on or off. Genes
can be silenced. Genes can mutate or produce altered machinery or
molecules.
Energy (ATP) is provided through breakdown of food into its products
and in the process releasing energy. This energy is required by the
machinery.
Oxygen, water and energy source (Food) is essential to continue with
the processes of the body and run the machinery smoothly.

6. FUNCTION OF
THE BRAIN
Is to learn - Learn through experience, observations, corrections,
additions to already learned experiences.
Protection and perseveration of the brain and whole body – to
identify internal and external dangers to the structure and functions
of the brain.
To propagate and survive as whole organism.
To communicate with other cells including brain cells, muscle cells or
any other tissues in the body.
Some communication is through chemical messengers like
neurotransmitters others through hormones.
Feed into emotions that can trigger whole body reaction.

7. FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN
Stimuli/
Consciousness/
Awareness
Sense organ Perception Analysing/
Thinking
Action/Behaviour
udgement/
Language
Outside and real
stimuli
Eyes, ears, nose,
tongue and skin
Vision, Hearing,
Smell, Taste, Touch,
pain, discomfort,
vibration sense
Give meaning,
informing other
areas including
emotions, memory
Like, dislike,
comfortable or
uncomfortable,
take action or store
in memory.
Outside but sensor,
distortion or
deception
Same organs as
above
Any of above Untrue, false or
wrong meaning
May confuse,
emotional changes
and affecting
behaviours.
Inside From memory
Reminders
Imagination or
Fantasy
Emotional pain
Moral injury
Can be true or
untrue
Effects on
emotions and
behaviours

8. LEARNING
THROUGH
EXPERIENCE
Starts from conception.
Continues through out life.
Through sense organs and sensory processes.
Learning is stored in memories.
These learning can be used at add knowledge to existing memories and
develop new ideas through internal reflections, fantasy and imaginations.
Mind should be clear and in its normal natural state to learn properly.
If mind is not clear due to infections, illicit drugs, alcohol or imbalance of
chemicals, sugar the mind may learn incorrectly.

9. LEARNING
FROM INSIDE
Internal environment is
maintained.
pH
Normality – off all salts in
body fluids, blood,
cytoplasm etc.
Temperature maintained. Viscosity
Maintain tone of muscles,
skin, all body.
Homeostasis – balance of
everything the way it
should be to protect and
maintain brain functions.
Internal attacks by viruses,
bacteria, protozoa and
other parasites.
Inform and pass
information to certain
cells in the body to
counteract the attack.
Monitor the balance of
elements, chemicals, salts
in the body.
Recognise stress and build
resistance to stress.

10. LEARNING
FROM OUT SIDE
Through sense organs and sensory processes.
Keep memories, blueprints and then use these to develop
more safe structures and functions to help continue and
propagate the organism.
Learning should be the correct and real and true.
False or wrong learning can disturb the balance, created
emotional and behavioural problems.

11. LEARNING
THROUGH
EXPERIENCES
Through interaction with other objects,
events, people animals and environments.
Develop adaptability
Understand dangers and helpful things.

12. EXAMPLES OF LEARNINGS
Experience Learning Feelings Reaction –
Freeze/uphold
Reaction – Flight/Avoid Reaction –
Fight/Act opposite
Bitten by a dog Painful, dangerous
etc
Uncomfortable Avoid dogs
Loving mother Comfortable Trust Avoidance when not comfortable
in stress situations.
Run away or fight if not loving
Abusive,
traumatic
childhood
Rejection uncomfortable Lost trust Avoid others Fights to be loved. Intense but
short lived relationships
Neglected as
child
May feel helpless Depression

13. LEARNING FALSE OR
GETTING CONFUSED
• Have you seen a real or just pictures or
in media
• What features do you remember
• Other animals may look similar
• Brain tries to give meaning to the
observed experience
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

14. WHAT IS THIS
• Have you seen live and real
• What is learned from this
• The brain makes sense of any
perception

15. WHAT IS THIS
• This is an Illusion
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

16. ILLUSION
This can confuse the mind.
Mind knows the duck and mind knows the rabbit
But not seen anything that both looks like duck
and rabbit at the same time.
The mind tries to match the new picture from
learned memories and can get confused.

17. LEARNING: FEAR
EXAMPLES
Learned as a child that spider is dangerous.
Later in real life if comes across the spider – the person reacts as if
facing the danger – that is either freeze, flight or fight.
There are number of events situations which can lead to fear objects,
people, events, places etc.
Each individua learns differently.
If the fear is irrational then this is called phobia.
Fear induces uncomfortable feeling including physical symptoms like
muscle tension, sweating, heart racing, etc.
Psychological symptoms like avoid, run away or fight.

18. FALSE
LEARNINGS CAN
CAUSE MENTAL
DISORDER.
This can happen from irrational learnings like fear of innocuous
places, animals, objects or events etc.
From imaginations, fantasy, hallucinations.
Or from stories, people talking about things which may not be true.
Media, books, films, TV or internet.
False learning lead to false belief which is a delusion.
Having delusions and hallucinations causing distress to self or others
is a mental disorder.

19. MENTAL
DISORDERS
Can be result of false perceptions
False learnings
Or true negative and intense experiences
Developing false beliefs or ideas.

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