What are nightmare and how do we differentiate between nightmares and night terrors. Sleep hygiene principles.

1. Nightmares
DR VIJAY BHATIA

2. Nightmares
 Dream experiences loaded with anxiety or fear.
 There is very detailed recall of the dream content.
 The dream experience is very vivid and usually includes themes involving
threats to survival, security or self esteem.
 Quite often there is a recurrence of the same or similar frightening
nightmare themes.
 During a typical episode there is a degree of autonomic discharge but no
appreciable vocalization or bodily motility.
 Upon awakening the individual rapidly becomes alert and oriented.

3. Dream anxiety disorder or
Nightmares
 The individual wakes from nocturnal sleep or naps with detailed and vivid
recall of intensely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival,
security or self esteem.
 The awakening may occur during any part of the sleep period, but typically
during the second half.

4. Upon Awakening
 From the frightening dreams, the individual rapidly becomes oriented and
alert.

5. Personal distress
 The dream experience itself and the disturbance of the sleep resulting
from the awakenings associated with the episodes cause marked distress
to the individual.

6. No Known causative factor
 Such as neurological
 Or medical condition
 No psychoactive substance use disorder
 Or medication.

7. Nightmares
 Is an awakening from REM sleep to full consciousness with detailed dream
recall.
 Children experience nightmares with a peak frequency around the ages of
five and six years.
 Nightmares may be stimulated by frightening experiences during the day.
 Frequent nightmares usually occur during a period of anxiety.
 Other causes include post-traumatic stress disorder, fever, psychotropic
drugs, and alcohol detoxification.

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