This document discusses various linguistic elements that must be considered when translating texts from one language to another. It covers topics like coherence, titles, dialogue cohesion, punctuation, sound effects, referential synonyms, enumerators, connectives, functional sentence perspective, contrasts, and lower translation units. The translator must analyze these elements of the source text and replicate their intended meaning and effects in the target language translation. Consideration of these linguistic factors is essential for producing a high quality translation that maintains the original discourse structure and semantic relationships.

1. THEORY AND PRACTICE TRANSLATION
TEACHER: DR. GONZALO PUMA
STUDENT: VERÓNICA MORENO

2. THE UNIT OF TRANSLATION AND DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
COHERENCE
DIALOGUE COHESION TITLES
PUNCTUATION
SOUND-EFFECTS COHESION
REFERENTIAL SYNONYMS
ENUMERATORS
OTHER CONNECTIVES
FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECT
CONTRASTS
THE LOWER UNITS OF TRANSLATION

3. COHEREN
CE The structure of the text.
This may consist of: a
thesis, an antithesis and a
synthesis; an introduction,
an entry into the subject,
aspects and examples, a
conclusion; a setting, a
complication, a resolution,
an evaluation; a definition
of the argument of the
title, the pros and cons,
and the conclusion; a
build-up, a climax, and a
denouement; a retrospect,
an exposition, a prospect.
It may be useful to the
translator to note
deviations from these and
other standard structures.

4. TITLES
For non-literary texts,
there is always a case for
replacing allusive by
descriptive titles,
particularly if the allusive
title is idiomatic or
culturally bound.
The translator has to
bear in mind the main
differences between
speech and dialogue:
speech has virtually
no punctuation
DIALOGUE COHESION
One is apt to neglect the
spoken language as part of
a separate theory of
interpretation, This is
mistaken, as translators are
concerned with recordings
of many kinds, particularly
surveys, as well as the
dialogue of drama and
fiction.

5. PUNCTUATION
Punctuation can be
potent, but is so
easily overlooked
that I advise
translators to make a
separate comparative
punctuation check on
their version and the
original.
Punctuation is an
essential aspect of
discourse analysis,
since it gives a
semantic indication of
the relationship
between sentences and
clauses, which may vary
according to languages
SOUND-EFFECTS
Sound-effects, even at the level beyond the
sentence, should be taken into account, not only
in poetry, but in jingles, where succulent s's can
sometimes be transferred, or in realistic narrative,
such as All Quiet on the Western Fronts where the
continual repetition of sounds and syllables, zer-
and vet- words and interjections has a powerful
effect.

6. COHESION REFERENTIAL SYNONYMS
Sentences cohere through the use of referential
synonyms, which may be lexical, pronominal or
general.
In many cases, all three
types of referential
synonym are used to
avoid repetition rather
than to supply new
information (which, in
any event, is incidental,
thematic, and not pan of
the sentence's message).
Cohesion is
closer in the give
and take of
dialogue and
speech than in
any other form
of text.

7. ENUMERATORS
OTHER CONNECTIVES
Enumerators
(Lenumeralive
conjuncts') also
act as connectors
between
sentences.
Numerical
adverbs are
usually
straightforward
Linguistic
synonyms are
also used as a
cohesive device
to avoid
repetition,
particularly in a
reinforcing
sentence.
Words more or less
vaguely expressing
analogy, for example.
similarly, likewise,
egalement, also,
dememe, so, parallel,
correspondingy,
equally, are also used as
connectives.
As we learn more words
and more complex
sentence structure, we
are able to start using
sentence connectors to
make more sophisticated
sentences.

8. FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE
There is always at least
an argument for
retaining a theme-rheme
or rheme-theme order at
the sacrifice of syntax
and even lexis. The
translator has to
reconcile the functional,
semantic (cognitive and
stylistic) and syntactic
aspects of each sentence.
The translator
therefore has to
establish his
priorities, which he
can do only by
considering the text
as a whole.
The translator may
have to weigh the
writer's functional
purposes against the
particular language's
word-order
tendencies

9. CONTRASTS
THE LOWER UNITS OF TRANSLATION
Climax or focus can also
be marked by a negative-
positive sequence, where
the negative is likely to
introduce an opposite or
a heightened meaning.
Again, this may be useful
in assessing neologisms,
or unfindable words
Within the sentence, there
are five possible sub-units
of translation. One of
them, the morpheme, the
smallest unit of meaning,
need not be taken
seriously, except in the
cases of prefixes such as
'post-1, 'inter-* or suffixes
such as '-ism' when they
have no direct TL
equivalent in the word
context.
When you translate, you have to
be looking at the grammatical
(the general factors of time,
mood, space, logic, agreement)
and the lexical (the details) at the
same time, making sure that FSP
is preserved where important.

10. THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION