Evolution of Strategic Thoughts

1. UGC-NET & SET EXAM
NOTES
SUBJECTS: INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES,
DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES & POLITICAL
SCIENCE
2021
Center of Continuing Education | PDEU |
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2. : 2 POINTS:
1. THIS NOTES IS USEFUL AS INTRODUCTION OR TO AN EXTENT
FOR REVISION
2. READ/LISTEN THE GIVEN LINKS FOR COMPREHENSIVE
PREPARATION
SYLLABUS COVERED
Subject: INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES, Unit IV: CONFLICT,
SECURITY AND PEACE: NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
&
Subject: DEFENCE AND STRATEGIC STUDIES, UNIT – II: STRATEGIC
THOUGHT
Subject: POLITICAL SCIENCE (partly): Unit – 2, Unit – 3, Unit - 5
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3. Evolution of Strategic Thoughts:
1. KAUTILYA
Well known, so not discussed. However,
Following articles/Books will help:
https://www.vijbooks.in/product-page/arthashastra-of-kautilya-relevance
https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds-12-3-2018-kautilya-arthashastra-kajari-
kamal.pdf
https://www.claws.in/static/MP58_Evolution-of-Strategic-Culture-Based-on-Sun-
Tzu-and-Kautilya-A-Civilisational-Connect.pdf
2. SUN TZU
Sun Tzu, a Chinese theorist writing about 500 BC, is perhaps the earliest land
power theorist who presented a coherent approach to land operations.
Sun Tzu encouraged indirect methods of action, exploiting intelligence, resource
depletion and subterfuge.
“Thus it is that in war the victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory is
won, whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and then looks for victory”.
„The highest realization of warfare is to attack the enemy‟s plans; next is to attack
their alliances; next to attack their army; and the lowest is to attack their fortified
cities‟
“For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill.
To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill.”
Sun Tzu states: The ultimate in disposing one's troops is to be without
ascertainable shape. Then the most penetrating spies cannot pry in nor can the wise
lay plans against you. It is according to the shapes that I lay plans for victory, but
the multitude does not comprehend this. Although everyone can see the outward
aspects, none understands the way in which I have created victory (The Art of War)

4. Sun Tzu puts it, "Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but
does not allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him" (The Art of War)
Sun Tzu desire was to win at the lowest possible cost.
Sun Tzu believed in the indirect approach, approach, which relates to the search for
comparative advantage, economy of force, surprise and deception, and limited war
Sun Tzu, says, "Thus the potential of troops skillfully commanded in battle may be
compared to that of round boulders which roll down from the mountain heights.”
This means that "the force applied is minute but the results are enormous," and
"one needs . . . but little strength to achieve much" (The Art of War)
Further Readings:
https://www.claws.in/static/MP58_Evolution-of-Strategic-Culture-Based-on-Sun-
Tzu-and-Kautilya-A-Civilisational-Connect.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638894
3. MACHIAVELLI: 1469 -1527
Machiavelli was the first theorist to decisively divorce politics from ethics, and
hence to give a certain autonomy to the study of politics.
Machiavelli is best known for The Prince, a slim volume that purports to teach
aspiring princes how to acquire and maintain power (The Prince was not even read
by the person to whom it was dedicated, Lorenzo de Medici.)1
His other major
political works include Art of War, a dialogue that features contemporary
personages, including the mercenary captain Fabrizio Colonna.2
Machiavelli used historical example (Francesco Sforza) to highlight the necessity for a
leader to have military forces to hold on to power.
1
https://insights.som.yale.edu/insights/what-can-you-learn-machiavelli
2
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756223/obo-9780199756223-0176.xml

5. Machiavelli brings up the importance of advisors, suggesting that these individuals
play an essential role in the development of military policy for the ruler.
Machiavelli makes sure to leave ultimate decision-making power firmly in the
hands of the ruler. Machiavelli attends to the ruler‟s military “exercise of the
mind,” which entails a historical understanding of military strategy and tactics.
Machiavelli suggests that the nature of the ruler should remain the same in peace
as in warfare, using his militarily-built sense of productivity to prepare the country,
if and when difficulties arise in the future.3
Machiavelli makes the argument that, in sum, good troops trump any and all other
essential aspects of military tactics and preparation. This argument manifests itself
throughout his discussions on auxiliaries, mercenaries, fortifications, and general
military strategy, forming a key theme in the reader‟s understanding of
Machiavellian military strategy.4
Mercenary arms are, according to Machiavelli,
“useless and dangerous. Machiavelli offers the alternative of home-grown troops
instead of mercenaries, or any other form of troops. He intimates this in The
Discourses on Livy.
Machiavelli sees the proper governing of subjects as necessary for proper defense.
Only with strong fortifications and a government that is not susceptible to
upheavals from within will an invading power be dissuaded from using its military
power to the detriment of the ruler.
Machiavelli suggests that, though chance plays a key role in political and military
action, mankind can still bring about their political and military goals, given the
correct steps. Machiavelli uses deception as a tool to this end, making such actions
a response to the fickle nature of fortune. Machiavelli uses the strong example of
his Italy, suggesting that Italy lacks “any dike” to withstand the flood of fortune
and god, while “Germany, Spain, and France” “had been diked by suitable virtue.
Machiavelli combines the two military faces of the commander, the lion and the
fox,
3
https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/2801pt048
4
https://dl.tufts.edu/concern/pdfs/2801pt048

6. as the ruler must be deceptive to accomplish the above actions, but he must also
use his military acumen.
Machiavelli may suggest that the population and the ruler benefit in different
manners from warfare. Machiavelli would suggest that the two parties both benefit
in a roughly equal manner from just war, as the gains made from warfare satisfy
both the ruler and the constituency.
4. ANTOINE HENRI JOMINI: 1779-1869
He was also a renowned military theorist; his first two editions of Treatise on
Grand Military Operations, published between 1805 and 1811, embraced the
campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoléon in Italy and compared 18th-
century warfare with the new Revolutionary combat doctrine. Baron Henri Jomini,
a Swiss military theorist who was a contemporary of Clausewitz. Jomini focused
on the mathematics and geometry of war.5
“The principles of Jomini”:
- in directing the mass of one‟s forces successively onto the decisive points in the
theater of war, and so far as possible against the communications of the enemy
without disrupting one‟s own;
- in maneuvering so as to engage this concentration of forces only against fractions
of the enemy‟s strengths;
- on the battlefield, to concentrate the bulk of one‟s forces at the decisive point, or
against the section of the enemy line which one wished to overwhelm, and finally
- to ensure not only that one‟s forces were concentrated at the decisive point, but
that they were sent forward with vigor and concentration, so as to produce a
simultaneous result.6
5
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/12/06/war-and-the-cult-of-clausewitz/fe08fdd7-9068-
4a3c-b20b-93678b04aeea/
6
https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182659/datastream/PDF/view

7. Further Readings:
https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/swiss-history-biographies/antoine-
henri-jomini
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-
9780199791279-0089.xml
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM-mOvHO4GE
5. CARL VON CLAUSEWITZ: 1780-1831
Wrote a book, Vom Kriege (On war). The focus of Clausewitz‟s magnum opus is
narrowly on the conduct of military operations in wartime, not policy, politics, the
state, human nature, the nature of historical processes, or the nature of reality
itself.7
He lived at a „watershed‟ moment during which the early modern tradition
of partisan warfare morphed into the modern practice of people‟s war.8
Clausewitz
said that a war should have popular support. War, he said, is the endeavor of a
"remarkable trinity," the government, the military and the citizenry. Quotes:9
Clausewitz wrote, 'No one starts a war -- or rather, no one in his senses ought to do
so -- without first being clear in his mind what he intends to achieve by that war,
and how he intends to conduct it.
“The military be subservient to the civilian government”
"War is nothing but the continuation of policy with other means."
"War is an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will."
“War is a contest of wills”
"As many troops as possible should be brought into the engagement at the decisive
point...This is the first principle of strategy.” (On War)
7
https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0026.xml
8
https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198799047.001.0001/oso-9780198799047
9
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/12/06/war-and-the-cult-of-clausewitz/fe08fdd7-9068-
4a3c-b20b-93678b04aeea/

8. Assertion: The technological and material aspects of war were of no interest to
Clausewitz. Reason: Clausewitz wrote On War before the industrial revolution,
which triggered an ever- accelerating rate of technological changes.10
Clausewitz's conception of a true economy of force was not to win at the lowest
possible cost but rather to make use of all available forces regardless of the cost
(On War)
Clausewitz believed that the military genius, led by his intuition, must be defined
by his readiness to take significant risks. "Boldness in war . . . has its own
prerogatives. It must be granted a certain power over and above successful
calculations... In other words, it is genuinely creative force...A distinguished
commander without boldness is unthinkable” (On War)
Further Readings:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09557579208400073
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638894
6. H. MACKINDER: 1861 – 1947
Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904
called "The Geographical Pivot of History." Mackinder's paper suggested that the
control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world. Mackinder postulated
the following, which became known as the Heartland Theory.
Mackinder recognized the validity of Mahan‟s approach (seas provided the very means by
which a nation might exert its national power and enlarge its influence), however, he believed the
land, and not the sea, was the key to national prosperity and power.
Mackinder was to explain to a complacent United Kingdom after the victory of
World War I that continental powers were still a threat with which they must
reckon.
Mackinder‟s most widely regarded work, Democratic Ideals and Reality, was first
published in 1919 and was routinely ignored until World War II proved it to be a
foresighted and penetrating treatise.
10
https://www.jstor.org/stable/44638894

9. Mackinder accepted the Jominian principle that interior lines of operation
generally were superior to exterior
Further Readings:
For introduction: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Halford-Mackinder
https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_World_Geography/DJgn
ebGbAB8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Who+rules+East+Europe+commands+the+Heart
land:+Who+rules+the+Heartland+commands+the+World-
Island:+Who+rules+the+World-
Island+commands+the+World.&pg=PA408&printsec=frontcover
7. ALFRED THAYER MAHAN: 1840 – 1914
An American naval officer, noted the seeming correlation between the rise of Pax
Britannica in the nineteenth century and the development of the British Navy, he
argued convincingly that naval capabilities were the sine qua non to national
power.
It was his second book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History 1660-1783
(1890) that brought him national and international fame.
In the book‟s first chapter, he described the sea as a “great highway” and “wide
common” with “well-worn trade routes” over which men pass in all directions. He
identified several narrow passages or strategic “chokepoints,” the control of which
contributed to Great Britain‟s command of the seas. He famously listed six
fundamental elements of sea power: geographical position, physical conformation,
extent of territory, size of population, character of the people, and character of
government. Based largely on those factors, Mahan envisioned the United States as
the geopolitical successor to the British Empire.11
11
https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/the-geopolitical-vision-of-alfred-thayer-
mahan/#:~:text=Based%20largely%20on%20those%20factors,successor%20to%20the%20British%20Empire.&text
=He%20further%20understood%20that%20predominant,the%20geopolitical%20pluralism%20of%20Eurasia.

10. Mahan understood that the United States, like Great Britain, was geopolitically an
island lying offshore the Eurasian landmass whose security could be threatened by
a hostile power or alliance of powers that gained effective political control of the
key power centers of Eurasia.
Mahan‟s other famous work, 'The Influence of Sea Power upon the French
Revolution and Empire' and 'The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and
Future'.
Further Readings:
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100126446
8. GIULIO DOUHET: 1869 – 1930
He stands out among military theorists for his prescient insights into how the
advent of AIRPOWER WOULD CHANGE MODERN WARFARE. He
recognized that the development of the airplane would make “command of the air”
the first objective in any campaign and the ultimate enabler of victory in war. The
Italian general rightly saw the beginning of total war. BECAUSE. Since there are
no geographical boundaries in the air, airplanes could go everywhere and drop on
any surface target. It meant, in his words, that the distinction between soldier and
civilian had been removed. Since the population is now a target, Douhet‟s theory
relied on leveraging that target to end the war. Bombing the population, he
theorized, will cause the citizens to petition their leader to end the war, bringing
about peace. Readers of this edition will see the brilliance in Douhet‟s ideas as he
envisioned how this new target set and airpower could be used to bring about the
end of war without the need of a land force. His ideas about population bombing
would be tried in World War II with mixed results. Douhet missed the mark on
precision, hypothesizing that strategic bombing would never be as precise as
artillery, which the precision revolution proved was possible. Furthermore,
populations proved more resilient to bombing campaigns directed at them in World
War II than Douhet, and other theorists like Hugh Trenchard, imagined. Yet,
Douhet, with little actual airpower experience, did foresee several aspects of
airpower employment in existence today.

11. More importantly, he advocated that airpower should “break the eggs in the nest,”
which meant attacking the enemy‟s opposing forces while they are still on the
ground. To accomplish this task, Douhet believed that a “battleplane” should be
used, a plane capable of offense actions while still able to defend itself from enemy
attack. Finally, when readers criticize Douhet‟s advocacy for the use of chemical
weapons, they miss the larger picture. What Douhet really saw was the
development of combined effects. Bombers, he argued, would break oil storage
areas, incendiary munitions would light the spill on fire, and chemical weapons
would prevent first responders from putting out the fire. The chain of events
proposed by Douhet offered insight into the combined effects airpower would
achieve in future conflicts. Douhet wrote one of the most comprehensive military
theories in history. He provided a rationale for the use of force, a mechanism for
achieving effects, an organizational construct, and a force structure.12
Further Readings:
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giulio-Douhet
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07075332.2012.690193
9. WILLIAM 'BILLY' MITCHELL -- 'THE FATHER OF THE UNITED
STATES AIR FORCE'13
: 1879 – 1936
William Lendrum - “Billy” Mitchell is recognized as the Airman who sacrificed
his career in an attempt to guarantee the birth of an independent Air Force. Perhaps
this Mitchell quotation encapsulates his viewpoint most effectively: “Those
interested in the future of the country, not only from a national defense standpoint
but from a civil, commercial and economic one as well, should study this matter
12
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0160_DOUHET_THE_COMM
AND_OF_THE_AIR.pdf
13
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/AUPress/Books/B_0117_RAST_AIR_UNIVERSI
TY_PANTHEON.PDF

12. carefully, because air power has not only come to stay but is, and will be, a
dominating factor in the world‟s development.
Found guilty of insubordination and sentenced to five years without pay (later
reduced to half of five-year‟s pay), Mitchell resigned his commission and turned to
the private sector to attempt to influence public conceptions of aviation.
Further Readings:
https://www.army.mil/article/33680/william_billy_mitchell_the_father_of_the_uni
ted_states_air_force
10. ALEXANDER DE SEVERSKY: INFLUENTIAL WORLD WAR II AIR
POWER ADVOCATE: 1894 – 1974
Russian naval pilot Alexander P. de Seversky, that country‟s top naval ace in
World War I, who later became one of the most influential proponents of the use of
strategic air power in warfare in the United States.
In 1918, de Seversky went to the United States as an assistant naval attaché to the
Russian Embassy. This was a fortuitous assignment, as it gave him the chance to
escape the Bolshevik Revolution by remaining in the U.S. Soon, he was working at
the War Department as an aeronautical engineer and test pilot, acting for a time as
a special consultant to the famed general, Billy Mitchell, with whom he agreed
that supremacy in wartime could be achieved with aerial bombing, not battleships.
This was de Seversky‟s credo for his entire life. After becoming a U.S. citizen in
1927, de Seversky received a commission in the Army Air Corps as a major. De
Seversky made numerous contributions to aviation. He filed a patent for aerial
refueling in 1921 and developed the first bombsight stabilized with a gyroscope,
and invented many other aeronautical instruments. He started an aircraft company
and helped design and test his aircraft himself. De Seversky and his design team,
headed by Alexander Kartveli, were responsible for the innovative aircraft. One of
his most conspicuous achievements was the 1942 publication of his first book,
Victory Through Air Power, which became a bestseller and a movie.

13. He awakened the allies to the need for the greater use of strategic air power to
combat Germany‟s and Japan‟s advances.14
Further Readings:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01402399508437578?journalCode=
fjss20
11. H. KISSINGER: 1923-
Henry Alfred Kissinger was appointed Secretary of State by President Richard M.
Nixon and served in the position from 1973 to 1977. With his appointment, he
became the first person ever to serve as both Secretary of State and National
Security Adviser, a position he had held since President Nixon was sworn into
office, 1969. However, on 1975, President Gerald R. Ford removed him from his
National Security Adviser position while keeping him as Secretary of State.
Kissinger was born in Germany. After the Nazis seized power, Kissinger‟s family
immigrated to the United States.
Influence on American Diplomacy
Kissinger entered the State Department just two weeks before Egypt and Syria
launched a surprise attack on Israel. The October War of 1973 played a major role
in shaping Kissinger‟s tenure as Secretary. First, he worked to ensure Israel
received an airlift of U.S. military supplies. This airlift helped Israel turn the war in
Israel‟s favor, and it also led members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) to initiate an oil embargo against the United States. After the
implementation of a United Nation‟s sponsored ceasefire, Kissinger began a series
of “shuttle diplomacy” missions, in which he traveled between various Middle East
capitals to reach disengagement agreements between the enemy combatants. These
efforts produced an agreement in January 1974 between Egypt and Israel and in
14
https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/alexander-de-seversky-influential-world-war-ii-air-
power-advocate

14. May 1974 between Syria and Israel. Additionally, Kissinger‟s efforts contributed
to OPEC‟s decision to lift the embargo.
On 1974, the Watergate scandal compelled President Nixon to resign, but
Kissinger stayed on in his dual roles under President Gerald Ford. Kissinger helped
Ford acclimate to the international scene and both men worked to continue policies
implemented by Nixon and Kissinger previously, including détente with the Soviet
Union, establishing relations with the People‟s Republic of China, and negotiations
in the Middle East.
Kissinger also played a major role in the negotiations leading to the August 1975
Helsinki Accord, an agreement signed by 35 countries and addressing many issues
that promised to improve relations between East and West. In September 1975,
Kissinger helped conclude a second disengagement agreement between Egypt and
Israel that moved both countries closer to a peace agreement.
Kissinger‟s tenure as Secretary comprised many controversial issues, including his
role in influencing U.S. policies towards countries such as Chile and Angola.
Additionally, he engaged in new international issues such as law of the sea, which
became more prominent for U.S. foreign policy in the decades ahead.15
A list of Kissinger‟s major achievements:16
 The first strategic arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union;
 The exclusion of the Soviets from the Middle East in 1973;
 The first steps toward peace between Israel and Egypt;
 Not to mention the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam
Further Readings:
https://www.henryakissinger.com/
15
https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/kissinger-henry-a
16
https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2016/02/13/henry-kissinger-sage-or-pariah/henry-kissinger-
provided-strategic-vision-in-dangerous-times

15. TOPICS/ARTICLES YOU CAN READ/LISTEN
FURTHER FOR THIS UNIT
BERNARD BRODIE
American military strategist, who was the author of several highly influential
works on the subject of Nuclear Strategy and shaped the American debate on
nuclear weapons for half a century. In The Absolute Weapon (1946), Brodie
anticipated the development of the doctrine of massive retaliation, which became
central to U.S. nuclear strategy in the 1950s.
A nuclear strategy book, The Absolute Weapon: Atomic Power and the World
Order. Brodie not only served as editor but also authored two chapters. One, a
12,000-word essay titled “Implications for Military Policy,” became famous. It
contained the passage, “Thus far the chief purpose of our military establishment
has been to win wars. From now on its chief purpose must be to avert them. It can
have almost no other useful purpose.” Brodie was thus the first to cogently express
the idea of nuclear deterrence, the watchword of the Cold War.17
Great Strategists
https://warroom.armywarcollege.edu/category/special-series/great-strategists/
Theory of War and Strategy
https://ssl.armywarcollege.edu/documents/Directives/AY17_Theory_of_War_
and_Strategy.pdf
Symbiotic Realism:
https://blog.apaonline.org/2019/05/23/a-neurophilosophy-of-international-
relations-the-case-for-symbiotic-realism-multi-sum-security-and-just-power/
Understanding Strategic Cultures in the Asia-Pacific by Ashley J. Tellis
https://www.nbr.org/wp-
content/uploads/pdfs/publications/sa16_overview_tellis.pdf
17
https://www.airforcemag.com/article/0613keeperfile/

16. Johnston-Gray debate
https://www.nbr.org/wp-
content/uploads/pdfs/publications/sa16_overview_tellis.pdf
Principles of War: Time for Relook
https://www.claws.in/static/MP12_Principles-of-War-Time-for-Relook.pdf
Reconsidering Sun Tzu:
https://press.armywarcollege.edu/parameters/vol49/iss1/8/
The Centre for Joint Warfare Studies (CENJOWS)
https://www.cenjows.in/#
Battle of Trafalgar
https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195130751.001.0001
/acref-9780195130751-e-0854
GEOPOLITICS TO GEO-ECONOMICS TO… THE NEW ERA OF GEO-
TECHNOLOGY
https://cenjows.in/upload_images/pdf/Inside_GEOPOLITICS_10-5-19.pdf
BOOK AUTHOR
Meta-Geopolitics Of Outer Space: An
Analysis Of Space Power, Security And
Governance
Nayef Al-Rodhan
Visit:
https://www.sustainablehistory.com/
Out of Control Zbignew Brzezinski
Pandemonium Daniel Patrick Moynihan
Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and
Grand Strategy in Chinese History
(1995)
Alastair Iain Johnston
This Kind of War: Classic Korean War
History
T. R. Fehrenbach
Treatise on Grand Military Operations
& Summary of the Art of War
Antoine-Henri, baron de Jomini
Some Principles of Maritime Strategy Julian Stafford Corbett

17. TEST YOURSELF: QUESTIONS
1. Who is credited with originating the aphorism “Politics stops at the water's
edge.”?
2. Who proposes a path for the UN to build, guide and lead a Global Foresight
Observatory for AI Convergence?
3. Who explored culture as a key to understanding various social phenomena: Carl
von Clausewitz, Max Weber, and Ruth Benedict?
4. Who explicitly evoke Mackinder in making their argument that Heartland
supplies the resources that tempt Russia to bid for global domination?
A. Kissinger
B. Brzezinski
C. Both
D. None
5. Who argued that Bolshevism was like a „prairie fire‟ and if not stopped it would
continue in all directions threatening even British rule in India?
6. Who was the first military theorist to grasp the impact of the airplane as an
offensive weapon and translate it into a comprehensive mode of warfare in a new
medium?
7. “First, the land matters most...Even if a war is dominated by the ebb and flow of
combat at sea and in the air...Human beings do not live at sea, or in cyberspace.”
8. The following statement by
“Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland:
Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island:
Who rules the World-Island commands the World.”
9. Military bases – identify the country
A. Ainee
B. Nha Trang

18. C. Subic Bay and Clark Air Base
D. Agaléga Islands
E. Chabahar
10. Who popularized the term 'post-heroic warfare' in 1995?
11. GONGJI-11 (GJ-11) is
12. Thousand Talents Plan is
13. Mackinder referred which landmass as the “World Island?
14. “Who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia, who rules Eurasia controls the
destinies of the world.”
15. Spykman referred to the RIMLAND as an area roughly covering:
16. Who is claimed to be the first to coin the approach 'strategic culture'?
17. Anti-Machiavel was a response to The Prince written by
18. It is well known that Alfred Thayer Mohan, as he himself made clear, was
significantly influenced by
19. Which Battle occurred on October 21, 1805 and the defining moment of British
naval history?
20. Who in his seminal works “Politische Geographie” (Political Geography)
(1897) and “Laws on the Spatial Growth of States” (1896) laid the solid foundation
for “geopolitik”?

19. ANSWERS
1. ARTHUR VANDENBERG FROM UNITED STATES
2. ELEONORE PAUWELS
3. ALL
4. BOTH
5. MACKINDER
6. GIULIO DOUHET
7. COLIN GRAY
8. MACKINDER
9A. Tajikistan
9B. Vietnam
9C. Philippines
9D. Mauritius
9E. Iran
10.EDWARD LUTTWAK
11.Chinese stealth attack drone, capable of attacking strategic targets without
being detected
12.A Chinese government program to attract scientists and engineers from
overseas
13.ASIA, EUROPE, AND AFRICA
14.SPYKMAN
15.WESTERN EUROPE, THE MIDDLE EAST, AND SOUTH AND EAST
ASIA
16.JACK SNYDER
17.FREDERICK
18.BARON DE JOMINI‟S WORK
19.THE BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR
20. The German geographer FRIEDRICH RATZEL
Prepared by
Dr Venkata Krishnan
Qualified - National Eligibility Test for Assistant Professor in three disciplines
A. Political Science, B. International & Area Studies, C. Public Administration
https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-venkata-krishnan-sankaranarayanan-78236058/