Bioleaching uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to extract metals from ores and concentrates. It is a simple and environmentally friendly process that has been used for over 3000 years to extract copper. Common microbes used are mesophilic and moderately thermophilic bacteria. Bioleaching involves both direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct bioleaching involves enzymatic attack of bacteria on susceptible minerals while indirect uses bacteria to produce strong oxidizing agents. Commercial bioleaching uses heap and in-situ leaching with controls on pH, temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide to optimize the slow natural process. It is used to extract copper, gold, silver, uranium and other metals.

1. Bioleaching: technique and
application
By:
Utkarsh Ravindra Moon
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur

2. Bioleaching is the simple and effective technology for
metal extraction from low grade ores and mineral
concentrate by the use of micro organisms.
Commonly used microorganisms are:
 Mesophiles
 Moderately thermophilic bacteria
 extremophiles

3. Microorganisms used in
bioleaching
The most commonly used microorganisms in bioleaching
are;
*Thiobacillus thiooxidans *Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans have always been found
to be present on the leaching dump.

4.  Copper recovery from mine waters in the Mediterranean area
3000 years ago.
 The role of bacteria in bioleaching was shown in 1947.
 In 1950´s copper dump leaching.
 In 1960´s the first industrial copper heap leaching operation.
 First industrial gold bioleaching plant in 1980´s
 Nowadays about 40 plants in industrial use for copper, gold,
zinc, cobalt, uranium.
History

5. Features of organisms involved
Single celled organisms
Chemosynthetic metabolism
Derive carbon dioxide, oxygen from
atmosphere
Requires acidic PH

6. Procedure
Bacteria helps in regenerating major ore oxidizer, mostly ferric
ion. This reaction takes place in the cell membrane of
bacteria.
 In the first step, disulfide is spontaneously oxidized to
thiosulfate by ferric iron (Fe3+
), which in turn is reduced to
give ferrous iron (Fe2+
):
• FeS2+6 Fe3+
+3 H2O 7⟶ Fe2+
+S2O3
2-
+6 H+
spontaneous
 In second step microorganisms catalyze the oxidation of
ferrous iron and sulphur, to produce ferric iron and sulphuric
acid:
• Fe2+
+ 1/4O2 + H+
---> Fe3+
+ 1/2 H2O
• S + 3/2O2 + H2O ---> H2SO4

7.  Thiosulfate is also oxidized by bacteria to give sulfate:
• S2O3
2-
+2O2+H2O 2⟶ SO4
2-
+2 H+
(sulfur oxidizers)
 The ferric iron produced in reaction (2) oxidized more sulfide
as in reaction (1), closing the cycle and given the net reaction
• 2 FeS2+7O2+2 H2O 2⟶ Fe2+
+4SO4
2
+4H+
 The net products of the reaction are soluble ferrous sulfate
and sulfuric acid.

8. Mechanism involved in bioleaching
Two processes are used in bioleaching:
 Direct bioleaching
In direct bioleaching minerals which are susceptible
to oxidation undergoes direct enzymatic attack by
the microorganisms.
In indirect method of bioleaching of minerals
bacteria produce strong oxidizing agent which
reacts with metals and extract them from the
ores.
Indirect bioleaching
A: In direct mechanism
B: Direct mechanism

9. Commercial process of bioleaching
 Naturally occurring bioleaching process is very slow. For
commercial extraction of metal by bioleaching the process is
optimized by controlling the pH, temperature, humidity, O2
and CO2 concentrations.
 These processes are:
 Heap leaching
 In-situ leaching

10. Heap leaching
In heap leaching
ore is arranged in
heap. The aqueous
solution containing
microorganism
works on the heap
of ore and produces
the leach liquor. The
leach liquor is used
for metal recovery.

11. In situ leaching
In in situ leaching
ore is subjected to
bioleaching in its
natural occurrence,
aqueous solution of
microorganisms is
pumped through
drilled passages
with in the ore. The
leach liquid
collected at the
bottom of the ore
used for metal
extraction.

12. Ores of copper from which copper is
recovered are,
• Chalcocite(Cu2S)
• Chalcopyrite(CuFeS2)
• Covellite(CuS)
Examples
Copper leaching

13. • Copper leaching is operated as simple heap
leaching and in situ leaching process
• Dilute sulphuric acid is percolated down
through the pile
• Liquid coming out of bottom of pile rich in
mineral
• Liquid is collected and transported to
precipitation plant
• Metal is precipitated and purified

14. • Chalcocite is oxidized to soluble form of copper
Cu2S+O2+
 CuS+Cu2+ +H2O
• Thereafter chemical reactions occur, i.e.
CuS+8Fe +4H2O  Cu+8Fe+SO4+8H
Copper is removed,
FeO+CuCu+Fe2+
Fe2+
is transferred to oxidation pond
Fe+1
/4(O2)+H+
Fe3+
+1/2(H2O)
Reactions

15. • Fe3+
ions produced is an oxidation of ore
• It is pumped back to pile
• Sulphuric acid is added to maintain pH

16. • Microbial leaching of refractory process metal ores to
enhance gold and silver recovery is one of the promising
applications
• Gold is obtained through bioleaching of arsenopyrite/pyrite
• Silver is also obtained by bioleaching of arsenopyrite but it is
more readily solubilized than gold during microbial leaching
of iron sulphide.
Gold and silver leaching

17. • Uranium is extracted when insoluble tetravalent uranium is
oxidized with a hot H2SO4/FeSO4 solution to make hexavalent
uranium sulphate
• pH required for the reaction is 1.5-3.5
• Temperature: around 35 Cᵒ
following reaction takes place,
U2O+Fe2(SO4)3  UO2SO4+2FeSO4
Uranium leaching

18. • Uranium leaching is an indirect process
• When T. ferrooxidans are involved in uranium extraction, they
do not directly attack on ore but on the iron oxidants.
• The pyrite reaction is used for the initial production of Fe
Reaction;
2FeS+H2O+7 ½[O2]  Fe2[SO4]3+ H2SO4

19. Main factors affecting
bioleachingFACTOR
Physicochemical
Temperature pH and to keep ferric
oxygen reactions
Microbiological
Microbial diversity culture
Population density
Metal tolerance
EFFECT
• affects leaching rate, microbial
composition and activity
• needs to be low to obtain the
fastest leaching rates and to keep
ferric iron and metals in solution
•electron acceptor needed in chemical
and biological oxidation
•mixed cultures tend to be more robust
and efficient than pure
•high population density tends to
increase the leaching rate
•high metal concentrations may be
toxic to microbes

20. Benefits of bioleaching
 Simple
 Inexpensive
 Employed for collecting metals from waste and drainages
 Use to extract refines and expensive metals which is not
possible by other chemical processes
 No poisonous sulfur dioxide emissions as in smelters
 No need for high pressure or temperature
 Ideal for low-grade sulfide ores
 Environment friendly process

21. Disadvantages
Time consuming
(takes about 6-24 months or longer)
Have a very low yield of mineral
Requires a large open area for treatment
May have no process control
High risk of contamination
Inconsistent yield because bacteria cannot
grow uniformly

22. Thank you